tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-85512441212442479312024-03-05T19:12:46.560+07:00DUNIA KEPERAWATANKumpulan informasi seputar keperawatan. Dapatkan berbagai jenis asuhan keperawatan di berbagai bidang keperawatan: Medikal Bedah, Kegawat Daruratan, Maternitas, Anak, Keluarga dan Komunitas serta Jiwa.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18228973511970840301noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8551244121244247931.post-53714738935663143522014-11-18T19:20:00.001+07:002014-11-18T19:26:51.321+07:00Opini terhadap kenaikan harga BBM<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
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Lama tidak post, eh sekali posting ternyata bukan tentang keperawatan. Hhehe..</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Posting ini muncul karna salah satu kebijakan yang kemaren diumumkan pemerintah yaitu terkait kenaikan harga BBM. Miris
melihat komentar beberapa orang terkait kenaikan harga BBM. Ada yang menganggap
telah salah memilih, ada yang berkomentar "itulah pilihan mu" dan
masih banyak lagi. Mungkin sebagian orang beranggapan bahwa presiden kita saat
ini salah mengambil kebijakan. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;">Mungkin juga ada yang bertanya kenapa harga minyak harus naik sedangkan saat ini harga minyak dunia turun?. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">Ya, saya mengerti siapun dan apapun bentuk
kebijakan pasti ada pro dan kontra.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
pendapat saya, keadaan kontra/tidak setuju ini mungkin timbul karena beberapa
faktor. Pertama, masyarakat mungkin takut dengan kenaikan harga BBM akan memicu
kenaikan anggaran pengeluaran dan pembelanjaan. Masyarakat khawatir dengan
peningkatan harga BBM akan memicu naiknya harga kebutuhan lain di indonesia.
Kedua, keadaan kontra memang sudah muncul dari awal sebelum terpilinya presiden
saat ini. Hal ini sudah tertanam didalam diri bahwa apapun kebijakan atau
kepusan yang diambil jokowi,akan selalu dinilai negatif. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
kita lihat tentang rencana program pembangunan indonesia 5 tahun kedepan yang
disusun pemerintah kita sekarang, negara indonesia memiliki misi yang besar. Pembangunan
tol laut, kereta di kota besar, suplai listrik, dll. Semua rencana tersebut
menuju pada harapan seluruh bangsa indonesia yaitu keadilan sosial bagi seluruh
rakyat indonesia. Saat ini pembangunan diindonesia masih belum merata. Jika
kita bandingan mulai dari barat indonesia hingga ke pulau yang paling timur
sangat jauh berbeda. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Program
pembangunan indonesia tersebut membutuhkan anggaran yang tidak sedikit. Selama
ini, modal pembangunan diindonesia selalu mengandalkan APBN dan hutang asing.
Untuk hutang indonesia dengan pihak asing saat ini sudah cukup besar. Hutang
ini meningkat karna keterbatasannya APBN negara yang tidak seimbang dengan
kebutuhan pembangunan. Jika kita memaksakan pembangunan dengan metode lama,
kita hanya akan meningkatkan hutang indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemerintah
yang saat ini belum lama dilantik berusaha membuat dan mengambil kebijakan yang
bisa menunjang program pembangunan indonesia kedepan. Pemerintah mengambil
kebijakan salah satunya dengan menaikkan harga BBM dengan tujuan meningkatkan
pemasukan negara untuk pembangunan. Peningkatan pemasukan ini dapat membantu
menutupi APBN yang cukup besar. Indonesia juga tidak harus membangun negara ini
hanya dengan hutang dengan pihak asing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
opini saya, kita harus melihat sisi positif dari kebijakan ini. Kebijakan ini
diambil bukan untuk merugikan masyarakat tetapi untuk pembangunan indonesia
kedepan. Jika kita berfikiran pendek saat ini kita akan beranggapan bahwa hal
ini akan merugikan kita. Namun jika kita lihat manfaat untuk jangka panjang,
kita bisa mencapai tujuan negara kita mencapai target pembangunan dengan
meningkatnya devisa negara tanpa harus meningkatkan hutang asing. Saat ini kita
korbankan uang Rp. 2.000 kita untuk setiap liter BBM yang kita beli, besok kita
tuai hasil yang lebih besar dibanding Rp. 2.000 ini. Meningkatnya pembangunan
fisik akan seiring dengan pembangunan ekonomi. Kita akan berasakan manfaat yang
tidak sebanding dengan pengorbanan kita saat ini. Kita akan membangun negara
yang kokoh dan kuat untuk anak cucu kita kelak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
orang yang beriman, mari kita bersama bertawakal. Tuhan sedah mengatur rezeki
kita masing masing. Tidak akan tuhan memberi kita cobaan melebihi kemampuan
umatnya. Selaku orang yang beriman, kita juga harus percaya dengan pemimpin
yang kita pilih. Dukung kebijakannya jika ini untuk niat kebaikan. Namun jika
dia salah, mari kita bersama mengingatkannya, bukan malah kita menjatuhkan atau
menghina kebijakan yang telah diambilnya..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mari
kita beri kesempatan untuk pemerintah kita memimpin jalannya pemerintahan ini
dan tugas kita mengawasi jalannya.. Semoga indonesia lebih baik kedepannya..
Aamiin.. :D<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18228973511970840301noreply@blogger.com61tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8551244121244247931.post-12212105653452893522013-11-27T22:52:00.004+07:002013-11-27T22:52:54.603+07:00VIDEO PROSEDUR RESUSITASI BAYI BARU LAHIR (RESUSCITATION PROCEDURE)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/KZFdTf82C6s?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18228973511970840301noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8551244121244247931.post-41792577963304166932013-09-28T16:03:00.001+07:002013-09-28T16:07:02.065+07:00LAPORAN PENDAHULUAN PPOK EA<div class="WordSection1">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="SV">I.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV">Diagnosa Medik:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">PPOK/COPD</span><span lang="IN"> EA (Penyakit Paru Obstruksi Kronik Eksaserbasi
Akut)</span><b><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="SV">II.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV">Definisi:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Penyakit
paru obstruksi adalah penyakit atau gangguan paru yang memberikan kelainan
ventilasi berupa gangguan obstruksi saluran napas (</span><span lang="FI">Smeltzer</span><span lang="SV"> & </span><span lang="FI">Bare</span><span lang="SV">, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Penyakit
paru-paru obstrutif kronis/PPOK (<i>chronic
obstructive pulmonary diseases/</i></span><span lang="FI">COPD</span><span lang="SV">) merupakan suatu
istilah yang sering digunakan untuk sekelompok penyakit paru-paru yang
berlangsung lama dan ditandai oleh peningkatan resistensi terhadap aliran udara
sebagai gambaran patofisiologi utamanya (Irman, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Eksaserbasi akut pada PPOK berarti timbulnya
perburukan dibandingkan <span lang="SV">dengan</span> kondisi
sebelumnya. Definisi eksaserbasi akut pada PPOK adalah kejadian akut dalam perjalanan alami penyakit dengan
karakteristik adanya perubahan basal sesak napas, batuk, dan/atau sputum yang diluar batas normal da lam variasi
hari ke hari (GOLD, 2009). <span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN">III.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV">Etiologi</span></b><b><span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Penyebab eksaserbasi akut dapat primer yaitu
infeksi trakeobronkial (biasanya karena
virus), <span lang="SV">atau</span>
sekunder berupa pneumonia, gagal jantung, aritmia, emboli paru, pneumotoraks spontan, penggunaan oksigen yang
tidak tepat, penggunaan obat obatan (obat antidepresan, diuretik) yang tidak tepat, penyakit metabolic (diabetes melitus, gangguan elektrolit), nutrisi buruk, lingkungan memburuk atau polusi udara, aspirasi
berulang, serta pada stadium akhir penyakit respirasi (kelelahan otot
respirasi) (PDPI, 2003).<span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN">IV.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV">Tanda</span></b><b><span lang="IN"> dan Gejala<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Gejala eksaserbasi utama berupa peningkatan sesak, produksi sputum
meningkat, dan adanya perubahan konsistensi atau warna sputum.<span lang="IN"> E</span>ksaserbasi
akut dapat dibagi menjadi tiga tipe, yaitu tipe I (eksaserbasi berat)<b> </b>apabila
memiliki 3 gejala utama, tipe II (eksaserbasi sedang) apabila hanya memiliki<b> </b>2 gejala utama, dan tipe
III (eksaserbasi ringan) apabila memiliki 1 gejala utama<b> </b>ditambah
adanya infeksi saluran napas atas lebih dari 5 hari, demam tanpa sebab lain,<b> </b>peningkatan
batuk, peningkatan mengi atau peningkatan frekuensi pernapasan > 20%<b> </b><i>baseline</i>, atau
frekuensi nadi > 20% <i>baseline </i>(Vestbo, 2006)<i>. </i><b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="FI">V.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="FI">Patofisiologi (</span></b><b><span lang="SV">Web</span></b><b><span lang="FI"> of Caution).<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span lang="FI"><br /></span></b>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMOchZGni5w4GLfjbeFfN8iX63DWgyEzV-03Asr0TszspJ5qxGNReX2-pHB9_bCSqdw1IeL7_1CGJcBm3HbPtSNgnIzOl8Ap_0lwsAVg-0wwVngOpIfrXIIgeSAIwY2KWijMGIMkeEmig/s1600/WOC+PPOK.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMOchZGni5w4GLfjbeFfN8iX63DWgyEzV-03Asr0TszspJ5qxGNReX2-pHB9_bCSqdw1IeL7_1CGJcBm3HbPtSNgnIzOl8Ap_0lwsAVg-0wwVngOpIfrXIIgeSAIwY2KWijMGIMkeEmig/s640/WOC+PPOK.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<b><span lang="FI"><br /></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="FI">VI.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="FI">Komplikasi PPOK/COPD:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">Hipoksemia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">Asidosis respiratorik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">Infeksi saluran pernapasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">Gagal jantung, terutama cor pulmonal
(gagal jantung kanan akinat penyakit paru-paru)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">Disritmia jantung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">Status asmatikus: komplikasi utama yang berhubungan
dengan asma bronkhial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN">VII.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN">Penatalaksanaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Prinsip
penatalaksanaan PPOK eksaserbasi akut adalah mengatasi segera<b> </b>eksaserbasi
yang terjadi dan mencegah terjadinya kematian. Risiko kematian dari<b> </b>eksaserbasi
sangat berhubungan dengan terjadinya asidosis respiratorik, adanya<b> </b>komorbid,
dan kebutuhan akan alat ventilasi (GOLD, 2009). Penanganan eksaserbasi<b> </b>akut
dapat dilaksanakan di rumah (untuk eksaserbasi yang ringan) atau di rumah sakit
(untuk eksaserbasi sedang dan berat). Penatalaksanaan eksaserbasi akut di rumah sakit
dapat dilakukan secara rawat jalan atau rawat inap dan dilakukan di poliklinik rawat
jalan, ruang rawat inap, unit gawat darurat, atau ruang ICU (PDPI, 2003).<o:p></o:p></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Bronkodilator<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Kortikosteroid<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Antibiotik<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Terapi
Oksigen<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Ventilasi
Mekanik<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="FI">VIII.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="FI">Pemeriksaan Fisik:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">1. Dipnea/sesak napas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">2. Batuk kronik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">3. Adanya sputum kental<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">4. Sianosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">5. Bunyi wheezing, mengi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">6. Pemakaian otot bantu
pernapasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">7. Takikardi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">8. Gelisah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">9. Mengeluh anoreksia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> 10.
Berkurangnya ekspansi paru, pengembangan dinding thorax<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> 11.
Lemah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="FI">VII. Pemeriksaan Laboratorium & Diagnostik/Penunjang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">Peningkatan Hb (empisema berat)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="PT-BR">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">Peningkatan eosinofil (asma)</span><span lang="PT-BR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="PT-BR">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">Penurunan alpha 1-antitrypsin</span><span lang="PT-BR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="PT-BR">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">PO2 menurun dan PCO2 normal atau meningkat
(bronkhitis kronis dan emfisema)</span><span lang="PT-BR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="PT-BR">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">Chest X-ray: dapat menunjukkan
hiperinflasi paru-paru, diafragma mendatar</span><span lang="PT-BR"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="PT-BR">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="PT-BR">EKG: deviasi aksis kanan; gelombang
P tinggi (pada pasien asma berat dan atrial disritmia/bronkhitis); gel.P pada
Leads II, III, AVF panjang dan tinggi (brinkhitis dan emfisema); dan aksis QRS
vertikal (emfisema)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN">VIII. Diagnosa Keperawatan yang sering muncul:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Bersihan jalan napas tidak efektif b.d
kelemahan, upaya batuk yang buruk, sekresi yang kental atau berlebihan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Gangguan pertukaran gas b.d berkurangnya
keefektifan permukaan paru, atelektasis, kerusakan membran alveolar kapiler,
sekret yang kental, ketidaksamaan ventilasi perfusi.</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">Intoleransi aktivitas b.d
ketidakseimbangan suplai oksigen.</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Perubahan kebutuhan nutrisi, kurang dari
kebutuhan b.d kelelahan, batuk yang sering, adanya produksi sputum, dispnea,
anoreksia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="PT-BR">IX. Intervensi Keperawatan dan Rasional (Doenges, 2000).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Bersihan jalan napas tidak efektif b.d
kelemahan, upaya batuk yang buruk, sekresi yang kental atau berlebihan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Tujuan: mempertahankan jalan
nafas pasien.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Kriteria hasil :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Pasien mampu mengeluarkan sekret tanpa
bantuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Pasien memperlihatkan perilaku/upaya
mempertahankan bersihan jalan nafas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Pasien berpartisipasi dalam program
pegobatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Intervensi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Auskultasi bunyi nafas. Catat adanya bunyi
nafas, mis: mengi, krekels, ronki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> <i>Rasional:</i>
Beberapa derajat spasme bronkus terjadi dengan obstruksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> jalan nafas dan
dimanifestasikan dengan adanya bunyi nafas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">Berikan pasien 6 sampai 8 gelas </span><span lang="SV">cairan/hari kecuali terdapat kor pulmonal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> <i>Rasional: </i>Hidrasi sistemik menjaga
sekresi tetap lembab dan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> memudahkan
untuk pengeluaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Ajarkan dan berikan dorongan penggunaan
teknik pernapasan diagframatik dan batuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> <i>Rasional:</i>
Teknik ini akan membantu memperbaiki ventilasi dan untuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> menghasilkan sekresi tanpa menyebabkan
sesak napas dan keletihan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Bantu dalam pemberian tindakan nebuliser,
inheler dosis terukur. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> <i>Rasional:</i>
Tindakan ini menimbulkan air ke dalam percabangan bronkial dan pada sputum,
menurunkan kekentalannya, sehingga mudah evakuasi sekresi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Lakukan drainase postural dengan perkusi
dan vibrasi pada pagi dan malam hari sesuai yang diharuskan.</span><span lang="FI"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> <i>Rasional:</i>
Menggunakan gaya gravitasi untuk membantu membangkaitkan seksresi dapat lebih
mudah dibatukkan atau di uap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">Instruksikan pasien untuk menghindari
iritan seperti asap rokok, aerosol, suhu yang ekstrim dari asap.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI"> </span><i><span lang="SV">Rasional:</span></i><span lang="SV"> Iritan bronkial menyebabkan
bronkokonstriksi dan meningkatkan pembentukkan lendir yang kemudian mengganggu
klirens jalan napas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Ajarkan tentang tanda-tanda dini infeksi
pernapasan yang harus dilaporkan pada dokter dengan segera.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> <i>Rasional:</i>
Infeksi pernapasan minor yang tidak memberikan konsekuensi pada individu dengan
paru-paru yang normal dapat menyebabkan gangguan fatal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Berikan antibiotik sesuai yang diharuskan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> <i>Rasional:</i> Antibiotik diresepkan untuk mencegah atau mengatasi
infeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Gangguan pertukaran gas b.d berkurangnya
keefektifan permukaan paru, atelektasis, kerusakan membran alveolar kapiler,
sekret yang kental, ketidaksamaan ventilasi perfusi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Tujuan : Hilang atau
menurunnya dispnea.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Kriteria hasil :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Tidak terjadi dispnea. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Menunjukkan perbaikan ventilasi dan
oksigenasi jaringan adekuat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">GDA dalam rentang normal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="PT-BR">Bebas dari gejala distres
pernapasan.</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Intervensi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Kaji dispnea, takipnea, bunyi pernapasan
abnormal, peningkatan upaya respirasi,
keterbatasan ekspansi dada dan kelemahan.<br />
<i>Rasional:</i> Weezing atau mengi indikasi
akumulasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> sekret/ketidakmampuan membersihkan
jalan napas sehingga otot aksesori
digunakan dan kerja pernapasan meningkat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Evaluasi perubahan-tingkat kesadaran,
catat tanda-tanda sianosis dan perubahan warna kulit, membran mukosa, dan warna
kuku.<br />
<i>Rasional:</i> Akumulasi sekret dapat
mengganggu oksigenasi di organ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> vital dan jaringan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Demonstrasikan/anjurkan untuk mengeluarkan
napas dengan bibir disiutkan, terutama
pada pasien dengan fibrosis atau kerusakan parenkim.<br />
<i>Rasional:</i> Meningkatnya resistensi
aliran udara untuk mencegah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> kolapsnya jalan napas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Anjurkan untuk bedrest, batasi dan bantu
aktivitas sesuai kebutuhan.<br />
<i>Rasional:</i> Mengurangi konsumsi oksigen
pada periode respirasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Monitor GDA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="SV"> Rasional:</span></i><span lang="SV"> Menurunnya saturasi oksigen (PaO2) atau
meningkatnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="SV"> </span></i><span lang="SV">PaC02 menunjukkan perlunya penanganan yang lebih
adekuat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> atau perubahan terapi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Berikan oksigen sesuai indikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="SV"> Rasional</span></i><b><span lang="SV">:</span></b><span lang="SV"> Membantu mengoreksi hipoksemia yang terjadi
sekunder <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> terhadap hipoventilasi dan
penurunan permukaan alveolar paru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Berikan bronkodilator sesuai yang
diharapkan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Dapat dilakukan peroral, IV, rektal, atau
dengan inhalasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Berikan bronkodilator oral, IV pada waktu
yang berselingan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> dengan tindakan nebuliser<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> <i>Rasional:</i> Bronkodilator mendilatasi jalan napas dengan membantu melawan edema mukosa bronkial
dan spasme muskular. Karena efek samping biasa terjadi pada tindakan ini, dosis
obat disesuaikan dengan cermat untuk setiap pasien.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Evaluasi efektivitas tindakan nebuliser,
inheler, dosis terukur:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Kaji penurunan sesak napas, penurunan
mengi atau krekels, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> kelinggaran sekresi, penurunan ansietas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Pastikan bahwa tindakan diberikan sebelum
makan untuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> menghindari mual dan keletihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> <i>Rasional:</i> Mengkombinasikan medikasi dengan aerosolized
bronkodilator nebulisasi biasanya digunakan untuk mengendalikan bronkiektasis.
Aerosol memudahkan kliens bronkial, membantu mengendalikan proses inflamasi dan
memperbaiki fungsi ventilasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Instruksikan dan berikan dorongan pada
pasien dengan pernapasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> diafragmatik dan batuk efektif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="SV"> Rasional:</span></i><span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="FI">Teknik ini memperbaiki ventilasi dengan membuka jalan napas dan sputum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">Intoleransi aktivitas b.d
ketidakseimbangan suplai oksigen.</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI">Tujuan: Intoleransi aktivitas
teratasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI">Kriteria hasil: - Klien mampu
melakukan aktivitas secara perlahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI"> -
Mendemonstrasikan kemampuan beraktivitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI">Intervensi:</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Evaluasi respon pasien terhadap aktivitas.
Catat laporan dispnea, peningkatan kelemahan & perubahan tanda vital
setelah aktivitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="SV">
Rasional: </span></i><span lang="SV">Menetapkan kemampuan atau kebutuhan pasien
dan memudahkan dalam menentukan pilihan intervensi keperawatan yang sesuai
untuk pasien.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Berikan lingkungan tenang dan batasi
pengunjung selama fase akut sesuai indikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="SV">
Rasional: </span></i><span lang="SV">Menurunkan
stres dan rangsangan yang berlebihan, serta meningkatkan istirahat pasien.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Jelaskan pentingnya istirahat dalam
rencana pengobatan dan perlunya keseimbangan aktivitas dan istirahat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="SV">
Rasional:</span></i><span lang="SV"> Tirah
baring dipertahankan selama fase akut untuk menurunkan kebutuhan metabolic,
menghemat energy untuk penyembuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Bantu pasien memilih posisi yang nyaman
untuk istirahat atau tidur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="SV">
Rasional:</span></i><span lang="SV"> Pasien
mungkin nyaman dengan kepala tinggi, tidur dikursi, atau menunduk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Bantu aktivitas perawatan diri yang
diperlukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="SV">Rasional:</span></i><span lang="SV"> Meminimalkan kelelahan dan membantu keseimbangan
suplai dan kebutuhan oksigen.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Perubahan kebutuhan nutrisi, kurang dari
kebutuhan b.d kelelahan, batuk yang sering, adanya produksi sputum, dispnea,
anoreksia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Tujuan: status nutrisi optimal
dapat dipertahankan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Kriteria hasil:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV">- Menunjukkan peningkatan
berat dan bebas tanda malnutrisi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.55pt;">
<span lang="SV">- Melakukan
perubahan pola hidup untuk meningkatkan dan mempertahankan berat badan yang
tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Intervensi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">1. Catat status nutrisi paasien: turgor kulit,
timbang berat badan, integritas mukosa mulut, kemampuan menelan, adanya bising
usus, riwayat mual/muntahataudiare.<br />
<i>Rasional:</i> berguna dalam
mendefinisikan derajat masalah dan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<span lang="SV"> intervensi yang tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">2. Kaji pola diet pasien yang disukai dan yang
tidak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="SV">Rasional:</span></i><span lang="SV"> Membantu
intervensi kebutuhan yang spesifik, meningkatkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="SV"> </span></i><span lang="SV">intake diet pasien.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<span lang="SV">3. Monitor intake dan output secara periodik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="SV">Rasional:</span></i><span lang="SV"> Mengukur
keefektifan nutrisi dan cairan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<span lang="SV">4. Catat
adanya anoreksia, mual, muntah, dan tetapkan jika ada hubungannya dengan
medikasi. Awasi frekuensi, volume, konsistensi Buang Air Besar (BAB).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="SV">Rasional:</span></i><span lang="SV"> Dapat
menentukan jenis diet dan mengidentifikasi pemecahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<span lang="SV"> masalah untuk
meningkatkan intake nutrisi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<span lang="SV">5. Anjurkan bedrest<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="SV">Rasional:</span></i><span lang="SV"> Membantu
menghemat energi khusus saat demam terjadi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="SV"> </span></i><span lang="SV">peningkatan metabolik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV">6. Lakukan perawatan mulut sebelum dan sesudah
tindakan pernapasan.<br />
<i>Rasional:</i>
Mengurangi rasa tidak enak dari sputum atau obat-obat yang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV"> digunakan yang dapat
merangsang muntah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<span lang="SV">7. Anjurkan makan sedikit dan sering dengan
makanan tinggi protein dan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV"> karbohidrat.<br />
<i>Rasional:</i> Memaksimalkan intake
nutrisi dan menurunkan iritasi gaster.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.1pt;">
<span lang="SV">8. Rujuk ke ahli gizi untuk menentukan
komposisi diet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="SV">Rasional:</span></i><span lang="SV"> Memberikan
bantuan dalarn perencaaan diet dengan nutrisi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="SV"> </span></i><span lang="SV">adekuat unruk kebutuhan metabolik dan
diet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV">9. Konsul dengan tim medis untuk jadual
pengobatan 1-2 jam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV"> sebelum/setelahmakan.<br />
<i>Rasional:</i> Membantu menurunkan insiden
mual dan muntah karena efek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV"> samping obat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV"> 10.
Awasi pemeriksaan laboratorium. (BUN,
protein serum, dan albumin).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="SV">Rasional:</span></i><span lang="SV"> Nilai
rendah menunjukkan malnutrisi dan perubahan program<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="SV"> </span></i><span lang="SV">terapi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="PT-BR">X. Daftar Pustaka:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Alsagaff, Hood, dkk. (2005). <i>Dasar-dasar ilmu penyakit paru cetakan ketiga. <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Surabaya: Airlangga University
Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.05pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Burke, L. (2000). <i>Medical surgical nursing: critical thinking
in client care 2<sup>nt</sup> ed.</i> USA: Prentice-Hall.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.05pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.05pt;">
<span lang="SV">Doenges,
M.E. (2000). </span><span lang="FI">Rencana asuhan
keperawatan: <i>Pedoman untuk perencanaan
dan pendokumentasian perawatan pasien</i>. Edisi 3. Jakarta : EGC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.05pt;">
<span lang="FI">Irman, S.
(2008). <i>Asuhan keperawatan pada pasien
dengan gangguan sistem pernapasan. </i>Jakarta: Salemba Medika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.05pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN">PDPI</span>. <span lang="IN">(</span>2003<span lang="IN">)</span>. <i>PPOK
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<u><a href="http://www.klikpdpi.com/konsensus/konsensus-ppok/ppok.pdf%20tanggal%2026">http://www.klik<b>pdpi</b>.com/konsensus/konsensus-<b>ppok</b>/<b>ppok</b>.pdf<span lang="IN"> tanggal 26</span></a></u><span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">mei 2013</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">KONSEP DASAR</b></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pengertian</div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 5.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Efusi pleura adalah
suatu keadaan dimana terdapat penumpukan cairan dalam rongga pleura </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 5.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(Somantri,
2008). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 5.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Efusi pleura adalah
penumpukan cairan didalam rongga pleura yang terelatak diantara permukaan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 5.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">viseral dan parietal (Smeltzer, Suzanne 2001).</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Efusi pleura adalah suatu keadaan dimana
terdapat penumpukan cairan dari dalam kavum pleura diantara pleura parietalis
dan pleura viseralis dapat berupa cairan transudat atau cairan eksudat ( Pedoman
Diagnosis danTerapi / UPF ilmu penyakit paru, 1994, 111).</div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 19.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi timbulnya
masalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Anatomi</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paru-paru terletak pada rongga dada.
Masing-masing paru berbentuk kerucut. Paru kanan dibagi oleh dua buah fisura
kedalam tiga lobus atas, tengah dan bawah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Paru kiri dibagi oleh sebuah tisuda ke dalam dua lobus atas dan bawah
(John Gibson, MD, 1995, 121).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Permukaan
datar paru menghadap ke tengah rongga dada atau kavum mediastinum. Pada bagian
tengah terdapat tampuk paru-paru atau hillus paru-paru dibungkus oleh selaput
yang tipis disebut Pleura (Syaifudin B.AC , 1992, 104).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pleura
merupakan membran tipis, transparan yang menutupi paru dalam dua lapisan :
Lapisan viseral, yang dekat dengan permukaan paru dan lapisan parietal menutupi
permukaan dalam dari dinding dada. Kedua lapisan tersebut berlanjut pada radix
paru. Rongga pleura adalah ruang diantara kedua lapisan tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Fisiologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sistem
pernafasan atau disebut juga sistem respirasi yang berarti “bernafas lagi”
mempunyai peran atau fungsi menyediakan oksigen (O<sub>2</sub>) serta
mengeluarkan carbon dioksida (CO<sub>2</sub>) dari tubuh. Fungsi penyediaan O<sub>2</sub>
serta pengeluaran CO<sub>2</sub> merupakan fungsi yang vital bagi kehidupan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Proses respirasi
berlangsung beberapa tahap antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ventilasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Adalah proses pengeluaran
udara ke dan dari dalam paru. Proses ini terdiri atas 2 tahap :</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; tab-stops: 63.0pt 1.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Inspirasi
yaitu pergerakan udara dari luar ke dalam paru. Inspirasi terjadi dengan adanya
kontraksi otot diafragma dan interkostalis eksterna yang menyebabkan volume
thorax membesar sehingga tekanan intra alveolar menurun dan udara masuk ke
dalam paru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ekspirasi yaitu pergerakan
udara dari dalam ke luar paru yang terjadi bila otot-otot expirasi relaxasi
sehingga volume thorax mengecil yang secara otomatis menekan intra pleura dan
volume paru mengecil dan tekanan intra alveola menurun sehingga udara keluar
dari paru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 79.4pt 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pertukaran gas di dalam alveol dan darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 79.4pt 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Transport gas</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; tab-stops: list 135.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Yaitu
perpindahan gas dari paru ke jaringan dan dari jaringan ke paru dengan bantuan
darah (aliran darah).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pertukaran gas antara darah dengan sel-sel jaringan.Metabolisme
penggunaan O<sub>2</sub> di dalam sel serta pembuatan CO<sub>2</sub> yang juga
disebut pernafasan seluler. (Alsagaff H, Abdul Moekty, 1995, 15).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.45pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Permukaan rongga pleura berbatasan lembab
sehingga mudah bergerak satu ke yang lainnya (John Gibson, MD, 1995, 123).
Dalam keadaan normal seharusnya tidak ada rongga kosong diantara kedua pleura
karena biasanya hanya terdapat sekitar 10-20 cc cairan yang merupakan lapisan
tipis serosa yang selalu bergerak secara teratur (Soeparman, 1990, 785). Setiap
saat jumlah cairan dalam rongga pleura bisa menjadi lebih dari cukup untuk
memisahkan kedua pleura, maka kelebihan tersebut akan dipompa keluar oleh
pembuluh limfatik (yang membuka secara langsung) dari rongga pleura ke dalam
mediastinum. Permukaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">superior</i> dari
diafragma dan permukaan lateral dari pleura parietis disamping adanya
keseimbangan antara produksi oleh pleura parietalis dan absorbsi oleh pleura
viseralis . Oleh karena itu ruang pleura disebut sebagai ruang potensial.
Karena ruang ini normalnya begitu sempit sehingga bukan merupakan ruang fisik
yang jelas. (Guyton dan Hall, Ege,1997, 607).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Etiologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berdasarkan jenis cairan
yang terbnetuk, cairan pleura dibagi menjadi transudat, eksudat dan hemoragis</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.45pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1)
Transudat dapat disebabkan oleh kegagalan jantung kongestif (gagal jantung
kiri), sindroma nefrotik, asites (oleh karena sirosis kepatis), syndroma vena
cava superior, tumor, sindroma meig.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eksudat disebabkan oleh infeksi, TB,
preumonia dan sebagainya,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tumor,
ifark paru, radiasi, penyakit kolagen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.45pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Effusi hemoragis dapat disebabkan oleh adanya
tumor, trauma,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>infark paru,
tuberkulosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.4pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berdasarkan lokasi cairan yang terbentuk,
effusi dibagi menjadi unilateral dan bilateral. Efusi yang unilateral tidak
mempunyai kaitan yang spesifik dengan penyakit penyebabnya akan tetapi effusi
yang bilateral ditemukan pada penyakit-penyakit dibawah ini :Kegagalan jantung
kongestif, sindroma nefrotik, asites, infark paru, lupus eritematosus systemic,
tumor dan tuberkolosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="text-indent: -22.7pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -22.7pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -22.7pt;">Patofisiologi</span><br />
<div style="text-indent: -30.266666412353516px;">
<span style="text-indent: 0px;"> Dalam keadaan normal hanya terdapat 10-20 ml cairan di dalam rongga pleura. Jumlah cairan di rongga pleura tetap, karena adanya tekanan hidrostatis pleura parietalis sebesar 9 cm H</span><sub style="text-indent: 0px;">2</sub><span style="text-indent: 0px;">O. Akumulasi cairan pleura dapat terjadi apabila tekanan osmotik koloid menurun misalnya pada penderita hipoalbuminemia dan bertambahnya permeabilitas kapiler akibat ada proses keradangan atau neoplasma, bertambahnya tekanan hidrostatis akibat kegagalan jantung dan tekanan negatif intra pleura apabila terjadi atelektasis paru (Alsagaf H, Mukti A, 1995, 145). </span><span style="text-indent: 0px;">Effusi pleura berarti terjadi pengumpulan sejumlah besar cairan bebas dalam kavum pleura. Kemungkinan penyebab efusi antara lain (1) penghambatan drainase limfatik dari rongga pleura, (2) gagal jantung yang menyebabkan tekanan kapiler paru dan tekanan perifer menjadi sangat tinggi sehingga menimbulkan transudasi cairan yang berlebihan ke dalam rongga pleura (3) sangat menurunnya tekanan osmotik kolora plasma, jadi juga memungkinkan transudasi cairan yang berlebihan (4) infeksi atau setiap penyebab peradangan apapun pada permukaan pleura dari rongga pleura, yang memecahkan membran kapiler dan memungkinkan pengaliran protein plasma dan cairan ke dalam rongga secara cepat (Guyton dan Hall , Egc, 1997, 623-624)</span></div>
<span style="text-indent: -22.7pt;">e. WOC</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -22.7pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguVJiCZ1XZLcj9zI0N7pa9wFN3bWTfMavuTL9-qaC-N7h0oXc0PxAmcJyn7rb55H-0t7QO3ArejTsTUlb7_tNV4SrhYBLwrzUvMARepSJ8MYm4lIU9aAfNa7NHQ8pgoC-knY_9nOokowo/s1600/EFUSI.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguVJiCZ1XZLcj9zI0N7pa9wFN3bWTfMavuTL9-qaC-N7h0oXc0PxAmcJyn7rb55H-0t7QO3ArejTsTUlb7_tNV4SrhYBLwrzUvMARepSJ8MYm4lIU9aAfNa7NHQ8pgoC-knY_9nOokowo/s640/EFUSI.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="text-indent: -22.7pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36.85pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 37.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dampak Masalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dampak masalah terhadap individu</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sebagaimana penderita
penyakit yang lain, pada pasien effusi pleura akan mengalami suatu perubahan
baik bio, psiko sosial dan spiritual yang akan selalu menimbulkan dampak yang
diakibatkan oleh proses penyakit atau pengobatan dan perawatan. Pada umumnya Px
dengan effusi pleura akan tampak sakit, suara nafas menurun adanya nyeri
pleuritik terutama pada akhir inspirasi, febris, batuk dan yang lebih khas lagi
adalah adanya sesak nafas, rasa berat pada dada akibat adnya akumulasi cairan
di kavum pleura.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dampak masalah terhadap keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada umumnya keluarga
pasien akan merasa dituntut untuk selalu menjaga dan memenuhi kebutuhan pasien.
Apabila ada salah satu anggota keluarga yang sakit sehingga keluarga pasien akan
memberi perhatian yang lebih pada pasien. Keluarga menjadi cemas dengan keadaan
pasien karena mungkin sebagai orang awam keluarga pasien kurang mengerti dengan
kondisi pasien dan tentang bagaimana perawatannya. Lamanya perawatan pasien
banyaknya biaya pengobatan merupakan masalah bagi pasien dan keluarganya
terlebih untuk keluarga dengan tingkat ekonomi yang rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Secara langsung peran
pasien sesuai statusnya pun akan mengalami perubahan bahkan gangguan selama
pasien dirawat di rumah sakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pemberian
Asuhan Keperawatan merupakan proses terapeutik yang melibatkan hubungan
kerjasama dengan klien, keluarga atau masyarakat untuk mencapai tingkat
kesehatan yang optimal (Canpernito, 2000,2).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Perawat
memerlukan metode ilmiah dalam melakukan proses terapeutik tersebut yaitu
proses keperawatan. Proses keperewatan dipakai untuk membantu perawat dalam
melakukan praktek keperawatan secara sistematis dalam mengatasi masalah
keperawatan yang ada, dimana keempat komponennya saling mempengaruhi satu sama
lain yaitu : pengkajian, perencanaan, implementasi dan evaluasi yang membentuk
suatu mata rantai (Budianna Keliat, 1994,2).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36.85pt; mso-list: l16 level6 lfo3; tab-stops: list 37.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengkajian </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36.85pt; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengumpulan
Data</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Data-data yang dikumpulkan
atau dikaji meliputi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Identitas Pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.45pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada tahap
ini perawat perlu mengetahui tentang nama, umur, jenis kelamin, alamat rumah,
agama atau kepercayaan, suku bangsa, bahasa yang dipakai, status pendidikan dan
pekerjaan pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Keluhan Utama</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.45pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Keluhan
utama merupakan faktor utama yang mendorong pasien mencari pertolongan atau berobat
ke rumah sakit. Biasanya pada pasien dengan effusi pleura didapatkan keluhan
berupa sesak nafas, rasa berat pada dada, nyeri pleuritik akibat iritasi pleura
yang bersifat tajam dan terlokasilir terutama pada saat batuk dan bernafas
serta batuk non produktif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Riwayat Penyakit Sekarang</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.45pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pasien
dengan effusi pleura biasanya akan diawali dengan adanya tanda-tanda seperti
batuk, sesak nafas, nyeri pleuritik, rasa berat pada dada, berat badan menurun
dan sebagainya. Perlu juga ditanyakan mulai kapan keluhan itu muncul. Apa
tindakan yang telah dilakukan untuk menurunkan atau menghilangkan
keluhan-keluhannya tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Riwayat Penyakit Dahulu</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.45pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Perlu
ditanyakan apakah pasien pernah menderita penyakit seperti TBC paru, pneumoni,
gagal jantung, trauma, asites dan sebagainya. Hal ini diperlukan untuk
mengetahui kemungkinan adanya faktor predisposisi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Riwayat Penyakit Keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.45pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Perlu
ditanyakan apakah ada anggota keluarga yang menderita penyakit-penyakit yang
disinyalir sebagai penyebab effusi pleura seperti Ca paru, asma, TB paru dan
lain sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Riwayat Psikososial</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.45pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Meliputi
perasaan pasien terhadap penyakitnya, bagaimana cara mengatasinya serta
bagaimana perilaku pasien terhadap tindakan yang dilakukan terhadap dirinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengkajian Pola-Pola Fungsi Kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pola persepsi dan tata laksana hidup sehat</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Adanya
tindakan medis dan perawatan di rumah sakit mempengaruhi perubahan persepsi
tentang kesehatan, tapi kadang juga memunculkan persepsi yang salah terhadap
pemeliharaan kesehatan. Kemungkinan adanya riwayat kebiasaan merokok, minum
alkohol dan penggunaan obat-obatan bisa menjadi faktor predisposisi timbulnya
penyakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pola nutrisi dan metabolisme</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam
pengkajian pola nutrisi dan metabolisme, kita perlu melakukan pengukuran tinggi
badan dan berat badan untuk mengetahui status nutrisi pasien, selain juga perlu
ditanyakan kebiasaan makan dan minum sebelum dan selama MRS pasien dengan
effusi pleura akan mengalami penurunan nafsu makan akibat dari sesak nafas dan
penekanan pada struktur abdomen. Peningkatan metabolisme akan terjadi akibat
proses penyakit. pasien dengan effusi pleura keadaan umumnya lemah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pola eliminasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam
pengkajian pola eliminasi perlu ditanyakan mengenai kebiasaan ilusi dan
defekasi sebelumdan sesudah MRS. Karena keadaan umum pasien yang lemah, pasien
akan lebih banyak bed rest sehingga akan menimbulkan konstipasi, selain akibat
pencernaan pada struktur abdomen menyebabkan penurunan peristaltik otot-otot
tractus degestivus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pola aktivitas dan latihan</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Akibat sesak
nafas, kebutuhan O<sub>2</sub> jaringan akan kurang terpenuhi dan Px akan cepat
mengalami kelelahan pada aktivitas minimal. Disamping itu pasien juga akan
mengurangi aktivitasnya akibat adanya nyeri dada. Dan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan
ADL nya sebagian kebutuhan pasien dibantu oleh perawat dan keluarganya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pola tidur dan istirahat</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Adanya nyeri
dada, sesak nafas dan peningkatan suhu tubuh akan berpengaruh terhadap
pemenuhan kebutuhan tidur dan istitahat, selain itu akibat perubahan kondisi
lingkungan dari lingkungan rumah yang tenang ke lingkungan rumah sakit, dimana
banyak orang yang mondar-mandir, berisik dan lain sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pola hubungan dan peran</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Akibat dari
sakitnya, secara langsung pasien akan mengalami perubahan peran, misalkan
pasien seorang ibu rumah tangga, pasien tidak dapat menjalankan fungsinya sebagai
seorang ibu yang harus mengasuh anaknya, mengurus suaminya. Disamping itu,
peran pasien di masyarakatpun juga mengalami perubahan dan semua itu
mempengaruhi hubungan interpersonal pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pola persepsi dan konsep diri</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Persepsi
pasien terhadap dirinya akan berubah. Pasien yang tadinya sehat, tiba-tiba
mengalami sakit, sesak nafas, nyeri dada. Sebagai seorang awam, pasien mungkin
akan beranggapan bahwa penyakitnya adalah penyakit berbahaya dan mematikan.
Dalam hal ini pasien mungkin akan kehilangan gambaran positif terhadap dirinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pola sensori dan kognitif</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Fungsi panca
indera pasien tidak mengalami perubahan, demikian juga dengan proses
berpikirnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pola reproduksi seksual</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kebutuhan
seksual pasien dalam hal ini hubungan seks intercourse akan terganggu untuk
sementara waktu karena pasien berada di rumah sakit dan kondisi fisiknya masih
lemah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pola penanggulangan stress</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bagi pasien
yang belum mengetahui proses penyakitnya akan mengalami stress dan mungkin
pasien akan banyak bertanya pada perawat dan dokter yang merawatnya atau orang
yang mungkin dianggap lebih tahu mengenai penyakitnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pola tata nilai dan
kepercayaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sebagai
seorang beragama pasien akan lebih mendekatkan dirinya kepada Tuhan dan
menganggap bahwa penyakitnya ini adalah suatu cobaan dari Tuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pemeriksaan fisik</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Status Kesehatan Umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tingkat
kesadaran pasien perlu dikaji, bagaimana penampilan pasien secara umum,
ekspresi wajah pasien selama dilakukan anamnesa, sikap dan perilaku pasien
terhadap petugas, bagaimana mood pasien untuk mengetahui tingkat kecemasan dan
ketegangan pasien. Perlu juga dilakukan pengukuran tinggi badan berat badan
pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sistem Respirasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Inspeksi pada pasien
effusi pleura bentuk hemithorax yang sakit mencembung, iga mendatar, ruang
antar iga melebar, pergerakan pernafasan menurun. Pendorongan mediastinum ke
arah hemithorax kontra lateral yang diketahui dari posisi trakhea dan ictus
kordis. RR cenderung meningkat dan Px biasanya dyspneu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Fremitus tokal menurun
terutama untuk effusi pleura yang jumlah cairannya > 250 cc. Disamping itu
pada palpasi juga ditemukan pergerakan dinding dada yang tertinggal pada dada
yang sakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Suara perkusi redup sampai
peka tegantung jumlah cairannya. Bila cairannya tidak mengisi penuh rongga
pleura, maka akan terdapat batas atas cairan berupa garis lengkung dengan ujung
lateral atas ke medical penderita dalam posisi duduk. Garis ini disebut garis
Ellis-Damoisseaux. Garis ini paling jelas di bagian depan dada, kurang jelas di
punggung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Auskultasi
Suara nafas menurun sampai menghilang. Pada posisi duduk cairan makin ke atas
makin tipis, dan dibaliknya ada kompresi atelektasis dari parenkian paru,
mungkin saja akan ditemukan tanda-tanda auskultasi dari atelektasis kompresi di
sekitar batas atas cairan. Ditambah lagi dengan tanda <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>i – e </i>artinya bila penderita
diminta mengucapkan kata-kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">i</i> maka
akan terdengar suara e sengau, yang disebut egofoni (Alsagaf H, Ida Bagus,
Widjaya Adjis, Mukty Abdol, 1994,79)</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 79.4pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sistem Cardiovasculer</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada
inspeksi perlu diperhatikan letak ictus cordis, normal berada pada ICS – 5 pada
linea medio claviculaus kiri selebar 1 cm. Pemeriksaan ini bertujuan untuk
mengetahui ada tidaknya pembesaran jantung. Palpasi untuk menghitung frekuensi
jantung (health rate) dan harus diperhatikan kedalaman dan teratur tidaknya
denyut jantung, perlu juga memeriksa adanya thrill yaitu getaran ictus cordis.
Perkusi untuk menentukan batas jantung dimana daerah jantung terdengar pekak.
Hal ini bertujuan untuk menentukan adakah pembesaran jantung atau ventrikel
kiri. Auskultasi untuk menentukan suara jantung I dan II tunggal atau gallop
dan adakah bunyi jantung III yang merupakan gejala payah jantung serta adakah
murmur yang menunjukkan adanya peningkatan arus turbulensi darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 79.4pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sistem Pencernaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada
inspeksi perlu diperhatikan, apakah abdomen membuncit atau datar, tepi perut
menonjol atau tidak, umbilicus menonjol atau tidak, selain itu juga perlu di
inspeksi ada tidaknya benjolan-benjolan atau massa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Auskultasi untuk
mendengarkan suara peristaltik usus dimana nilai normalnya 5-35 kali permenit.
Pada palpasi perlu juga diperhatikan, adakah nyeri tekan abdomen, adakah massa (tumor, feces),
turgor kulit perut untuk mengetahui derajat hidrasi pasien, apakah hepar
teraba, juga apakah lien teraba. Perkusi abdomen normal tympanik, adanya massa padat atau cairan
akan menimbulkan suara pekak (hepar, asites, vesika urinarta, tumor).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 79.4pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sistem Neurologis</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada
inspeksi tingkat kesadaran perlu dikaji Disamping juga diperlukan pemeriksaan
GCS. Adakah composmentis atau somnolen atau comma. refleks patologis, dan bagaimana
dengan refleks fisiologisnya. Selain itu fungsi-fungsi sensoris juga perlu
dikaji seperti pendengaran, penglihatan, penciuman, perabaan dan pengecapan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 79.4pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sistem Muskuloskeletal</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada
inspeksi perlu diperhatikan adakah edema peritibial, palpasi pada kedua
ekstremetas untuk mengetahui tingkat perfusi perifer serta dengan pemerikasaan
capillary refil time. Dengan inspeksi dan palpasi dilakukan pemeriksaan
kekuatan otot kemudian dibandingkan antara kiri dan kanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 79.4pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Integumen </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Inspeksi
mengenai keadaan umum kulit higiene, warna ada tidaknya lesi pada kulit, pada
Px dengan effusi biasanya akan tampak cyanosis akibat adanya kegagalan sistem
transport O<sub>2</sub>. Pada palpasi perlu diperiksa mengenai kehangatan kulit
(dingin, hangat, demam). Kemudian texture kulit (halus-lunak-kasar) serta
turgor kulit untuk mengetahui derajat hidrasi seseorang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pemeriksaan Penunjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hasil pemeriksaan medis
dan laboratorium</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pemeriksaan Radiologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada fluoroskopi maupun
foto thorax PA cairan yang kurang dari 300 cc tidak bisa terlihat. Mungkin
kelainan yang tampak hanya berupa penumpukkan kostofrenikus. Pada effusi pleura
sub pulmonal, meski cairan pleura lebih dari 300 cc, frenicocostalis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tampak tumpul, diafragma kelihatan meninggi.
Untuk memastikan dilakukan dengan foto thorax lateral dari sisi yang sakit
(lateral dekubitus) ini akan memberikan hasil yang memuaskan bila cairan pleura
sedikit (Hood Alsagaff, 1990, 786-787).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 79.4pt 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Biopsi Pleura</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Biopsi ini berguna untuk
mengambil specimen jaringan pleura dengan melalui biopsi jalur percutaneus.
Biopsi ini digunakan untuk mengetahui adanya sel-sel ganas atau kuman-kuman
penyakit (biasanya kasus pleurisy tuberculosa dan tumor pleura)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Soeparman, 1990, 788).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pemeriksaan Laboratorium</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam pemeriksaan cairan
pleura terdapat beberapa pemeriksaan antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pemeriksaan Biokimia</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Secara biokimia effusi
pleura terbagi atas transudat dan eksudat yang perbedaannya dapat dilihat pada
tabel berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 3.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Transudat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eksudat</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kadar protein dalam effusi
9/dl<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>< 3<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>>
3</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kadar protein dalam effusi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>< 0,5<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>>
0,5</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kadar protein dalam serum<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kadar LDH dalam effusi
(1-U)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>< 200<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>>
200</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kadar LDH dalam effusi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>< 0,6<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>>
0,6</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kadar LDH dalam serum</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berat jenis cairan effusi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>< 1,016<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>>
1,016</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rivalta<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Negatif<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Positif</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Disamping pemeriksaan tersebut
diatas, secara biokimia diperiksakan juga cairan pleura :</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kadar pH dan glukosa. Biasanya merendah pada penyakit-penyakit infeksi,
arthritis reumatoid dan neoplasma</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kadar amilase. Biasanya meningkat pada paulercatilis dan metastasis
adenocarcinona (Soeparman, 1990, 787).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Analisa cairan pleura</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Transudat <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
jernih, kekuningan</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Eksudat<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
kuning, kuning-kehijauan</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hilothorax<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
putih seperti susu</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Empiema<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
kental dan keruh</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Empiema anaerob<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: berbau
busuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mesotelioma<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
sangat kental dan berdarah</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Perhitungan sel dan sitologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Leukosit 25.000 (mm<sup>3</sup>):empiema</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 189.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in 189.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -109.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Banyak Netrofil<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pneumonia, infark paru, pankreatilis, TB<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>paru</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 189.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in 189.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -109.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Banyak Limfosit<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
tuberculosis, limfoma,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keganasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 189.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in 189.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -109.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Eosinofil meningkat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>emboli paru, poliatritis nodosa, parasit
dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jamur</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 189.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in 189.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -109.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Eritrosit<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mengalami peningkatan 1000-10000/ mm<sup>3</sup>
cairan tampak kemorogis, sering dijumpai pada pankreatitis atau pneumoni. Bila
erytrosit > 100000 (mm<sup>3</sup> menunjukkan infark paru, trauma dada dan
keganasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 189.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in 189.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -109.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Misotel banyak<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jika terdapat mesotel kecurigaan TB bisa disingkirkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 189.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in 189.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -109.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sitologi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>50 - 60 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kasus- kasus keganasan
dapat ditemukan sel ganas. Sisanya kurang lebih terdeteksi karena akumulasi
cairan pleura lewat mekanisme obstruksi, preamonitas atau atelektasis (Alsagaff
Hood, 1995 : 147,148)</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 189.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in 189.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -109.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bakteriologis</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.6pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jenis kuman
yang sering ditemukan dalam cairan pleura adalah pneamo cocclis, E-coli,
klebsiecla, pseudomonas, enterobacter. Pada pleuritis TB kultur cairan terhadap
kuman tahan asam hanya dapat menunjukkan yang positif sampai 20 % (Soeparman,
1998: 788).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Analisa Data</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Setelah semua
data dikumpulkan, kemudian dikelompokkan dan dianalisa sehingga dapat ditemukan
adanya masalah yang muncul pada penderita effusi pleura. Selanjutnya masalah
tersebut dirumuskan dalam diagnosa keperawatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36.85pt; mso-list: l16 level6 lfo3; tab-stops: list 37.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Diagnosa Keperawatan</div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penentuan
diagnosa keperawatan harus berdasarkan analisa data sari hasil pengkajian, maka
diagnosa keperawatan yang ditemukan di kelompokkan menjadi diagnosa aktual,
potensial dan kemungkinan. (Budianna Keliat, 1994,1)</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Beberapa diagnosa
keperawatan yang mungkin muncul pada pasien dengan effusi pleura antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 59.55pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ketidakefektifan pola pernafasan berhubungan dengan menurunnya ekspansi
paru sekunder terhadap penumpukkan cairan dalam rongga pleura (Susan Martin
Tucleer, dkk, 1998).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 59.55pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gangguan pemenuhan kebutuhan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh.
Sehubungan dengan peningkatan metabolisme tubuh, pencernaan nafsu makan akibat
sesak nafas sekunder terhadap penekanan struktur abdomen (Barbara Engram,
1993).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 59.55pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Cemas sehubungan dengan adanya ancaman kematian yang dibayangkan
(ketidakmampuan untuk bernafas).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 59.55pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gangguan pola tidur dan istirahat sehubungan dengan batuk yang menetap
dan sesak nafas serta perubahan suasana lingkungan Barbara Engram).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 59.55pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ketidakmampuan melakukan aktivitas sehari-hari sehubungan dengan
keletihan (keadaan fisik yang lemah)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Susan Martin Tucleer, dkk, 1998).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 59.55pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kurang pengetahuan mengenai kondisi, aturan pengobatan sehubungan dengan
kurang terpajang informasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Barbara
Engram, 1993)</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36.85pt; mso-list: l16 level6 lfo3; tab-stops: list 37.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Perencanaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Setelah merumuskan
diagnosa keperawatan, dibuat rencana tindakan untuk mengurangi, menghilangkan
dan mencegah masalah klien.(Budianna Keliat, 1994, 16)</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Diagnosa Keperawatan I</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ketidakefektifan pola
pernafasan berhubungan dengan menurunnya ekspansi paru sekunder terhadap
penumpukan cairan dalam rongga pleura.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan : Pasien mampu
mempertahankan fungsi paru secara normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kriteria hasil : Irama,
frekuensi dan kedalaman pernafasan dalam batas normal, pada pemeriksaan sinar X
dada tidak ditemukan adanya akumulasi cairan, bunyi nafas terdengar jelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rencana tindakan : </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Identifikasi faktor penyebab. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : Dengan
mengidentifikasikan penyebab, kita dapat menentukan jenis effusi pleura
sehingga dapat mengambil tindakan yang tepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kaji kualitas, frekuensi dan kedalaman pernafasan, laporkan setiap
perubahan yang terjadi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : Dengan mengkaji
kualitas, frekuensi dan kedalaman pernafasan, kita dapat mengetahui sejauh mana
perubahan kondisi pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Baringkan pasien dalam posisi yang nyaman, dalam posisi duduk, dengan
kepala tempat tidur ditinggikan 60 – 90 derajat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rasional : Penurunan diafragma memperluas
daerah dada sehingga ekspansi paru bisa maksimal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Observasi tanda-tanda vital (suhu, nadi, tekanan darah, RR dan respon
pasien). </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : Peningkatan RR
dan tachcardi merupakan indikasi adanya penurunan fungsi paru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lakukan auskultasi suara nafas tiap 2-4 jam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : Auskultasi
dapat menentukan kelainan suara nafas pada bagian paru-paru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bantu dan ajarkan pasien untuk batuk dan nafas dalam yang efektif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menekan daerah yang nyeri ketika batuk atau
nafas dalam. Penekanan otot-otot dada serta abdomen membuat batuk lebih
efektif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kolaborasi dengan tim medis lain untuk pemberian O<sub>2</sub> dan
obat-obatan serta foto thorax.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : Pemberian
oksigen dapat menurunkan beban pernafasan dan mencegah terjadinya sianosis
akibat hiponia. Dengan foto thorax dapat dimonitor kemajuan dari berkurangnya
cairan dan kembalinya daya kembang paru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Diagnosa Keperawatan II</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gangguan pemenuhan
kebutuhan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh sehubungan dengan peningkatan metabolisme
tubuh, penurunan nafsu makan akibat sesak nafas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 95.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan :
Kebutuhan nutrisi terpenuhi</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 138.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -79.4pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kriteria
hasil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Konsumsi lebih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>40 % jumlah makanan, berat badan normal dan
hasil laboratorium dalam batas normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rencana tindakan : </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Beri motivasi tentang pentingnya nutrisi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : Kebiasaan makan
seseorang dipengaruhi oleh kesukaannya, kebiasaannya, agama, ekonomi dan
pengetahuannya tentang pentingnya nutrisi bagi tubuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Auskultasi suara bising usus. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : Bising usus
yang menurun atau meningkat menunjukkan adanya gangguan pada fungsi pencernaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lakukan oral hygiene setiap hari. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : Bau mulut yang
kurang sedap dapat mengurangi nafsu makan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sajikan makanan semenarik mungkin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penyajian makanan yang menarik dapat meningkatkan
nafsu makan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Beri makanan dalam porsi kecil tapi sering.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : Makanan dalam
porsi kecil tidak membutuhkan energi, banyak selingan memudahkan reflek.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kolaborasi dengan tim gizi dalam pemberian di’it TKTP</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Di’it TKTP sangat baik untuk kebutuhan
metabolisme dan pembentukan antibody karena diet TKTP menyediakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kalori dan semua asam amino esensial.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">g.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kolaborasi dengan dokter atau konsultasi
untuk melakukan pemeriksaan laboratorium alabumin dan pemberian vitamin dan
suplemen nutrisi lainnya (zevity, ensure, socal, putmocare) jika intake diet
terus menurun lebih 30 % dari kebutuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rasional : Peningkatan intake protein,
vitamin dan mineral dapat menambah asam lemak dalam tubuh. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Diagnosa Keperawatan III</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Cemas atau ketakutan sehubungan
dengan adanya ancaman kematian yang dibayangkan (ketidakmampuan untuk
bernafas).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 135.0pt; tab-stops: 1.75in 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -75.45pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pasien mampu memahami dan menerima keadaannya
sehingga tidak terjadi kecemasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 135.0pt; tab-stops: 1.75in 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -75.45pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kriteria hasil <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pasien mampu bernafas secara normal, pasien
mampu beradaptasi dengan keadaannya. Respon non verbal klien tampak lebih
rileks dan santai, nafas teratur dengan frekuensi 16-24 kali permenit, nadi
80-90 kali permenit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 135.0pt; tab-stops: 1.75in 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -75.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 135.0pt; tab-stops: 1.75in 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -75.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rencana tindakan : </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berikan posisi yang menyenangkan bagi pasien. Biasanya dengan semi
fowler.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jelaskan mengenai penyakit
dan diagnosanya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : pasien mampu
menerima keadaan dan mengerti sehingga dapat diajak kerjasama dalam perawatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ajarkan teknik relaksasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rasional : Mengurangi ketegangan otot
dan kecemasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bantu dalam menggala sumber koping yang ada. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : Pemanfaatan
sumber koping yang ada secara konstruktif sangat bermanfaat dalam mengatasi
stress.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pertahankan hubungan saling percaya antara perawat dan pasien. Rasional :
Hubungan saling percaya membantu proses terapeutik</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kaji faktor yang menyebabkan timbulnya rasa cemas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : Tindakan yang
tepat diperlukan dalam mengatasi masalah yang dihadapi klien dan membangun
kepercayaan dalam mengurangi kecemasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bantu pasien mengenali dan mengakui rasa cemasnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : Rasa cemas
merupakan efek emosi sehingga apabila sudah teridentifikasi dengan baik,
perasaan yang mengganggu dapat diketahui.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Diagnosa Keperawatan IV</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gangguan pola tidur dan
istirahat sehubungan dengan batuk yang menetap dan nyeri pleuritik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 135.0pt; tab-stops: 1.75in 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -75.45pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tidak terjadi gangguan pola tidur dan
kebutuhan istirahat terpenuhi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 135.0pt; tab-stops: 1.75in 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -75.45pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kriteria hasil<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Pasien tidak sesak
nafas, pasien dapat tidur dengan nyaman tanpa mengalami gangguan, pasien dapat
tertidur dengan mudah dalam waktu 30-40 menit dan pasien beristirahat atau
tidur dalam waktu 3-8 jam per hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 135.0pt; tab-stops: 1.75in 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -75.45pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rencana tindakan : </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 79.4pt center 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Beri posisi senyaman mungkin bagi pasien. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; tab-stops: center 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasonal
: Posisi semi fowler atau posisi yang menyenangkan akan memperlancar peredaran
O<sub>2</sub> dan CO<sub>2</sub>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 79.4pt center 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tentukan kebiasaan motivasi sebelum tidur malam sesuai dengan kebiasaan
pasien sebelum dirawat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; tab-stops: center 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional
: Mengubah pola yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan sebelum tidur akan mengganggu
proses tidur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 79.4pt center 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Anjurkan pasien untuk latihan relaksasi sebelum tidur. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; tab-stops: center 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rasional : Relaksasi dapat membantu
mengatasi gangguan tidur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 79.4pt center 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Observasi gejala kardinal dan keadaan umum pasien. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; tab-stops: center 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional
: Observasi gejala kardinal guna mengetahui perubahan terhadap kondisi pasien. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 59.55pt center 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Diagnosa Keperawatan V</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; tab-stops: center 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ketidakmampuan
melaksanakan aktivitas sehari-hari sehubungan dengan keletihan (keadaan fisik
yang lemah).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 135.0pt; tab-stops: 1.75in 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -75.45pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pasien mampu melaksanakan aktivitas seoptimal
mungkin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 135.0pt; tab-stops: 1.75in 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -75.45pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kriteria hasil<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Terpenuhinya aktivitas secara optimal, pasien
kelihatan segar dan bersemangat, personel hygiene pasien cukup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 135.0pt; tab-stops: 1.75in 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -75.45pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rencana tindakan : </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Evaluasi respon pasien saat beraktivitas, catat keluhan dan tingkat
aktivitas serta adanya perubahan tanda-tanda vital. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Raasional : Mengetahui
sejauh mana kemampuan pasien dalam melakukan aktivitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 79.4pt center 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bantu Px memenuhi kebutuhannya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; tab-stops: center 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional
: Memacu pasien untuk berlatih secara aktif dan mandiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 79.4pt center 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Awasi Px saat melakukan aktivitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; tab-stops: center 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional
: Memberi pendidikan pada Px dan keluarga dalam perawatan selanjutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 79.4pt center 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Libatkan keluarga dalam perawatan pasien. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; tab-stops: center 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional
: Kelemahan suatu tanda Px belum mampu beraktivitas secara penuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 79.4pt center 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jelaskan pada pasien tentang perlunya keseimbangan antara aktivitas dan
istirahat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; tab-stops: center 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional
: Istirahat perlu untuk menurunkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kebutuhan metabolisme.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 79.4pt center 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Motivasi dan awasi pasien untuk melakukan aktivitas secara bertahap. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; tab-stops: center 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional
: Aktivitas yang teratur dan bertahap akan membantu mengembalikan pasien pada
kondisi normal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Diagnosa Keperawatan VI</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kurang pengetahuan
mengenai kondisi, aturan pengobatan sehubungan dengan kurangnya informasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -57.45pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Pasien dan keluarga tahu mengenai kondisi
dan aturan pengobatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 95.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kriteria
hasil : </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Px dan keluarga menyatakan pemahaman penyebab masalah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PX dan keluarga mampu mengidentifikasi tanda dan gejala yang memerlukan
evaluasi medik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Px dan keluarga mengikuti program pengobatan dan menunjukkan perubahan
pola hidup yang perlu untuk mencegah terulangnya masalah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 95.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 95.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 95.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 95.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rencana
tindakan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kaji patologi masalah individu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : Informasi
menurunkan takut karena ketidaktahuan. Memberikan pengetahuan dasar untuk
pemahaman kondisi dinamik dan pentingnya intervensi terapeutik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Identifikasi kemungkinan kambuh atau komplikasi jangka panjang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : Penyakit paru
yang ada seperti PPOM berat, penyakit paru infeksi dan keganasan dapat
meningkatkan insiden kambuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kaji ulang tanda atau gejala yang memerlukan evaluasi medik cepat
(contoh, nyeri dada tiba-tiba, dispena, distress pernafasan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : Berulangnya
effusi pleura memerlukan intervensi medik untuk mencegah, menurunkan potensial
komplikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 79.4pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 79.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kaji ulang praktik kesehatan yang baik (contoh, nutrisi baik, istirahat,
latihan). </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional : Mempertahankan
kesehatan umum meningkatkan penyembuhan dan dapat mencegah kekambuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36.85pt; mso-list: l16 level6 lfo3; tab-stops: list 37.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pelaksanaan</div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Implementasi
merupakan pelaksanaan rencana keperawatan oleh perawat terhadap pasien. Ada beberapa hal yang
perlu diperhatikan dalam pelaksanaan rencana keperawatan diantaranya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Intervensi dilaksanakan
sesuai dengan rencana setelah dilakukan validasi ; ketrampilan interpersonal,
teknikal dan intelektual dilakukan dengan cermat dan efisien pada situasi yang
tepat, keamanan fisik dan psikologis klien dilindungi serta dokumentasi
intervensi dan respon pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada tahap implementasi
ini merupakan aplikasi secara kongkrit dari rencana intervensi yang telah
dibuat untuk mengatasi masalah kesehatan dan perawatan yang muncul pada pasien
(Budianna Keliat, 1994,4).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36.85pt; mso-list: l16 level6 lfo3; tab-stops: list 37.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Evaluasi</div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Evaluasi merupakan langkah
terakhir dalam proses keperawatan, dimana evaluasi adalah kegiatan yang
dilakukan secara terus menerus dengan melibatkan pasien, perawat dan anggota
tim kesehatan lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan dari evaluasi ini
adalah untuk menilai apakah tujuan dalam rencana keperawatan tercapai dengan
baik atau tidak dan untuk melakukan pengkajian ulang (US. Midar H, dkk, 1989).</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 36.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kriteria dalam menentukan
tercapainya suatu tujuan, pasien :</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mampu mempertahankan fungsi paru secara normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kebutuhan nutrisi terpenuhi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tidak terjadi gangguan pola tidur dan kebutuhan istirahat terpenuhi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dapat memenuhi kebutuhan perawatan diri sehari-hari untuk mengembalikan
aktivitas seperti biasanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menunjukkan pengetahuan dan gejala-gejala gangguan pernafasan seperti sesak
nafas, nyeri dada sehingga dapat melaporkan segera ke dokter atau perawat yang
merawatnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mampu menerima keadaan sehingga tidak terjadi kecemasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 59.55pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 59.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.7pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menunjukkan pengetahuan tentang tindakan pencegahan yang berhubungan
dengan penatalaksanaan kesehatan, meliputi kebiasaan yang tidak menguntungkan
bagi kesehatan seperti merokok, minum minuman beralkohol dan pasien juga
menunjukkan pengetahuan tentang kondisi penyakitnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 310.5pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 310.5pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 310.5pt; text-indent: -.75in;">
Al sagaff H dan Mukti. A, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar – Dasar Ilmu Penyakit Paru</i>, Airlangga University<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Press, Surabaya
; 1995</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 310.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 310.5pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
Carpenito, Lynda Juall<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Diagnosa keperawatan Aplikasi pada Praktek Klinik</i> Edisi 6,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC,;1995</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 310.5pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 310.5pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
Carpenito, Lynda Juall, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rencana Asuhan dan Dokumentasi keperawatan</i> Edisi 2,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC ; 1995</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 310.5pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 310.5pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
Engram, Barbara, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rencana
Asuhan Keperawatan Medikal Bedah Volume I</i>, Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC ;
1999</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 310.5pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 310.5pt;">
Ganong F.
William, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran
Edisi 17</i>, Jakarta
EGC ; 1998</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 310.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 310.5pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
Gibson, John, MD, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anatomi
Dan Fisiologi Modern Untuk Perawat</i>, Jakarta
EGC ;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1995</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 310.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 310.5pt;">
Keliat, Budi
Anna. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Proses Keperawatan</i>, Arcan
Jakarta ; 1991</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 310.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 310.5pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
Laboratorium Ilmu Penyakit Paru FK UNAIR, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar – Dasar Diagnostik Fisik Paru</i>, Surabaya; 1994</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 310.5pt;">
Lismidar,proses
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18228973511970840301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8551244121244247931.post-52723064894142481572012-04-27T22:48:00.000+07:002012-04-27T22:48:56.741+07:00Asuhan Keperawatan Hipertensi ( Askep Hipertensi )<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A.</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DEFINISI</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut WHO,
penyakit hipertensi merupakan peningkatan tekanan sistolik lebih besar atau
sama dengan 160 mmHg dan atau tekanan diastolik sama atau lebih besar 95 mmHg (Nasrin,
2003). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipertensi
adalah tekanan darah tinggi atau istilah kedokteran menjelaskan hipertensi
adalah suatu keadaan dimana terjadi gangguan pada mekanisme pengaturan tekanan
darah (Mansjoer, 2005).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipertensi adalah
keadaan menetap tekanan sistolik lebih dari 140 mmHg atau tekanan diastolik
lebih tinggi dari 90 mmHg. Diagnostik ini dapat dipastikan dengan mengukur
rata-rata tekanan darah pada dua waktu yang terpisah (FKUI, 2001). Patologi
utama pada hipertensi adalah peningkatan tekanan vesikalis perifer arterior
(Mansjoer, 2005).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B. ETIOLOGI </span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipertensi berdasarkan penyebabnya dapat dibedakan menjadi
dua golongan besar yaitu: </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipertensi essensial (hipertensi primer)
yaitu hipertensi yang tidak diketahui</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">penyebabnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipertensi
primer terdapat pada lebih dari 90 % penderita hipertensi, sedangkan 10 %
sisanya disebabkan oleh hipertensi sekunder. Meskipun hipertensi primer belum
diketahui dengan pasti penyebabnya, data-data penelitian telah menemukan
beberapa faktor yang sering menyebabkan terjadinya hipertensi. Pada umunya
hipertensi tidak mempunyai penyebab yang spesifik. Hipertensi terjadi sebagai
respon peningkatan cardiac output atau peningkatan tekanan perifer. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Namun ada beberapa faktor yang
mempengaruhi terjadinya hipertensi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Genetik:
Respon ne</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rologi
terhadap stress atau kelainan eksresi atau transport Na.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Obesitas: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">erkait dengan level insulin yang
tinggi yang mengakibatkan tekanan darah meningkat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stress </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hilangnya elastisitas jaringan dan
arterisklerosis pada orang tua serta pelebaran pembuluh darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab hipertensi pada orang
dengan lanjut usia adalah terjadinya perubahan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perubahan pada:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Elastisitas dinding aorta menurun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Katup jantung menebal dan menjadi kaku</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Kemampuan jantung memompa darah
menurun 1% setiap tahun sesudah berumur <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>20
tahun kemampuan jantung memompa darah menurun menyebabkan menurunnya kontraksi
dan volumenya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Kehilangan elastisitas pembuluh
darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hal ini terjadi karena kurangnya efektifitas pembuluh darah perifer
untuk <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oksigenasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meningkatnya resistensi pembuluh
darah perifer</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meskipun hipertensi primer belum
diketahui dengan pasti penyebabnya, data-data penelitian telah menemukan
beberapa faktor yang sering menyebabkan terjadinya hipertensi. Faktor tersebut
adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.
Faktor keturunan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari data statistik terbukti bahwa
seseorang akan memiliki kemungkinan lebih besar untuk mendapatkan hipertensi
jika orang tuanya adalah penderita hipertensi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ciri perseorangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 4.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ciri perseorangan yang mempengaruhi timbulnya hipertensi
adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umur (jika umur bertambah maka </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tekanan darah </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">meningkat)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis kelamin (laki-laki lebih tinggi
dari perempuan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ras (ras kulit hitam lebih banyak
dari kulit putih)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.
Kebiasaan hidup</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 4.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebiasaan hidup yang sering menyebabkan timbulnya hipertensi
adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsumsi garam yang tinggi (melebihi
dari 30 gr)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kegemukan atau makan berlebihan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stress</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merokok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minum alkohol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minum obat-obatan (ephedrine,
prednison, epineprin)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipertensi
sekunder yaitu hipertensi yang di sebabkan oleh penyakit lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hipertensi
sekunder adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.
Ginjal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Glomerulonefritis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pielonefritis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nekrosis tubular akut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tumor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Vascular</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aterosklerosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hiperplasia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trombosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aneurisma</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Emboli kolestrol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vaskulitis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Kelainan endokrin</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DM</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipertiroidisme</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipotiroidisme</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Saraf</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stroke</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ensepalitis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SGB</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.
Obat</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">obatan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kontrasepsi oral</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kortikosteroid </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .75in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -28.4pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MANIFESTASI KLINIS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">enurut Rokhaeni (2001) m</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">anifestasi
klinis </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">beberapa pasien yang menderita
hipertensi yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengeluh
sakit kepala</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pusing</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lemas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kelelahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sesak
nafas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelisah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mual</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muntah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Epistaksis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesadaran
menurun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D. PATOFISIOLOGI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mekanisme yang mengontrol konstriksi
dan relaksasi pembuluh darah terletak dipusat vasomotor, pada medulla diotak.
Dari pusat vasomotor ini bermula jaras saraf simpatis, yang berlanjut ke bawah
ke korda spinalis dan keluar dari kolumna medulla spinalis ganglia simpatis di
toraks dan abdomen. Rangsangan pusat vasomotor dihantarkan dalam bentuk impuls
yang bergerak ke bawah melalui sistem saraf simpatis ke ganglia simpatis. Pada
titik ini, neuron preganglion melepaskan asetilkolin, yang akan merangsang
serabut saraf pasca ganglion ke pembuluh darah, dimana dengan dilepaskannya
noreepineprin mengakibatkan konstriksi pembuluh darah.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berbagai faktor
seperti kecemasan dan ketakutan dapat mempengaruhirespon pembuluh darah
terhadap rangsang vasokonstriksi. Individu dengan hipertensi sangat sensitive
terhadap norepinefrin, meskipun tidak diketahui dengan jelas mengapa hal
tersebut bisa terjadi. Pada saat bersamaan dimana system saraf simpatis
merangsang pembuluh darah sebagai respons rangsang emosi, kelenjar adrenal juga
terangsang, mengakibatkan tambahan aktivitas vasokonstriksi. Medulla adrenal
mensekresi epinefrin, yang menyebabkan vasokonstriksi. Korteks adrenal
mensekresi kortisol dan steroid lainnya, yang dapat memperkuat respons
vasokonstriktor pembuluh darah. Vasokonstriksi yang mengakibatkan penurunan
aliran ke ginjal, menyebabkan pelepasan rennin. Rennin merangsang pembentukan
angiotensin I yang kemudian diubah menjadi angiotensin II, suatu
vasokonstriktor kuat, yang pada gilirannya merangsang sekresi aldosteron oleh
korteks adrenal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hormon ini
menyebabkan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>retensi natrium dan air oleh
tubulus ginjal, menyebabkan peningkatan volume intra vaskuler. Semua faktor ini
cenderung mencetuskan keadaan hipertensi untuk pertimbangan gerontology.
Perubahan structural dan fungsional pada system pembuluh perifer
bertanggungjawab pada perubahan tekanan darah yang terjadi pada usia lanjut.
Perubahan tersebut meliputi aterosklerosis, hilangnya elastisitas jaringan ikat
dan penurunan dalam relaksasi otot polos pembuluh darah, yang pada gilirannya
menurunkan kemampuan distensi dan daya regang pembuluh darah. Konsekuensinya,
aorta dan arteri besar berkurang kemampuannya dalam mengakomodasi volume darah
yang dipompa oleh jantung (volume sekuncup), mengakibatkan penurunan curang
jantung dan peningkatan tahanan perifer ( Brunner & Suddarth, 2002 ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E. KLASIFIKASI</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara klinis
derajat hipertensi dapat dikelompokkan sesuai dengan rekomendasi dari “The Sixth
Report of The Join National Committee, Prevention, Detection and Treatment of
High Blood Pressure “ (JNC-VI, 1997) sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 54.9pt; width: 456px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.85pt;" valign="top" width="158">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kategori</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.15pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistolik(mmHg)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.45pt;" valign="top" width="137">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diastolik(mmHg)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.85pt;" valign="top" width="158">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Optimal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.15pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">120</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.45pt;" valign="top" width="137">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><80</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.85pt;" valign="top" width="158">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Normal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.15pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">120
– 129</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.45pt;" valign="top" width="137">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">80
– 84</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.85pt;" valign="top" width="158">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">High
Normal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.15pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">130
– 139</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.45pt;" valign="top" width="137">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">85
– 89</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.85pt;" valign="top" width="158">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipertensi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.15pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.45pt;" valign="top" width="137">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.85pt;" valign="top" width="158">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Grade
1 (ringan)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.15pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">140
– 159</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.45pt;" valign="top" width="137">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">90
– 99</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.85pt;" valign="top" width="158">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Grade
2 (sedang)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.15pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">160
– 179</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.45pt;" valign="top" width="137">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">100
– 109</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.85pt;" valign="top" width="158">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Grade
3 (berat)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.15pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">180
– 209</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.45pt;" valign="top" width="137">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">100
– 119</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 118.85pt;" valign="top" width="158">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Grade
4 (sangat berat)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.15pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">>210</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.45pt;" valign="top" width="137">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">>120</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">F.
PENATALAKSANAAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengelolaan
hipertensi bertujuan untuk mencegah morbiditas dan mortalitas akibat
komplikasi kardiovaskuler yang berhubungan dengan pencapaian dan pemeliharaan
tekanan darah dibawah 140/90 mmHg. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip pengelolaan penyakit hipertensi meliputi:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo7; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penatalaksanaan
Medis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: 10.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penanggulangan hipertensi secara
garis besar dibagi menjadi dua jenis <br />
penatalaksanaan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Penatalaksanaan Non Farmakologis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo10; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diet</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembatasan atau pengurangan konsumsi garam. Penurunan BB
dapat menurunkan tekanan darah dibarengi dengan penurunan aktivitas rennin
dalam plasma dan kadar adosteron dalam plasma.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo10; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aktivitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klien
disarankan untuk berpartisipasi pada kegiatan dan disesuaikan dengan <br />
batasan medis dan sesuai dengan kemampuan seperti berjalan, jogging, bersepeda
atau berenang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -104.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penatalaksanaan
Farmakologis.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara garis besar terdapat beberapa
hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam <br />
pemberian atau pemilihan obat anti hipertensi yaitu:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempunyai efektivitas yang tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempunyai toksitas dan efek samping
yang ringan atau minimal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memungkinkan penggunaan obat secara
oral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak menimbulkan intoleransi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harga obat relative murah sehingga
terjangkau oleh klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memungkinkan penggunaan jangka
panjang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Golongan obat-obatan yang diberikan
pada klien dengan hipertensi seperti golongan diuretik, golongan betabloker,
golongan antagonis kalsium, golongan penghambat konversi renin angi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tensin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">G. PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo12; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riwayat dan pemeriksaan fisik secara
menyeluruh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo12; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan retina</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo12; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan laboratorium untuk
mengetahui kerusakan organ seperti ginjal dan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jantung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo12; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EKG untuk mengetahui hipertropi
ventrikel kiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo12; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urinalisa untuk mengetahui protein
dalam urin, darah, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">glukosa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo12; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan: renogram, pielogram
intravena arteriogram renal,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pemeriksaan fungsi ginjal terpisah
dan penentuan kadar urin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo12; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Foto dada dan CT scan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H.
ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. PENGKAJIAN</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aktivitas/
Istirahat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala : Kelemahan, letih, nafas
pendek, gaya hidup monoton.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanda : Frekuensi jantung meningkat,
perubahan irama jantung, takipnea.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sirkulasi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -49.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala
:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riwayat Hipertensi, aterosklerosis,
penyakit jantung koroner/katup dan penyakit cebrocaskuler, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">serta </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">episode palpitasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -49.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanda
:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kenaikan TD, Nadi denyutan jelas
dari karotis, jugularis, radialis, t</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kikardi, murmur stenosis valvular, distensi vena
jugularis,kulit pucat, sianosis, suhu dingin (vasokontriksi perifer) pengisian kapiler
mungkin lambat/ bertunda.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo12; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Integritas
Ego</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala: Riwayat perubahan kepribadian, ansietas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanda:</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Letupan suasana hati, gelisah, tangisan
meledak, otot muka tegang, peningkatan pola bicara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Eliminasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala:
Gangguan ginjal saat ini atau (seperti obstruksi atau riwayat penyakit ginjal
pada masa yang lalu)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Makanan/cairan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala:
Makanan yang disukai yang mencakup makanan tinggi garam, lemak serta <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kolesterol, mual, muntah dan perubahan BB</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanda: Berat badan normal atau obesitas, adanya edema, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">glikosuria</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Neurosensori </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala:</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keluhan kepala
pusing, gangguan penglihatan (diplobia, penglihatan kabur).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanda:
Status mental, perubahan keterjagaan, orientasi, pola/isi bicara, proses pikir,
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">serta</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">penurunan kekuatan genggaman tangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 3.8pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. DIAGNOSA KEPERAWATAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 26.1pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diagnosa keperawatan yang muncul adalah:</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Resiko tinggi terhadap penurunan
curah jantung berhubungan dengan peningkatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">afterload, vasokonstriksi, iskemia miokard, hipertropi
ventricular.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 113.4pt; text-indent: -56.7pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan
:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Afterload tidak meningkat, tidak
terjadi vasokonstriksi, tidak terjadi iskemi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="IN">miokard.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 191.4pt; text-indent: -134.7pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil yang diharapkan:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berpartisipasi
dalam aktivitas yang menurunkan TD, mempertahankan TD dalam</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rentang yang
dapat diterima, memperlihatkan irama dan frekuensi jantung stabil</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 56.7pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intervensi keperawatan:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1) Pantau TD,
ukur pada kedua tangan, gunakan manset dan tehnik yang tepat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Catat
keberadaan, kualitas denyutan sentral dan perifer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Auskultasi
tonus jantung dan bunyi napas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Amati warna
kulit, kelembaban, suhu dan masa pengisian kapiler</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 267.75pt; text-indent: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Catat edema
umum<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Berikan
lingkungan tenang, nyaman, kurangi aktivitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7)</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pertahankan
pembatasan aktivitas seperti istirahat ditempat tidur/kursi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8)</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Bantu
melakukan aktivitas perawatan diri sesuai kebutuhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9)</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Lakukan
tindakan yang nyaman seperti pijatan punggung dan leher</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10)</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Anjurkan
tehnik relaksasi, panduan imajinasi, aktivitas pengalihan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11)</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pantau respon
terhadap obat untuk mengontrol tekanan darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Berikan pembatasan
cairan dan diit natrium sesuai indikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kolaborasi
untuk pemberian obat-obatan sesuai indikasi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nyeri (sakit
kepala) berhubungan dengan peningkatan tekanan vaskuler serebral<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tujuan: </b>Tekanan vaskuler serebral
tidak meningkat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil yang diharapkan:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pasien
mengungkapkan tidak adanya sakit kepala dan tampak nyaman</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intervensi keperawatan:</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertahankan
tirah baring, lingkungan yang tenang, sedikit penerangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minimalkan
gangguan lingkungan dan rangsangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batasi
aktivitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hindari merokok
atau menggunkan penggunaan nikotin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beri obat
analgesia dan sedasi sesuai pesanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beri tindakan
yang menyenangkan sesuai indikasi seperti kompres es, posisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 63.8pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nyaman, tehnik
relaksasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Potensial
perubahan perfusi jaringan: serebral, ginjal, jantung berhubungan dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gangguan
sirkulasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan:</span></b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sirkulasi
tubuh tidak terganggu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 49.65pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil yang diharapkan:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekanan darah
dalam batas yang dapat diterima, tidak ada keluhan sakit kepala, pusing, nilai
nilai laboratorium dalam batas normal. Haluaran urin 30 ml/ menit ada
tanda-tanda vital stabil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 49.65pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intervensi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keperawatan:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pertahankan
tirah baring, tinggikan kepala tempat tidur</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2) </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaji tekanan
darah saat masuk pada kedua lengan; tidur, duduk dengan pemantau</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tekanan arteri
jika tersedia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3) </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertahankan
cairan dan obat-obatan sesuai pesanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Amati adanya
hipotensi mendadak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; tab-stops: center 243.7pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ukur masukan dan pengeluaran<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6) </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pantau
elektrolit, BUN, kreatinin sesuai pesanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7) </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ambulasi sesuai
kemampuan; hibdari kelelahan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kurangnya pengetahuan berhubungan dengan
kurangnya informasi tentang proses penyakit dan perawatan diri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan: </span></b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klien
terpenuhi dalam informasi tentang hipertensi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil
yang diharapkan:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pasien mengungkapkan pengetahuan dan
ketrampilan penatalaksanaan perawatan dini<br />
Melaporkan pemakaian obat-obatan sesuai pesanan. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intervensi keperawatan:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)</span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Jelaskan
sifat penyakit dan tujuan dari pengobatan dan prosedur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)</span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Jelaskan
pentingnya lingkungan yang tenang, tidak penuh dengan stress</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusikan
tentang obat-obatan : nama, dosis, waktu pemberian, tujuan dan efek</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 49.5pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>samping atau efek toksikd. Jelaskan
perlunya menghindari pemakaian obat bebas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 49.5pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>tanpa pemeriksaan dokter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusikan
gejala kambuhan atau kemajuan penyulit untuk dilaporkan dokter : sakit</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kepala, pusing,
pingsan, mual dan muntah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusikan
pentingnya mempertahankan berat badan stabil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusikan pentingnya menghindari
kelelahan dan mengangkat berat. Diskusikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>perlunya diet rendah kalori, rendah natrium sesuai pesanan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jelaskan
penetingnya mempertahankan pemasukan cairan yang tepat, jumlah yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diperbolehkan, pembatasan seperti
kopi yang mengandung kafein, teh serta al</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ohol</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jelaskan
perlunya menghindari konstipasi dan penahanan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ANALISA KASUS</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo10; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kasus</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tn. L, 61 tahun dirawat di ruang Nuri 1 RSUD
Arifin Achmad sejak tiga hari yang lalu. Keluhan Tn. L saat ini: kepala sakit,
badan lemah, sulit tidur, konjunctiva anemis, anoreksia, makan 3-4 sendok.
Tanda-tanda vital BP: 180/110 mmHg, P: 120 x/i, RR: 30 x/i, T: 38.5 C. Keluarga
pasien mengatakan Tn. L sering mengeluh sakit kepala sejak satu bulan yang lalu
dan hanya mengkonsumsi obat warung untuk mengatasi sakitnya.</span><b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo10; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data
Demografi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama: Tn. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umur: </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">61</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ruang: </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nuri</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 1 RSUD Arifin Ahmad</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengkajian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keluhan: Kepala sakit, badan lemah,Sulit tidur,
konjungtiva anemis, anoreksia, makan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3-4</span><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sendok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TTV: BP: 1</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0/110 mmHg, P: 120 x/i, RR: 30 x/i, T: 38,5<sup>0 </sup>C</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo10; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisa Data </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 29.2pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 24.9pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.9pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 222.3pt;" width="296">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.9pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" width="189">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masalah Keperawatan</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 222.3pt;" valign="top" width="296">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DS:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klien mengatakan sering anoreksia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klien mengatakan lemah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klien mengatakan makan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sendok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DO:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konjuktiva anemis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klien terlihat lemah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan nutrisi kurang dari
kebutuhan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 222.3pt;" valign="top" width="296">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DS :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 32.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level5 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klien mengatakan sering sakit
kepala</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level5 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klien mengatakan tengkuknya terasa
sakit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level5 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klien mengatakan sering pusing</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan mulai
dirasakan sejak 1 bulan yang lalu</span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 32.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level5 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klien mengatakan hanya
mengkonsumsi obat warung untuk mengatasi sakitnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DO : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.3pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Klien terlihat memegang kepala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.3pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Klien tampak meringis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.3pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Klien sulit tidur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.3pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Konjungtiva klien anemis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.3pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Skala nyeri: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-7</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.3pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TTV :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TD : 1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0/110 mmHg</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RR : 30 x /
menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P : 120 x /
menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T : 38,5<sup>o</sup>C</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nyeri</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 222.3pt;" valign="top" width="296">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DS : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30.8pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Klien
mengatakan mudah lelah dan badannya lemah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30.8pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Klien mengatakan mual dan
muntah,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hanya makan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sendok</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -1.4pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DO : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 23.3pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Klien terlihat lesu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Klien terlihat banyak diam</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intoleransi
aktivitas</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo10; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan rasa nyaman: nyeri
(sakit kepala) berhubungan dengan peningkatan tekanan vaskuler serebral.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan:</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Tekanan vaskuler serebral tidak meningkat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kriteria Hasil:</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klien
mengungkapkan tidak adanya sakit kepala dan tampak nyaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intervensi :</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level4 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertahankan tirah baring,
lingkungan yang tenang, sedikit penerangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level4 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minimalkan gangguan lingkungan dan rangsangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level4 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batasi aktivitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level4 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hindari merokok atau
menggunkan penggunaan nikotin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level4 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beri obat analgesia dan sedasi sesuai pesanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level4 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beri tindakan yang menyenangkan sesuai indikasi seperti kompres
es, posisi nyaman, tehnik relaksasi, bimbingan imajinasi, hindari konstipasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intoleransi aktivitas
berhubungan dengan kelemahan umum, ketidakseimbangan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">antara suplai dan kebutuhan
O2. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 26.65pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan:</span></b><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Aktivitas pasien
terpenuhi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kriteria Hasil:</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klien
dapat berpartisipasi dalam aktivitas yang di inginkan/ diperlukan, melaporkan
peningkatan dalam toleransi aktivitas yang dapat diukur. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 26.65pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intervensi :</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo14; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaji toleransi pasien terhadap aktivitas dengan menggunakan
parameter: frekuensi nadi 20 per menit diatas frekuensi istirahat, catat peningkatan
TD, dipsnea, atau nyeri dada, kelelahan berat dan kelemahan, berkeringat, pusing
atau pingsan. (Parameter menunjukan respon fisiologis pasien terhadap stress,
aktivitas dan indikator derajat pengaruh kelebihan kerja/ jantung).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.5in; text-indent: -11.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaji kesiapan untuk meningkatkan
aktivitas contoh: penurunan kelemahan/ kelelahan, TD stabil, frekwensi nadi,
peningkatan perhatian pada aktivitas dan perawatan diri. (Stabilitas fisiologis
pada istirahatpenting untuk memajukan tingkat aktivitas individual).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo14; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dorong
memajukan aktivitas/toleransi perawatan diri. (Konsumsi oksigen miokardia
selama berbagai aktivitas dapat meningkatkan jumlah oksigen yang ada. Kemajuan
aktivitas bertahap mencegah peningkatan tiba-tiba pada kerja jantung).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo14; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikan bantuan sesuai
kebutuhan dan anjurkan penggunaan kursi mandi, menyikat gigi/rambut dengan
duduk dan sebagainya. (Teknik penghematan energi menurunkan penggunaan energi
dan sehingga membantu keseimbangan suplai dan kebutuhan oksigen).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo14; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dorong
pasien untuk partisipasi dalam memilih periode aktivitas, seperti jadwal
meningkatkan toleransi terhadap kemajuan aktivitas dan mencegah kelemahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo10; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Managemen Farmakologi Dan
Non Farmakologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Managemen
farmakologi yang bisa diberikan kepada klien:</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilakukan
pemberian obat, dengan pilihan pertama golongan Diuretik dan Betabloker karena
memiliki efektivitas yang tinggi dalam menurunkan tekanan darah dan efek
samping ringan.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diuretik </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 26.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 15.9pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Obat-obatan jenis diuretik bekerja dengan cara mengeluarkan cairan
tubuh (lewat kencing) sehingga volume cairan ditubuh berkurang yang
mengakibatkan daya pompa jantung menjadi lebih ringan. Contoh obatannya adalah
Hidroklorotiazid. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Betabloker</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mekanisme kerja anti-hipertensi obat ini adalah melalui penurunan
daya pompa jantung. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis betabloker tidak dianjurkan pada
penderita yang telah diketahui mengidap gangguan pernapasan seperti asma
bronkial. Contoh obatnya adalah: Metoprolol, Propranolol dan Atenolol. Pada
penderita diabetes melitus harus hati-hati, karena dapat menutupi gejala
hipoglikemia (kondisi dimana kadar gula dalam darah turun menjadi sangat rendah
yang bisa berakibat bahaya bagi penderitanya). Pada orang tua terdapat gejala
bronkospasme (penyempitan saluran pernapasan) sehingga pemberian obat harus
hati-hati.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Penghambat Simpatetik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 26.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 15.9pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Golongan obat ini bekerja dengan menghambat
aktivitas saraf simpatis (saraf yang bekerja pada saat kita beraktivitas).
Contoh obatnya adalah: Metildopa, Klonidin dan Reserpin.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 4.85pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Vasodilator</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Obat
golongan ini bekerja langsung pada pembuluh darah dengan relaksasi otot polos
(otot pembuluh darah). Yang termasuk dalam golongan ini adalah: Prasosin,
Hidralasin. Efek samping yang kemungkinan akan terjadi dari pemberian obat ini
adalah: sakit kepala dan pusing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 4.85pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e. Penghambat enzim
konversi Angiotensin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara
kerja obat golongan ini adalah menghambat pembentukan zat Angiotensin II (zat
yang dapat menyebabkan peningkatan tekanan darah). Contoh obat yang termasuk
golongan ini adalah Kaptopril. Efek samping yang mungkin timbul adalah: batuk
kering, pusing, sakit kepala dan lemas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -35.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.
Antagonis kalsium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Golongan
obat ini menurunkan daya pompa jantung dengan cara menghambat kontraksi jantung
(kontraktilitas). Yang termasuk golongan obat ini adalah: Nifedipin, Diltiasem
dan Verapamil. Efek samping yang mungkin timbul adalah: sembelit, pusing, sakit
kepala dan muntah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -35.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.
Penghambat Reseptor Angiotensin II</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara
kerja obat ini adalah dengan menghalangi penempelan zat Angiotensin II pada
reseptornya yang mengakibatkan ringannya daya pompa jantung. Obat-obatan yang
termasuk dalam golongan ini adalah Valsartan (Diovan). Efek samping yang
mungkin timbul adalah: sakit kepala, pusing, lemas dan mual. Dengan pengobatan
dan kontrol yang teratur, serta menghindari faktor resiko terjadinya
hipertensi, maka angka kematian akibat penyakit ini bisa ditekan.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Managemen
Nonfarmakologi yang diberikan kepada klien:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.
Klien dianjurkan untuk berpartisipasi pada kegiatan dan disesuaikan dengan
batasan medis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -5.7pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Klien dianjurkan untuk diet rendah garam/
kolesterol/ lemak jenuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Ciptakan keadaan
rileks, dimana keadaan rileks dapat mengontrol sistem saraf yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akhirnya dapat menurunkan tekanan darah.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pe</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ndidikan
Kesehatan y</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ang
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">iberikan</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
pada Tn. L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyuluhan kesehatan
yang bisa diberikan kepada klien yaitu memberikan informasi mengenai penyakit
Hipertensi, penggunaan obat-obatan dan pengelolaannya sehingga klien dapat
mempertahankan hidupnya dan mencegah komplikasi lebih lanjut.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.65pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A. KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipertensi
adalah tekanan darah tinggi atau istilah kedokteran menjelaskan hipertensi
adalah suatu keadaan dimana terjadi gangguan pada mekanisme pengaturan tekanan
darah (Mansjoer, 2000). Hipertensi berdasarkan penyebabnya dapat dibedakan
menjadi 2 golongan besar yaitu hipertensi essensial (hipertensi primer) dimana <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hipertensi yang tidak diketahui penyebabnya,
dan hipertensi sekunder yaitu hipertensi yang di sebabkan oleh penyakit lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meskipun
hipertensi primer belum diketahui dengan pasti penyebabnya, data-data
penelitian telah menemukan beberapa faktor yang sering menyebabkan terjadinya
hipertensi. Faktor tersebut adalah faktor keturunan, ciri keseorangan, dan
kebiasaan hidup. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 8.65pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">B. SARAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penulis
berharap dengan makalah ini, semoga mahasiswa dapat mengerti bagaimana asuhan
keperawatan pada klien dengan hipertensi serta paham bagaimana patofiologi yang
terjadi pada klien dengan hipertensi sehingga bisa berpikir kritis dalam
melakukan tindakan keperawatan.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.35pt;">
<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18228973511970840301noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8551244121244247931.post-40996238794745584622012-04-26T14:01:00.000+07:002012-04-26T14:01:14.920+07:00Asuhan Keperawatan Asma Bronkial ( Askep )<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="Section1">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TINJAUAN
TEORITIS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asma Bronkhial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi Asma</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asma
adalah kondisi jangka panjang yang mempengaruhi saluran napas-saluran kecil
yang mengalirkan udara masuk ke dan keluar dari paru-paru. Asma adalah penyakit
inflamasi (peradangan). Saluran napas penyandang asma biasanya menjadi merah
dan meradang. Asma sangat terkait dengan alergi. Alergi dapat memperparah asma.
Namun demikian, tidak semua penyandang asma mempunyai alergi, dan tidak semua
orang yang mempunyai alergi menyandang asma (Bull & Price, 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
penderita asma, saluran napas menjadi sempit dan hal ini membuat sulit
bernapas. Terjadi beberapa perubahan pada saluran napas penyandang asma, yaitu
dinding saluran napas membengkak; adanya sekumpulan lendir dan sel-sel yang
rusak menutupi sebagian saluran napas; hidung mengalami iritasi dan mungkin
menjadi tersumbat; dan otot-otot saluran napas mengencang tetapi semuanya dapat
dipulihkan ke kondisi semula dengan terapi yang tepat. Selama terjadi serangan
asma, perubahan dalam paru-paru secara tiba-tiba menjadi jauh lebih buruk,
ujung saluran napas mengecil, dan aliran udara yang melaluinya sangat jauh
berkurang sehingga bernapas menjadi sangat sulit (Bull & Price, 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi Asma</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkaitan
dengan gangguan saluran pernapasan yang berupa peradangan dan bronkokonstriksi,
beberapa ahli membagi asma dalam 2 golongan besar, seperti yang dianut banyak
dokter ahli pulmonologi (penyakit paru-paru) dari Inggris, yakni:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asma
Ekstrinsik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asma ekstrinsik
adalah bentuk asma yang paling umum, dan disebabkan karena reaksi alergi
penderitanya terhadap hal-hal tertentu (alergen), yang tidak membawa pengaruh
apa-apa terhadap mereka yang sehat. Kecenderungan alergi ini adalah “kelemahan
keturunan”. Setiap orang dari lahir memiliki sistem imunitas alami yang melindungi
tubuhnya terhadap serangan dari luar. Sistem ini bekerja dengan memproduksi
antibodi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada saat datang
serangan, misalnya dari virus yang memasuki tubuh, sistem ini akan menghimpun
antibodi untuk menghadapi dan berusaha menumpas sang penyerang. Dalam proses
mempertahankan diri ini, gejala-gejala permukaan yang mudah tampak adalah
naiknya temperatur tubuh, demam, perubahan warna kulit hingga timbul
bercak-bercak, jaringan-jaringan tertentu memproduksi lendir, dan sebagainya
(Hadibroto & Alam, 2006).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asma
Intrinsik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asma intrinsik
tidak responsif terhadap pemicu yang berasal dari alergen. Asma jenis ini
disebabkan oleh stres, infeksi, dan kondisi lingkungan seperti cuaca,
kelembapan dan suhu tubuh. Asma intrinsik biasanya berhubungan dengan
menurunnya kondisi ketahanan tubuh, terutama pada mereka yang memiliki riwayat
kesehatan paru-paru yang kurang baik, misalnya karena bronkitis dan radang
paru-paru (pneumonia). Penderita diabetes mellitus golongan lansia juga mudah
terkena asma intrinsik. Penderita asma jenis ini kebanyakan berusia di atas 30
tahun (Hadibroto & Alam, 2006).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Namun penting
dicatat, bahwa dalam prakteknya, asma adalah penyakit yang kompleks, sehingga
tidak selalu dimungkinkan untuk menentukan secara tegas, golongan asma yang
diderita seseorang. Sering indikasi asma ekstrinsik dan intrinsik bersama-sama
dideteksi ada pada satu orang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai contoh,
dalam kasus asma bronkial (termasuk jenis ekstrinsik) yang kronis, pada saat
menangani terjadinya serangan, dokter akan sering mendiagnosa hadirnya
faktor-faktor kecemasan dan rasa panik. Keduanya adalah emosi yang sifatnya
naluriah pada saat seseorang harus berjuang agar bisa bernapas. Selanjutnya rasa
cemas dan panik ini meneruskan lingkaran setan dan memperparah gejala serangan.
Juga akan tercatat, bahwa bahan-bahan iritan (pengganggu) dari luar seperti
asap rokok dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hairspray </i>akan
memperparah kondisi penderita. Kesimpulannya adalah, dari asal asma bronkial
(termasuk asma ekstrinsik) akan terlihat juga hadirnya faktor asma intrinsik.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demikian pula,
seseorang yang punya sejarah bronkitis di masa kanak-kanak sering tumbuh
menjadi orang dewasa yang cenderung menderita asma yang alergik, sebagai akibat
kelemahan bawaan dari masa kanak-kanaknya (Hadibroto & Alam, 2006).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi
tingkat penyakit asma dapat dibagi berdasarkan frekuensi kemunculan gejala
(Hadibroto & Alam, 2006).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intermitten</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
yaitu sering tanpa gejala atau munculnya kurang dari 1 kali dalam seminggu dan
gejala asma malam kurang dari 2 kali dalam sebulan. Jika seperti itu yang
terjadi, berarti faal (fungsi) paru masih baik.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persisten
ringan, </span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yaitu gejala asma lebih dari 1 kali
dalam seminggu dan serangannya sampai mengganggu aktivitas, termasuk tidur.
Gejala asma malam lebih dari 2 kali dalam sebulan. Semua ini membuat faal paru
realatif menurun.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persisten
sedang,</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yaitu asma terjadi setiap hari dan
serangan sudah mengganggu aktivitas, serta terjadinya 1-2 kali seminggu. Gejala
asma malam lebih dari 1-2 kali seminggu. Gejala asma malam lebih dari 1 kali
dalam seminggu. Faal paru menurun.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persisten
berat</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, gejala asma terjadi terus-menerus dan serangan
sering terjadi. Gejala asma malam terjadi hampir setiap malam. Akibatnya faal
paru sangat menurun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi tingkat penyakit asma
berdasarkan berat ringannya gejala (Hadibroto & Alam, 2006):</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asma
akut ringan, dengan gejala: rasa berat di dada, batuk kering ataupun berdahak,
gangguan tidur malam karena batuk atau sesak napas, mengi tidak ada atau mengi
ringan, APE (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Arus Puncak Aspirasi</i>)
kurang dari 80%.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Serangan
asma akut sedang, dengan gejala: sesak dengan mengi agak nyaring, batuk
kering/berdahak, aktivitas terganggu, APE antara 50-80%.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Serangan
asma akut berat, dengan gejala: sesak sekali, sukar berbicara dan kalimat
terputus-putus, tidak bisa barbaring, posisi harus setengan duduk agar dapat
bernapas, APE kurang dari 50%.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Lung Association of Canada</i>, ada
dua faktor yang menjadi pencetus asma (Hadibroto & Alam, 2006):</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemicu
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">trigger</i>) yang mengakibatkan
mengencang atau menyempitnya saluran pernapasan (bronkokonstriksi). Umumnya
pemicu yang mengakibatkan bronkokonstriksi termasuk stimulus sehari-hari
seperti perubahan cuaca dan suhu udara dimana cuaca lembab dan hawa pegunungan
yang dingin sering mempengaruhi asma. Atmosfer yang mendadak dingin merupakan
faktor pemicu terjadinya serangan asma. Serangan asma kadang-kadang berhubungan
dengan musim, seperti: musim hujan, musim kemarau, musim bunga (serbuk sari
beterbangan). Selain itu polusi udara dari luar dan dalam ruang serta asap
rokok yang terhirup oleh penderita asma dapat juga memicu terjadinya serangan
asma. Ditambah lagi penderita asma yang memiliki riwayat infeksi saluran
pernapasan misalnya sinusitis dapat mengakibatkan eksaserbasi serangan asma.
Penderita asma harus menjaga kestabilitas dari emosi/stresnya, karena gangguan
emosi/stres dapat menjadi pencetus serangan asma, selain itu juga dapat
memperberat serangan asma yang sudah ada. Selain itu, jangan berolahraga secara
berlebihan. Bagi beberapa orang, jenis olahraga tertentu dapat menyebabkan
udara terperangkap di dalam saluran napas dan membuat sulit bernapas.
Kadang-kadang olahraga dapat menyebabkan serangan asma (Bull & Price,
2007).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inducer</i>) yang mengakibatkan
peradangan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inflammation</i>) pada
saluran pernapasan. Umumnya penyebab (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inducer</i>)
asma adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">alergen</i>, yang tampil
dalam bentuk ingestan dimana alergen masuk ke tubuh melalui mulut
(dimakan/diminum) terutama makanan dan obat-obatan. Selain itu, bisa juga dalam
bentuk inhalan yaitu alergen yang masuk ke tubuh melalui hidung atau mulut.
Jenis alergen inhalan yang utama adalah tepung sari (serbuk) bunga, tanaman,
pohon, tungau, serpihan dan kotoran binatang, serta jamur. Bentuk lainnya yaitu
kontak langsung dengan kulit seperti memakai perhiasan, logam dan jam tangan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa
faktor orang memiliki kecenderungan yang lebih besar untuk menyandang asma
dibandingkan orang lain (Bull & Price, 2007), di antaranya memiliki riwayat
asma atau alergi lainnya dalam keluarga (keturunan) karena asma dapat
diwariskan-diturunkan dari satu anggota keluarga ke anggota keluarga
berikutnya. Beberapa faktor genetik (keturunan) dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan
asma. Jika salah satu orangtua menyandang asma, peluang berkembangnya asma pada
anak-anaknya sekitar dua kali dibandingkan anak-anak yang orangtuanya tidak
menyandang asma. Merokok ketika hamil dimana asap rokok berhubungan dengan
penurunan fungsi paru. Pajanan asap rokok, sebelum dan sesudah kelahiran
berhubungan dengan efek berbahaya yang dapat diukur seperti meningkatkan risiko
terjadinya gejala serupa asma pada usia dini. Baik perokok aktif maupun pasif
semasa kanak-kanan. Selain itu pilek atau infeksi virus dan terpapar iritan di
tempat kerja juga dapat mengakibatkan peradangan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inflammation</i>) pada saluran pernapasan yang berakibat pada
terjadinya serangan asma (Ayres, 2003). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aspek-aspek
potensi risiko kemunculan penyakit asma (Widjadja, 2009), antara lain aspek
genetik, kemungkinan alergi dan saluran napas yang memang mudah terserang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Patofisiologi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkaitan
dengan gangguan saluran pernapasan yang berupa peradangan dan bronkokonstriksi,
beberapa ahli membagi asma dalam 2 golongan besar yakni asma ekstriksi dan asma
intrinsik (Hadibroto & Alam, 2006). Berdasarkan klasifikasi tersebut akan
dijabarkan masing-masing dari patofisiologinya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asma
Ekstrinsik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
asma ekstrinsik alergen menimbulkan reaksi yang hebat pada mukosa bronkus yang
mengakibatkan konstriksi otot polos, hiperemia serta sekresi lendir putih yang
tebal. Mekanisme terjadinya reaksi ini telah diketahui dengan baik, tetapi
sangat rumit. Penderita yang telah disensitisasi terhadap satu bentuk alergen
yang spesifik, akan membuat antibodi terhadap alergen yang dihirup itu.
Antibodi ini merupakan imunoglobin jenis IgE. Antibodi ini melekat pada
permukaan sel mast pada mukosa bronkus. Sel mast tersebut tidak lain daripada
basofil yang kita kenal pada hitung jenis leukosit. Bila satu molekul IgE yang
terdapat pada permukaan sel mast menangkap satu molekul alergen, sel mast
tersebut akan memisahkan diri dan melepaskan sejumlah bahan yang menyebabkan
konstriksi bronkus. Salah satu contoh yaitu histamin, contoh lain ialah
prostaglandin. Pada permukaan sel mast juga terdapat reseptor beta-2
adrenergik. Bila reseptor beta-2 dirangsang dengan obat anti asma <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salbutamol</i> (beta-2 mimetik), maka
pelepasan histamin akan terhalang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
mukosa bronkus dan darah tepi terdapat sangat banyak eosinofil. Adanya
eosinofil dalam sputum dapat dengan mudah diperlihatkan. Dulu fungsi eosinofil
di dalam sputum tidak diketahui, tetapi baru-baru ini diketahui bahwa dalam
butir-butir granula eosinofil terdapat enzim yang menghancurkan histamin dan
prostaglandin. Jadi eosinofil memberikan perlindungan terhadap serangan asma.
Dengan demikian jelas bahwa kadar IgE akan meninggi dalam darah tepi
(Herdinsibuae dkk, 2005).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asma
Intrinsik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terjadinya
asma intrinsik sangat berbeda dengan asma ekstrinsik. Mungkin mula-mula akibat
kepekaan yang berlebihan (hipersensitivitas) dari serabut-serabut nervus vagus
yang akan merangsang bahan-bahan iritan di dalam bronkus dan menimbulkan batuk
dan sekresi lendir melalui satu refleks. Serabut-serabut vagus, demikian
hipersensitifnya sehingga langsung menimbulkan refleks konstriksi bronkus.
Atropin bahan yang menghambat vagus, sering dapat menolong kasus-kasus seperti
ini. Selain itu lendir yang sangat lengket akan disekresikan sehingga pada kasus-kasus
berat dapat menimbulkan sumbatan saluran napas yang hampir total, sehingga
berakibat timbulnya status asmatikus, kegagalan pernapasan dan akhirnya
kematian. Rangsangan yang paling penting untuk refleks ini ialah infeksi
saluran pernapasan oleh flu (common cold), adenovirus dan juga oleh bakteri
seperti hemophilus influenzae. Polusi udara oleh gas iritatif asal industri,
asap, serta udara dingin juga berperan, dengan demikian merokok juga sangat
merugikan (Herdinsibuae dkk, 2005).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel Inflamasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel-sel
inflamasi yang terlibat dalam patofisiologi asma terutama adalah sel mast,
limfosit, dan eosinofil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel
mast</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel
ini sudah lama dikaitkan dengan penyakit asma dan alergi, karena ia dapat
melepaskan berbagai mediator inflamasi, baik yang sudah tersimpan atau baru
disintesis, yang bertanggung-jawab terhadap beberapa tanda asma dan alergi.
Berbagai mediator tersebut antara lain adalah histamine (yang disintesis dan
disimpan di dalam granul sel dan dilepas secara cepat ketika sel mast
teraktivasi), prostaglandin PGD2 dan leukotrien LTC4 (yang baru disintesis
setelah ada aktivasi), dan sitokin (yang disintesis dalam waktu yang lebih
lambat dan berperan dalam reaksi fase lambat). Sel mast diaktivasi oleh alergen
melalui ikatan suatu alergen dengan IgE yang telah melekat pada reseptornya
(Fcereceptor) di permukaan sel mast. Adanya ikatan cross-linking antara alergen
dengan IgE tersebut memicu serangkaian biokimia didalam Sel yang kemudian
menyebabkan terjadinya degranulasi sel mast. Degranulasi adalah peristiwa
pecahnya sel mast yang menyebabkan pelepasan berbagai mediator inflamasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel
mast terdapat pada lapisan epithelial saluran nafas, dan karenanya dapat
berespon terhadap allergen yang terhirup. Terdapatnya peningkatan jumlah sel
mast pada cairan bronkoalveolar pasien asma mengindasikan bahwa sel ini
terlibat dalam patofisiologi asma. Selain itu, pada pasien asma yang dijumpai
penigkatan kadar histamine dan triptase pada cairan bronkoalveolarnya, yang
diduga kuat berasal dari sel mast yang terdegranulasi. Beberapa obat telah
dikembangkan untuk menstabilkan sel mast agar tidak mudah terdegranulasi. Peran
sel mast pada reaksi alergi fase lambat masih belum diketahui secara pasti.
Namun,sel mast juga mengandung faktor kemotatik yang dapat menarik eosinofil
dan neutrofil ke saluran nafas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Limfosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran
limfosit dalam asma semakin banyak mendapat dukungan fakta, antara lain dengan
terdapatnya produk-produk limfosit yaitu sitokin pada biopsy bronchial pasien
asma. Selain itu, sel-sel limfosit juga dijumpai pada cairan bronkoalveolar
pasien asma pada reaksi fase lambat. Limfosit sendiri terdiri dari dua tipe
yaitu limfosit T dan limfosit B. Limfosit T masih terbagi lagi menjadi dua
subtipe yaitu Th1 dan Th2 (T helper 1 dan T helper 2). Sel Th2 memproduksi
berbagai sitokin yang berperan dalam reaksi inflamasi sehingga disebut sitokin
prainflamasi, seperti IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-9, dan IL-13. Sitokin-sitokin ini
nampaknya berfungsi dalam pertahanan tubuh terhadap pathogen ekstrasel. IL-4
dan IL-13 misalnya, dia bekerja mengaktivasi sel limfosit B untuk memproduksi
IgE, yang nantinya akan menempel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada
sel-sel inflamasi sehingga terjadi pelepasan berbagai mediator inflamasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eosinofil</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak
hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa eosinofil berkontribusi terhadap
patofisiologi penyakit alergi pada saluran nafas. Dijumpai adanya kaitan yang
erat antara keparahan asma dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>keberadaan eosinofil di saluran nafas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang terinflamasi, sehiingga inflamasi pada asma atau alergi sering
disebut juga inflamasi eosinofilia. Eosinofil mengandung berbagai protein
granul seperti: major inflamasi eosinifilia (MBP), eosinophil peroxidase(EPO),
dan eosinophil cationic probasic protein (ECP), yang dapat menyebabkan
kerusakan epitelium saluran nafas, menyebabkan hiperresponsivitas bronkus,
sekresi mediatorbdari sel mast dan basofil, serta secara langsung menyebabkan
kontraksi otot polos saluran nafas (Bussed an Reed, 1993). Selain itu, beberapa
produk eosinofil seperti LCT4, PAF, dan metabolit oksigen toksik dapat menambah
keparahn asma.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi Klinis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum
muncul suatu episode serangan asma pada penderita, biasanya akan ditemukan
tanda-tanda awal datangnya asma. Tanda-tanda awal datangnya asma memiliki
sifat-sifat sebagai berikut, yaitu sifatnya unik untuk setiap individu, pada
individu yang sama, tanda-tanda peringatan awal bisa sama, hampir sama, atau
sama sekali berbeda pada setiap episode serangan dan tanda peringatan awal yang
paling bisa diandalkan adalah penurunan dari angka prestasi penggunaan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Preak Flow Meter</i>”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa
contoh tanda peringatan awal (Hadibroto & Alam, 2006) adalah perubahan
dalam pola pernapasan, bersin-bersin, perubahan suasana hati (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">moodiness</i>), hidung mampat, batuk, gatal-gatal
pada tenggorokan, merasa capai, lingkaran hitam dibawah mata, susah tidur,
turunnya toleransi tubuh terhadap kegiatan olahraga dan kecenderungan penurunan
prestasi dalam penggunaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Preak Flow
Meter</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala
Asma Umum</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
saluran napas yang terjadi pada asma menyebabkan dibutuhkannya usaha yang jauh
lebih keras untuk memasukkan dan mengeluarkan udara dari paru-paru. Hal
tersebut dapat memunculkan gejala berupa sesak napas/sulit bernapas, sesak
dada, mengi/napas berbunyi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">wheezing</i>)
dan batuk (lebih sering terjadi pada anak daripada orang dewasa).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak semua
orang akan mengalami gejala-gelaja tersebut. Beberapa orang dapat mengalaminya
dari waktu ke waktu, dan beberapa orang lainya selalu mengalaminya sepanjang
hidupnya. Gelaja asma seringkali memburuk pada malam hari atau setelah
mengalami kontak dengan pemicu asma (Bull & Price, 2007). Selain itu, angka
performa penggunaan<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Preak Flow Meter </i>menunjukkan
rating yang termasuk “hati-hati” atau “bahaya” (biasanya antara 50% sampai 80%
dari penunjuk performa terbaik individu) (Hadibroto & Alam, 2006).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala
Asma Berat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala asma
berat (Hadibroto & Alam, 2006) adalah sebagai berikut yaitu serangan batuk
yang hebat, napas berat “ngik-ngik”, tersengal-sengal, sesak dada, susah bicara
dan berkonsentrasi, jalan sedikit menyebabkan napas tersengal-sengal, napas
menjadi dangkal dan cepat atau lambat dibanding biasanya, pundak membungkuk,
lubang hidung mengembang dengan setiap tarikan napas, daerah leher dan di
antara atau di bawah tulang rusuk melesak ke dalam, bersama tarikan napas,
bayangan abu-abu atau membiru pada kulit, bermula dari daerah sekitar mulut
(sianosis), serta angka performa penggunaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Preak
Flow Meter </i>dalam wilayah berbahaya (biasanya di bawah 50% dari performa
terbaik individu).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komplikasi Asma</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit
asma yang tidak ditangani dengan baik lambat-laun akan berakibat pada
terjadinya komplikasi (Mansjoer, 2008) dimana dapat menyebabkan beberapa
penyakit sebagai berikut yaitu, terjadinya pneumotorak, pneumomediastinum,
emfisema subkutis, aspergilosis, atelektasis, gagal napas, bronkitis, fraktur
iga, dan bronkopulmonar alergik.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Diagnostik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
Laboratorium</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
Sputum</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya badan
kreola adalah karakteristik untuk serangan asma yang berat, karena hanya reaksi
yang hebat saja yang menyebabkan transudasi dari edema mukosa, sehingga
terlepaslah sekelompok sel-sel epitel dari perlekatannya. Pewarnaan gram
penting untuk melibat adanya bakteri, cara tersebut kemudian diikuti kultur dan
uji resistensi terhadap beberapa antibiotik (Muttaqin, 2008).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
Darah (Analisa Gas Darah/AGD/astrub)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisa
gas darah pada umumnya normal akan tetapi dapat pula terjadi hipoksemia,
hiperkapnia, atau asidosis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadang
pada darah terdapat peningkatan dari SGOT dan LDH.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hiponatremia
dan kadar leukosit kadang-kadang di atas 15.000/mm<sup>3</sup> dimana
menandakan terdapatnya suatu infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel
Eosinofil</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel eosinofil
pada klien dengan status asmatikus dapat mencapai 1000-1500/mm<sup>3</sup> baik
asma intrinsik ataupun ekstrinsik, sedangkan hitung sel eosinofil normal antara
100-200/mm<sup>3</sup>. Perbaikan fungsi paru disertai penurunan hitung jenis
sel eosinofil menunjukkan pengobatan telah tepat (Muttaqin, 2008).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
Penunjang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
Radiologi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambaran
radiologi pada asma pada umumnya normal. Pada waktu serangan menunjukan
gambaran hiperinflasi pada paru-paru yakni radiolusen yang bertambah dan
peleburan rongga intercostalis, serta diafragma yang menurun. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
Tes Kulit</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilakukan untuk
mencari faktor alergi dengan berbagai alergen yang dapat menimbulkan reaksi
yang positif pada asma.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Scanning
Paru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan scanning
paru melalui inhalasi dapat dipelajari bahwa redistribusi udara selama serangan
asma tidak menyeluruh pada paru-paru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spirometer</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat pengukur
faal paru, selain penting untuk menegakkan diagnosis juga untuk menilai
beratnya obstruksi dan efek pengobatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peak Flow Meter</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/PFM</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peak
flow meter</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> merupakan alat pengukur faal paru sederhana, alat
tersebut digunakan untuk mengukur jumlah udara yang berasal dari paru. Oleh
karena pemeriksaan jasmani dapat normal, dalam menegakkan diagnosis asma
diperlukan pemeriksaan obyektif (spirometer/FEV1 atau PFM). Spirometer lebih
diutamakan dibanding PFM karena PFM tidak begitu sensitif dibanding FEV. Untuk
diagnosis obstruksi saluran napas, PFM mengukur terutama saluran napas
besar,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PFM dibuat untuk pemantauan dan
bukan alat diagnostik,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>APE dapat
digunakan dalam diagnosis untuk penderita yang tidak dapat melakukan pemeriksaan
FEV1.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X-ray
Dada/Thorax</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilakukan untuk
menyingkirkan penyakit yang tidak disebabkan asma.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
IgE</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji tusuk kulit
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">skin prick test</i>) untuk menunjukkan
adanya antibodi IgE spesifik pada kulit. Uji tersebut untuk menyokong anamnesis
dan mencari faktor pencetus. Uji alergen yang positif tidak selalu merupakan
penyebab asma. Pemeriksaan darah IgE Atopi dilakukan dengan cara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">radioallergosorbent test</i> (RAST) bila
hasil uji tusuk kulit tidak dapat dilakukan (pada dermographism).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Petanda
Inflamasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Derajat berat
asma dan pengobatannya dalam klinik sebenarnya tidak berdasarkan atas penilaian
obyektif inflamasi saluran napas. Gejala klinis dan spirometri bukan merupakan
petanda ideal inflamasi. Penilaian semi-kuantitatif inflamasi saluran napas
dapat dilakukan melalui biopsi paru, pemeriksaan sel eosinofil dalam sputum,
dan kadar oksida nitrit udara yang dikeluarkan dengan napas. Analisis sputum
yang diinduksi menunjukkan hubungan antara jumlah eosinofil dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Eosinophyl Cationic Protein</i> (ECP) dengan
inflamasi dan derajat berat asma. Biopsi endobronkial dan transbronkial dapat
menunjukkan gambaran inflamasi, tetapi jarang atau sulit dilakukan di luar
riset.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Web of Caution (WOC) secara Teorits</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan Medis dan Keperawatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan
Medis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level3 lfo14; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terapi Obat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan
medis pada penderita asma bisa dilakukan dengan pengguaan obat-obatan asma
dengan tujuan penyakit asma dapat dikontrol dan dikendalikan. Karena belum
terlalu lama ini, yakni baru sejak pertengahan tahun 1990-an mulai mengental
keyakinan di kalangan kedokteran bahwa asma yang tidak terkendali dalam jangka
panjang bisa menyebabkan kerusakan pada saluran pernapasan dan paru-paru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara menangani
asma yang reaktif, yakni hanya pada saat datangnya serangan sudah ketinggalan
zaman. Hasil penelitian medis menunjukkan bahwa para penderita asma yang
terutama menggantungkan diri pada obat-obatan pelega (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">reliever</i>/bronkodilator) secara umum memiliki kondisi yang buruk
dibandingkan penderita asma umumnya. Selanjutnya prosentase keharusan kunjungan
ke unit gawat daruat (UGD), keharusan mengalami rawat inap, dan risiko kematiannya
karena asma juga lebih tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal ini
membuktikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahwa pasa asma ekstrinsik,
penyebab asma yang mereka derita adalah karena peradangan (inflamasi), dan
bukan karena bronkokonstriksi. Dengan demikian, dokter masa kini <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">menggunakan obat peradangan sebagai senjata
utama, sedang obat-obatan pelega sebagai pendukung</i>. Keyakinan ini sangat
disokong oleh penemuan obat-obatan pencegah peradangan saluran pernapasan, yang
aman untuk digunakan dalam jangka panjang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut AAAI
(Amerika Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology) penggolongan obat asma
(Hadibroto & Alam, 2006) adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obat anti peradangan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">preventer</i>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usaha
pengendalian asma dalam jangka panjang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Golongan
obat ini mencegah dan mengurangi peradangan, pembengkakan saluran napas, dan
produksi lendir</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
kerjanya adalah dengan mengurangi sensitivitas saluran pernapasan terhadap
pemicu asma yang berupa alergen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaannya
harus teratur dalam jangka panjang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daya
kerja lambat/gradual, biasanya mengambil waktu sekitar dua minggu baru terlihat
efektivitasnya ayang terukur.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh
obat anti peradangan adalah beclometasone [Becotide®], budesonide [Pulmicort®],
fluticasone [Flixotide®], mometasone [Asmanex®], dan montelukast [Singulair®]
secara bertahap mengurangi peradangan saluran napas dan (jika digunakan secara
teratur) akan mengontrol penyakit asma. Obat pencegah biasanya tersedia dalam
bentuk inhaler berwarna cokelat, putih, merah, atau oranye, meskipun beberapa
(misalnya montelukast) tersedia dalam tablet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obat
pelega gejala berjangka panjang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obat pelega
gejala berjangka panjang dalam nama generik yang ada di pasaran adalah
salmeterol hidroksi naftoat (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">salmeterol
xinafoate</i>) dan teofilin (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">theophylline</i>).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salmeterol</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat ini adalah
bronkodilator yang bekerja perlahan dimana obat ini bekerja dengan mengendurkan
oto-otot yang mengelilingi saluran pernapasan. Obat ini paling efektif bila
dikombinasikan dengan suatu obat kortikosteroid hirup, dan tidak dapat
berfungsi sebagai pelega seketika dalam hal terjadi serangan asma.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat ini umumnya
bekerja setelah setengah jam dan daya kerjanya bertahan hingga 12 jam. Obat ini
disajikan dalam bentuk obat hirup dosis terukut dan obat hirup bubuk kering.
Obat ini tidak dapat digunakan untuk anak-anak di bawah 12 tahun.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teofilin</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat ini
termasuk satu golongan dengan kafein (zat aktif yang terdapat dalam secangkir
kopi) dan termasuk bronkodilator yang lama daya kerjanya. Efek samping obat ini
sama seperti kafein sehingga tidak dianturkan untuk pasien hiperaktif.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Albuterol
Sulfat atau Salbutamol.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bronkolidarot
yang paling populer dan disajikan dalam bentuk obat hirup dosis terukur, obat
hirup bubuk kering, larutan untuk alat nebulizer, sirup, tablet biasa, tablet
lepas-tunda (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extended-reliase</i>).
Bentuk hirup bekerja lebih karena langsung menuju saluran pernapasan yang
bermasalah, ketimbang harus lewat lambung dulu. Efek samping obat ini dapat
menyebabkan stimulasi, jantung berdebar, dan pusing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merek yang
paling populer adalah Ventolin dan Proventil yang disajikan sebagai obat hirup
dosis terukur. Proventil HFA sebagai obat hirup bubuk kering. Ventolin
terdaftar di Indonesia dalam bentuk sediaan tablet, sirup, nebulizer, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">spray</i>. Merek lain adalah Ascolen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obat
pelega gejala asma (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">reliever</i>/bronkodilator)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalnya
salbutamol [Ventolin®], terbutaline [Bricanyl®], formoterol [Foradil®, Oxis®],
dan salmeterol [Serevent®] secara cepat mengembalikan saluran napas yang
menyempit yang terjadi selama serangan asma ke kondisi semula. Obat
pereda/pelega biasanya tersedia dalam bentuk inhaler berwarna biru atau
abu-abu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obatan
kortikosteroid oral</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kortikosteroid
oral adalah obat yang ampuh untuk mengatasi pembengkakan dan peradangan yang
mencetuskan serangan asma. Obat ini membutuhkan enam hingga delapan jam untuk
bekerja, sehingga makin cepat digunakan makin cepat pula daya kerja yang
dirasakan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Malam
hari termasuk waktu dimana serangan asma paling sering terjadi, karena fungsi
paru-paru berada pada titik yang paling rendah di tengan malam. Dari hasil
penelitian terbukti bahwa dosis kortikosteroid oral yang diberikan di siang
hari bisa membantu mereka yang mengalami serangan asma untuk tidur pada malam
harinya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
sisi lain, efek samping penggunaan kortikosteroid oral juga cukup nyata,
seperti perubahan suasana hati (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mood
changes</i>), meningkatnya selera makan, perubahan berat badan, dan gejala
demam yang ditekan. Akan tetapi, efek samping dari penggunaan kortikosteroid
ini tidak perlu dikhawatirkan jika penggunaannya hanya dalam jangka pendek dan
kadangkala saja.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prednison
(Prednisone)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prednison
adalah preparat kortikosteroid oral yang paling umum digunakan. Obat ini
disajikan dalam bentuk pil maupun sirup.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prednisolon
(Prednisolone)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prednisolon
adalah kortikosteroid oral yang sangat mirip prednisone, dengan kelebihan
rasanya yang lebih bisa diterima anak-anak. Dengan merek Prelone disajikan
sebagai sirup 15 mg per 5 ml. Prediaped disajikan sebagai sirup 5 mg per 5 ml.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metilprednisolon
(Methylprednisolone)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sangat
mirip dengan prednisolon, tetapi harganya lebih mahal. Biasanya digunakan di
rumah sakit dengan cara intravenuous.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deksametason
(Dexamethasone)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
merek Decadron, satu dosis tunggalnya berdaya kerja dua hingga tiga kali lebih
lama dibandingkan preparat kortikosteroid yang lain. Cocok untuk pasien
anak-anak yang sulit minum obat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat-alat
hirup</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat hirup dosis terukur </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">atau
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Metered Dose Inhaler</i> (MDI) disebut
juga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inhaler </i>atau<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> puffer</i> adalah alat yang paling banyak digunakan untuk menghantar
obat-obatan ke saluran pernapasan atau paru-paru pemakainnya. Alat ini
menyandang sebutan dosis terukur (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">metered-dose</i>)
karena memang menghantar suatu jumlah obat yang konsisten/terukur dengan setiap
semprotan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
hasil teknologi mutakhir, alat hirup dosis terukur kini bisa digunakan oleh
segala tingkatan usia, mulai dari balita hingga lansia. Alat hirup dosis
terukur memuat obat-obatan dan cairan tekan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pressurized liquid</i>), biasanya chlorofluorocerbous/CFC, yang
mengembang menjadi gas ketika melewati moncongnya. Cairan yang sebutan
populernya adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">propelan</i> tersebut
memecah obat-obatan yang dikandung menjadi butiran-butiran atau kabut halus,
dan mendorongnya keluar dari moncong masuk ke saluran pernapasan atau paru-paru
pemakainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan
Keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan
keperawatan yang dapat dilakukan pada penderita asma adalah sebagai berikut,
yaitu memberikan penyuluhan (pendidikan kesehatan), pemberian cairan,
fisiotherapy, dan beri O<sub>2</sub> bila perlu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemungkinan Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
efektifnya bersihan jalan nafas berhubungan dengan gangguan suplai oksigen
(bronkospasme), penumpukan sekret, sekret kental.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola
nafas tidak efektif berhubungan dengan gangguan suplai oksigen (bronkospasme).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
pertukaran gas berhubungan dengan gangguan suplai oksigen (bronkuspasme).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Risiko
tinggi terhadap infeksi berhubungan dengan tidak adekuat imunitas.</span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .2in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.95pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.05pt;" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" width="120">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tujuan/Kriteria Hasil</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Intervensi</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.4pt;" width="147">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rasional</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.95pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.05pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak efektifnya bersihan
jalan nafas berhubungan dengan gangguan suplai oksigen (bronkospasme),
penumpukan sekret, sekret kental</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pencapaian bersihan jalan napas dengan kriteria hasil
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mempertahankan jalan napas paten dengan bunyi napas
bersih atau jelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menunjukan perilaku untuk memperbaiki bersihan jalan
nafas misalnya batuk efektif dan mengeluarkan sekret.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mandiri</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Auskultasi bunyi nafas, catat adanya bunyi nafas, ex:
mengi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kaji/pantau frekuensi pernafasan, catat rasio
inspirasi/ekspirasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Catat adanya derajat dispnea, ansietas, distress
pernafasan, penggunaan obat bantu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tempatkan posisi yang nyaman pada pasien, contoh: meninggikan
kepala tempat tidur, duduk pada sandara tempat tidur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pertahankan polusi lingkungan minimum, contoh: debu,
asap dll.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tingkatkan masukan cairan sampai dengan 3000 ml/ hari
sesuai toleransi jantung memberikan air hangat.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kolaborasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Berikan obat sesuai indikasi bronkodilator.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.4pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Beberapa derajat spasme bronkus terjadi dengan
obstruksi jalan nafas dan dapat/tidak dimanifestasikan adanya nafas
advertisius.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tachipnea biasanya ada pada beberapa derajat dan dapat
ditemukan pada penerimaan atau selama stress/adanya proses infeksi akut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Disfungsi pernafasan adalah variable yang tergantung
pada tahap proses akut yang menimbulkan perawatan di rumah sakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Peninggian kepala tempat tidur memudahkan fungsi
pernafasan dengan menggunakan gravitasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pencetus tipe alergi pernafasan dapat mentriger episode
akut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hidrasi membantu menurunkan kekentalan sekret,
penggunaan cairan hangat dapat menurunkan kekentalan sekret, penggunaan
cairan hangat dapat menurunkan spasme bronkus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Merelaksasikan otot halus dan menurunkan spasme jalan
nafas, mengi, dan produksi mukosa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.95pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.05pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pola nafas tidak efektif
berhubungan dengan gangguan suplai oksigen (bronkospasme)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perbaikan pola nafas dengan kriteria hasil sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mempertahankan ventilasi adekuat dengan menunjukan
RR:16-20 x/menit dan irama napas teratur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak mengalami sianosis atau tanda hipoksia lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pasien dapat melakukan pernafasan dalam.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mandiri</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ajarkan pasien pernapasan dalam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tinggikan kepala dan bantu mengubah posisi. Berikan
posisi semi fowler.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kolaborasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Berikan oksigen tambahan.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.4pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Membantu pasien memperpanjang waktu ekspirasi sehingga
pasien akan bernapas lebih efektif dan efisien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Duduk tinggi memungkinkan ekspansi paru dan memudahkan
pernapasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memaksimalkan bernapas dan menurunkan kerja napas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.95pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.05pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gangguan pertukaran gas
berhubungan dengan gangguan suplai oksigen (bronkuspasme)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perbaikan pertukaran gas dengan kriteria hasil sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perbaikan ventilasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perbaikan oksigen jaringan adekuat.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mandiri</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kaji/awasi secara rutin kulit dan membrane mukosa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Palpasi fremitus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Awasi tanda-tanda vital dan irama jantung.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kolaborasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Berikan oksigen tambahan sesuai dengan indikasi hasil
AGDA dan toleransi pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.4pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sianosis mungkin perifer atau sentral keabu-abuan dan
sianosis sentral mengindikasikan beratnya hipoksemia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penurunan getaran vibrasi diduga adanya pengumplan
cairan/udara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tachicardi, disritmia, dan perubahan tekanan darah
dapat menunjukan efek hipoksemia sistemik pada fungsi jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dapat memperbaiki atau mencegah memburuknya hipoksia.</span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.95pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.05pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Risiko tinggi terhadap
infeksi berhubungan dengan tidak adekuat imunitas</span></b></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak terjadinya infeksi dengan kriteria hasil sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengidentifikasikan intervensi untuk mencegah atau
menurunkan resiko infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perubahan pola hidup untuk meningkatkan lingkungan yang
nyaman.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mandiri</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Awasi suhu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Diskusikan adekuat kebutuhan nutrisi.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kolaborasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dapatkan specimen sputum dengan batuk atau pengisapan
untuk pewarnaan gram, kultur/sensitifitas.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.4pt;" valign="top" width="147">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Demam dapat terjadi karena infeksi dan atau dehidrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Malnutrisi dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan umum dan
menurunkan tahanan terhadap infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Untuk mengidentifikasi organisme penyabab dan
kerentanan terhadap berbagai anti microbial.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KASUS</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN Nn. G</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DENGAN DIAGNOSA ASMA BRONKHIAL</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM ARIFIN AHMAD</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uraian
Kasus</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nn. G 23 tahun
suku minang datang dengan keluhan napasnya sesak sewaktu bangun pagi dan semakin
meningkat ketika beraktivitas, klien juga batuk berdahak. Dari hasil pengkajian
klien mengeluh sesak, batuk berdahak dengan dahak berwarna putih, dan klien
merasa sesaknya berkurang setelah dilakukan pengasapan (nebulizer). Klien juga mengatakan
mempunyai riwayat asma sejak kelas 6 SD dan klien mengatakan bahwa ada salah
satu anggota keluarganya yang memiliki riwayat asma, yaitu ibunya. Dari hasil
pemeriksaan fisik didapatkan hasil: rongga dada simetris, retraksi dinding dada
(+), taktil fremitus simetris antara kiri dan kanan, suara napas klien
terdengar wheezing, resonan pada perkusi dinding dada, dan sputum berwarna
putih kental. Dari hasil observasi didapatkan hasil: tingkat kesadaran: kompos
mentis, dan hasil TTV: TD = 130/70 mmHg, RR = 36x/menit, HR = 76x/menit, suhu =
37<sup>o</sup> C. Dari hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium didapatkan hasil: Hb =
15,5 gr%, leukosit = 17.000/mm<sup>3</sup>, trombosit 260.000/mm<sup>3</sup>,
Ht = 47vol%. Klien saat ini mendapatkan terapi: IVFD RL 20 tts/i, Pulmicort,
Ventolin, Bisolvon dan O<sub>2</sub> dengan nasal kanul 2 L.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada pemeriksaan penunjang X-ray dada/thorax,
didapatkan hasil paru dalam batas normal.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anamnesa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Identitas Klien</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Nn. G</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umur<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 23 tahun</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alasan Masuk (Keluhan Utama)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien masuk
rumah sakit dengan keluhan napasnya sesak sewaktu bangun pagi dan semakin
meningkat ketika beraktivitas, serta batuk berdahak. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat Penyakit Dahulu</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien mengatakan mempunyai riwayat
asma sejak kelas 6 SD</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat penyakit Sekarang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien mengeluh sesak, batuk
berdahak dengan dahak berwarna putih.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Riwayat Penyakit Keluarga</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien mengatakan bahwa ada salah
satu anggota keluarganya yang memiliki riwayat asma, yaitu ibunya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Fisik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat
Kesadaran: Compos mentis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TTV:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BP
: 130/70 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mmHg</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RR:
36 x/menit</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HR:
76 x/menit</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">T<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 37<sup>o</sup>C</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
pengkajian:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rongga dada simetris, retraksi
dinding dada (+), dan sputum berwarna putih kental.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpasi
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Taktil fremitus simetris antara
kiri dan kanan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkusi
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Resonan
dikedua lapang paru.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Auskultasi
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 67.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suara
napas klien terdengar wheezing.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Penunjang dan Laboratorium</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada pemeriksaan penunjang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>X-ray dada/thorax, didapatkan hasil paru dalam
batas normal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan laboratorium</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hb
= 15,5 gr%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leukosit
= 17.000/mm<sup>3</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trombosit
260.000/mm<sup>3</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ht
= 47vol%.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terapi Pengobatan Saat Ini</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">IVFD
RL 20 tts/i, Pulmicort, Ventolin, Bisolvon dan O<sub>2</sub> dengan nasal kanul
2 L.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisa
Data</span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.9pt;" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Data</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.65pt;" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Etiologi</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.35pt;" valign="top" width="119">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Masalah Keperawatan</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.9pt;" valign="top" width="129">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DS:</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Klien
mengatakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">batuk
berdahak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan dahak berwarna putih.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.5pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Klien merasa sesak.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.5pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DO:</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanda-tanda
vital</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BP=1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">0/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">0 mmHg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">RR=</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">36</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> x/menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">HR=</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">76</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">x/menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">T=37<sup>o</sup>C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.5pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Klien tampak s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">esak
nafas disertai batuk berdahak, berwarna putih agak kental.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.15pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Suara
napas klien terdengar wheezing.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.15pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Terapi
yang diberikan: oksigen 2L,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.15pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">IVFD RL 20 tts/i, Pulmicort, Ventolin, Bisolvon</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.5pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.65pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pencetus serangan</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(alergen)</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">↓</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Reaksi antigen & antibodi</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">↓</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dikeluarkannya substansi vasoaktif (histamin,
bradikinin, & anafilaksin)</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">↓</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">↑ permeabilitas kapiler</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">↓</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kontraksi
otot polos</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Edema
mukosa</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hipersekresi</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">↓</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Obstruksi jalan nafas</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">↓</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak efektifnya bersihan jalan nafas</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.35pt;" valign="top" width="119">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak efektifnya bersihan jalan nafas </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.9pt;" valign="top" width="129">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DS:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.15pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo60; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Klien
merasa sesak</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span lang="IN"></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DO:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.15pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanda-tanda vital</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BP=1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">0/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">0 mmHg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">RR=</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">36</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> x/menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">HR=</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">76</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">x/menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">T=37<sup>o</sup>C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 19.5pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Klien tampak s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">esak
nafas disertai batuk berdahak, berwarna putih agak kental.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.15pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Suara napas klien terdengar
wheezing.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.15pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Terapi yang diberikan: oksigen
2L,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.15pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">IVFD RL 20 tts/i, Pulmicort, Ventolin, Bisolvon</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.65pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pencetus serangan</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(alergen)</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">↓</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Reaksi antigen & antibodi</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">↓</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dikeluarkannya substansi vasoaktif (histamin,
bradikinin, & anafilaksin)</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">↓</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kontraksi otot polos</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">↓</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bronkospasme</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">↓</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Suplai
O<sub>2</sub> menurun</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">↓</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Merangsang
kemoreseptor sentral (spons dan medulla oblongata)</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">↓</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hiperventilasi
</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">↓</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sesak
</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">↓</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pola nafas tidak efektif</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.35pt;" valign="top" width="119">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pola nafas
tidak efektif </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Web of Caution (WOC)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; tab-stops: right 411.0pt left 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: right 411.0pt left 439.35pt;">
<span style="clear: right; float: right; height: 486px; left: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; position: absolute; top: -460px; width: 522px;"><img height="186" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="200" /></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251658240;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: right 411.0pt left 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: right 411.0pt left 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: right 411.0pt left 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: right 411.0pt left 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: right 411.0pt left 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asuhan
Keperawatan</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.9pt;" width="117">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" width="120">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tujuan/Kriteria Hasil</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Intervensi</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" width="120">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rasional</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.9pt;" valign="top" width="117">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak
efektifnya bersihan jalan nafas berhubungan dengan gangguan suplai oksigen
(bronkospasme), penumpukan sekret, sekret kental.</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pencapaian bersihan jalan napas dengan kriteria hasil
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mempertahankan jalan napas paten dengan bunyi napas
bersih atau jelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menunjukan perilaku untuk memperbaiki bersihan jalan
nafas misalnya batuk efektif dan mengeluarkan sekret.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mandiri</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Auskultasi bunyi nafas, catat adanya bunyi nafas, ex:
mengi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kaji/pantau frekuensi pernafasan, catat rasio
inspirasi/ekspirasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Catat adanya derajat dispnea, ansietas, distress
pernafasan, penggunaan obat bantu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tempatkan posisi yang nyaman pada pasien, contoh:
meninggikan kepala tempat tidur, duduk pada sandara tempat tidur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pertahankan polusi lingkungan minimum, contoh: debu,
asap dll.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tingkatkan masukan cairan sampai dengan 3000 ml/ hari
sesuai toleransi jantung memberikan air hangat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kolaborasi</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.45pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Berikan obat sesuai indikasi bronkodilator.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Beberapa derajat spasme bronkus terjadi dengan
obstruksi jalan nafas dan dapat/tidak dimanifestasikan adanya nafas
advertisius.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tachipnea biasanya ada pada beberapa derajat dan dapat
ditemukan pada penerimaan atau selama stress/adanya proses infeksi akut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Disfungsi pernafasan adalah variable yang tergantung
pada tahap proses akut yang menimbulkan perawatan di rumah sakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Peninggian kepala tempat tidur memudahkan fungsi
pernafasan dengan menggunakan gravitasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pencetus tipe alergi pernafasan dapat mentriger episode
akut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hidrasi membantu menurunkan kekentalan sekret,
penggunaan cairan hangat dapat menurunkan kekentalan sekret, penggunaan
cairan hangat dapat menurunkan spasme bronkus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Merelaksasikan otot halus dan menurunkan spasme jalan
nafas, mengi, dan produksi mukosa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.9pt;" valign="top" width="117">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pola nafas tidak efektif berhubungan dengan suplai
oksigen berkurang (bronkospasme)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perbaikan pola nafas dengan kriteria hasil sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mempertahankan ventilasi adekuat dengan menunjukan
RR=16-20 x/menit dan irama napas teratur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak mengalami sianosis atau tanda hipoksia lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pasien dapat melakukan pernafasan dalam.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mandiri</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tinggikan kepala dan bantu mengubah posisi. Berikan
posisi semi fowler.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ajarkan pasien pernapasan dalam.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kolaborasi</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Berikan oksigen tambahan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Duduk tinggi memungkinkan ekspansi paru dan memudahkan
pernapasan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Membantu pasien memperpanjang waktu ekspirasi sehingga
pasien akan bernapas lebih efektif dan efisien.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memaksimalkan
bernapas dan menurunkan kerja napas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan Farmakologi dan Non
Farmakologi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanan Farmakologi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belum terlalu
lama, yakni baru sejak pertengahan tahun 1990-an mulai mengental keyakinan di
kalangan kedokteran bahwa asma yang tidak terkendali dalam jangka panjang bisa
menyebabkan kerusakan pada saluran pernapasan dan paru-paru. Cara menangani
asma yang reaktif, yakni hanya pada saat datangnya serangan sudah ketinggalan
zaman. Hasil penelitian medis menunjukkan bahwa para penderita asma yang
terutama menggantungkan diri pada obat-obatan pelega (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">reliever</i>/bronkodilator) secara umum memiliki kondisi yang buruk
dibandingkan penderita asma umumnya. Selanjutnya prosentase keharusan kunjungan
ke unit gawat daruat (UGD), keharusan mengalami rawat inap, dan risiko
kematiannya karena asma juga lebih tinggi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal ini
membuktikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahwa pasa asma ekstrinsik,
penyebab asma yang mereka derita adalah karena peradangan (inflamasi), dan
bukan karena bronkokonstriksi. Dengan demikian, dokter masa kini <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">menggunakan obat peradangan sebagai senjata
utama, sedang obat-obatan pelega sebagai pendukung</i>. Keyakinan ini sangat
disokong oleh penemuan obat-obatan pencegah peradangan saluran pernapasan, yang
aman untuk digunakan dalam jangka panjang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut AAAI
(Amerika Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology) penggolongan obat asma
(Hadibroto & Alam, 2006) adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obat anti peradangan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">preventer</i>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usaha
pengendalian asma dalam jangka panjang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Golongan
obat ini mencegah dan mengurangi peradangan, pembengkakan saluran napas, dan
produksi lendir</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
kerjanya adalah dengan mengurangi sensitivitas saluran pernapasan terhadap
pemicu asma yang berupa alergen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaannya
harus teratur dalam jangka panjang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daya
kerja lambat/gradual, biasanya mengambil waktu sekitar dua minggu baru terlihat
efektivitasnya ayang terukur.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh obat anti
peradangan adalah beclometasone [Becotide®], budesonide [Pulmicort®],
fluticasone [Flixotide®], mometasone [Asmanex®], dan montelukast [Singulair®]
secara bertahap mengurangi peradangan saluran napas dan (jika digunakan secara
teratur) akan mengontrol penyakit asma. Obat pencegah biasanya tersedia dalam
bentuk inhaler berwarna cokelat, putih, merah, atau oranye, meskipun beberapa
(misalnya montelukast) tersedia dalam tablet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obat pelega gejala berjangka
panjang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obat pelega
gejala berjangka panjang dalam nama generik yang ada di pasaran adalah
salmeterol hidroksi naftoat (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">salmeterol
xinafoate</i>) dan teofilin (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">theophylline</i>).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salmeterol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat ini adalah
bronkodilator yang bekerja perlahan dimana obat ini bekerja dengan mengendurkan
oto-otot yang mengelilingi saluran pernapasan. Obat ini paling efektif bila
dikombinasikan dengan suatu obat kortikosteroid hirup, dan tidak dapat
berfungsi sebagai pelega seketika dalam hal terjadi serangan asma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat ini umumnya
bekerja setelah setengah jam dan daya kerjanya bertahan hingga 12 jam. Obat ini
disajikan dalam bentuk obat hirup dosis terukut dan obat hirup bubuk kering.
Obat ini tidak dapat digunakan untuk anak-anak di bawah 12 tahun.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teofilin</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat ini
termasuk satu golongan dengan kafein (zat aktif yang terdapat dalam secangkir
kopi) dan termasuk bronkodilator yang lama daya kerjanya. Efek samping obat ini
sama seperti kafein sehingga tidak dianturkan untuk pasien hiperaktif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Albuterol
Sulfat atau Salbutamol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bronkolidarot
yang paling populer dan disajikan dalam bentuk obat hirup dosis terukur, obat
hirup bubuk kering, larutan untuk alat nebulizer, sirup, tablet biasa, tablet
lepas-tunda (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extended-reliase</i>).
Bentuk hirup bekerja lebih karena langsung menuju saluran pernapasan yang
bermasalah, ketimbang harus lewat lambung dulu. Efek samping obat ini dapat
menyebabkan stimulasi, jantung berdebar, dan pusing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merek yang
paling populer adalah Ventolin dan Proventil yang disajikan sebagai obat hirup
dosis terukur. Proventil HFA sebagai obat hirup bubuk kering. Ventolin
terdaftar di Indonesia dalam bentuk sediaan tablet, sirup, nebulizer, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">spray</i>. Merek lain adalah Ascolen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obat pelega gejala asma (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">reliever</i>/bronkodilator)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalnya
salbutamol [Ventolin®], terbutaline [Bricanyl®], formoterol [Foradil®, Oxis®],
dan salmeterol [Serevent®] secara cepat mengembalikan saluran napas yang
menyempit yang terjadi selama serangan asma ke kondisi semula. Obat
pereda/pelega biasanya tersedia dalam bentuk inhaler berwarna biru atau
abu-abu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obatan kortikosteroid oral</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kortikosteroid
oral adalah obat yang ampuh untuk mengatasi pembengkakan dan peradangan yang
mencetuskan serangan asma. Obat ini membutuhkan enam hingga delapan jam untuk
bekerja, sehingga makin cepat digunakan makin cepat pula daya kerja yang
dirasakan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Malam hari
termasuk waktu dimana serangan asma paling sering terjadi, karena fungsi
paru-paru berada pada titik yang paling rendah di tengan malam. Dari hasil
penelitian terbukti bahwa dosis kortikosteroid oral yang diberikan di siang
hari bisa membantu mereka yang mengalami serangan asma untuk tidur pada malam
harinya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di sisi lain,
efek samping penggunaan kortikosteroid oral juga cukup nyata, seperti perubahan
suasana hati (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mood changes</i>),
meningkatnya selera makan, perubahan berat badan, dan gejala demam yang
ditekan. Akan tetapi, efek samping dari penggunaan kortikosteroid ini tidak
perlu dikhawatirkan jika penggunaannya hanya dalam jangka pendek dan kadangkala
saja.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prednison (Prednisone)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prednison adalah
preparat kortikosteroid oral yang paling umum digunakan. Obat ini disajikan
dalam bentuk pil maupun sirup.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prednisolon (Prednisolone)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prednisolon
adalah kortikosteroid oral yang sangat mirip prednisone, dengan kelebihan
rasanya yang lebih bisa diterima anak-anak. Dengan merek Prelone disajikan
sebagai sirup 15 mg per 5 ml. Prediaped disajikan sebagai sirup 5 mg per 5 ml.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metilprednisolon (Methylprednisolone)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sangat mirip
dengan prednisolon, tetapi harganya lebih mahal. Biasanya digunakan di rumah
sakit dengan cara intravenuous.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deksametason (Dexamethasone)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan merek
Decadron, satu dosis tunggalnya berdaya kerja dua hingga tiga kali lebih lama
dibandingkan preparat kortikosteroid yang lain. Cocok untuk pasien anak-anak
yang sulit minum obat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat-alat hirup</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
hirup dosis terukur </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Metered
Dose Inhaler</i> (MDI) disebut juga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inhaler
</i>atau<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> puffer</i> adalah alat yang
paling banyak digunakan untuk menghantar obat-obatan ke saluran pernapasan atau
paru-paru pemakainnya. Alat ini menyandang sebutan dosis terukur (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">metered-dose</i>) karena memang menghantar
suatu jumlah obat yang konsisten/terukur dengan setiap semprotan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai hasil
teknologi mutakhir, alat hirup dosis terukur kini bisa digunakan oleh segala
tingkatan usia, mulai dari balita hingga lansia. Alat hirup dosis terukur
memuat obat-obatan dan cairan tekan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pressurized
liquid</i>), biasanya chlorofluorocerbous/CFC, yang mengembang menjadi gas
ketika melewati moncongnya. Cairan yang sebutan populernya adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">propelan</i> tersebut memecah obat-obatan
yang dikandung menjadi butiran-butiran atau kabut halus, dan mendorongnya
keluar dari moncong masuk ke saluran pernapasan atau paru-paru pemakainya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Peak Flow Meter</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Alat
ini memegang peranan yang sangat penting dalam usaha dan program pengendalian
asma, terutama untuk mendeteksi gejala akan datangnya serangan asma. Berpegang
pada prinsip bahwa untuk menatalaksana segala sesuatu dengan baik harus ada
tolok ukurnya, maka orangtua anak penderita asma, maupun anak-anak dan orang
dewasa penderita asma sendiri harus menguasai cara mengukur fungsi paru-paru
mereka. Tindakan selanjutnya kemudian adalah mengambil langkah yang sesuai
dengan hasil pengukuran tersebut.</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Peak Flow Meter</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> adalah alat sederhana yang bisa digunakan di rumah,
termasuk oleh anak-anak berumur lima tahun ke atas. Alat ini mengukur kekuatan
embusan napas pemakainya. Ada tiga hal yang mempengaruhi kekuatan embusan napas
seseorang, yaitu ukuran paru-parunya, besar usahanya dalam mengembus; dan
bukaan (lebar atau sempitnya) saluran pernapasannya. Untuk menggunakannya, si
pemakai menarik napas dan mengisi paru-parunya sepenuh mungkin, kemudian meniup
ke dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Peak Flow Meter</i> secepatnya
dengan sekuat-kuatnya. Seseorang yang saluran pernapasannya menyempit, tidak
akan bisa meniup sekuat bila saluran pernapasannya terbuka sempurna. Pertanda
pertama dari datangnya serangan asma bisanya terlihat dari menurunnya ukuran
catatan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Peak Flow Meter</i> seseorang.
Ini bahkan sebelum muncul gejala-gejala yang lain seperti batuk, lendir yang
berlebihan, atau sesak napas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Untuk
mengetahui kondisi bukaan saluran pernapasan seseorang, kita membandingkan
hasil pengukuran sesaat dengan patokan ukuran terbaik dari orang tersebut.
Untuk memperoleh patokan terbaik seseorang, lakukan pengukuran dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Peak Flow Meter</i> pada waktu orang
tersebut berada dalam kondisi asmanya terkendali dengan baik, dan catat
hasilnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kondisi
asma seseorang dianggap terkendali baik jika hasil pengukuran sesaat ada dalam
rentang 80-100% dari kondisi terbaiknya (masuk zona hijau); antara 60-80% dari
kondisi terbaik ia memasuki zona kuning, yang berarti harus waspada karena
terlihat tanda-tanda akan datangnya serangan asma. Pengukuran di bawah 60%
kondisi terbaik memasuki zona merah, berarti bahaya, dan orang yang
bersangkutan harus segera ke dokter untuk menghindari keharusan dirawat di UGD.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanan Non Farmakologi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan
secara non farmakologi dapat memanfaatkan tanaman-tanaman herbal dalam
penyembuhan berbagai penyakit pasien. Pengobatan yang menggunakan tanaman
herbal sebagai medianya biasa disebut sebagai pengobatan secara tradisional
atau pengobatan menggunakan ramuan herbal. Berikut ini beberapa ramuan herbal
yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam penanganan asma, yaitu:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resep
1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15 g kulit jeruk mandarin kering</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci
bersih semua bahan, iris-iris, rebus dengan 600 cc air hingga tersisa 200 cc,
lalu saring.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo51; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minum
selagi hangat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan
secara teratur 2 kali sehari (Wijayakusuma, 2008).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resep
2</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="Section2">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">g
adas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5 batang serai</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20 jari kayu
manis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20 g jahe merah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">30 g pegagan
segar (15 g keringi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gula aren secukupnya</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="Section3">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci bersih semua bahan, rebus dengan
600 cc air hingga tersisa 200 cc, lalu saring.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minum selagi hangat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan secara teratur 2 kali sehari
(Wijayakusuma, 2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resep
3</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="Section4">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -23.05pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3 g bunga melati kering (10 g segar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lembar
daun jinten</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="Section5">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci
bersih, rebus dengan 600 cc air hingga tersisa 200 cc, lalu saring.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minum
selagi hangat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan
secara teratur 2 kali sehari (Wijayakusuma, 2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resep
4</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="Section6">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">200 g lobak putih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3 siung bawang putih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo58; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">30<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kencur</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="Section7">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo57; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuci
bersih semua bahan, lalu jus atau blender dan saring.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo57; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Panaskan
airnya dengan api kecil hingga mendidih. Minum hangat-hangat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo57; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan
secara teratur 2 kali sehari (Wijayakusuma, 2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resep
5 (pemakaian luar)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jahe secukupnya,
iris dengan ketebalan 3-5 mm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempelkan
jahe dengan menggunakan koyo hangat pada titik dazhui, yaitu ruas tulang paling
menonjol yang terletak antara ruas tulang belakang leher ketujuh dan ruas
tulang belakang dada yang pertama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan
secara teratur 2 kali sehari (Wijayakusuma, 2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resep 6</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: -229.05pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo64; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6 buah biji cermai merah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: -229.05pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo64; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8 butir buah lengkeng</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: -229.05pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo64; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4 potong akar kara</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: -229.05pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo64; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8 butir bawang merah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditumbuk
semua bahan dan direbus dengan 2 gelas air hingga satu setengah gelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diminum
satu hari 2 kali minum (Widjadja, 2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain
mengunakan ramuan herbal kita juga bisa menggunakan terapi. Salah satu terapi
yang dapat dilakukan adalah terapi pijat (Hartanti, 2003).</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.1pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Health
Education (Pendidikan Kesehatan)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan bagi
pasien adalah suatu bagian yang penting dalam usaha meningkatkan cara
penanganan asma. Dasar pemikirannya, asma adalah suatu penyakit biasa yang bisa
dikendalikan. Namun, asma juga penyakit yang bersifat Variabel, dalam arti
gejala-gejalanya bisa membaik dan memburuk dari waktu ke waktu. Karena
variabilitas ini, sering penanganannya harus ditinjau ulang dan diubah. Untuk itu
dibutuhkan komunikasi yang efektif antara sang pasien dengan dokternya
(Hadibroto & Alam, 2006). Dalam hal ini sebaiknya sang pasien mempunyai
referensi atau pengetahuan tentang:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: .25in 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah asma itu, beserta faktor-faktor
pemicunya, terutama yang menyangkut dirinya sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seluk beluk pengobatan asma, dan
kemungkinan akibat sampingan dari masing-masing obat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara menggunakan alat-alat pengobatan
asma<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>secara benar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan pengobatan dan penatalaksanaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengenalan tanda-tanda dan gejala awal
datangnya serangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulisan rencana tindakan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Action Plan</i>).</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rencana tindakan adalah suatu rencana
mengatasi kondisi asma yang memburuk, dan rencana ini harus dimiliki oleh
setiap penderita asma. Rencana tindakan menyesuaikan dengan tingakat keparahan
gejala, sehingga si penderita punya pegangan dalam usaha mengendalikan asmanya
(Hadibroto & Alam, 2006). Lengkapnya rencana ini bisa:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberi
pengarahan kapan waktunya untuk mengubah, meningkatkan atau mengurangi, dan
menambah obat-obatan yang digunakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: -1.65pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberitahukan
apa yang harus dilakukan, juka kondisi sang pasien tidak membaik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan kesempaatan bagi penderita
asma untuk segera dan lebih awal memulai penanganan, menghadapi gejala asma
yang memburuk, untuk mencegah serangan yang lebih gawat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: -1.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberi
arahan akan kapan dan bagaimana usaha mengurangi penggunaan obat-obatan hingga
dosis seminimal mungkin, begitu asma sudah terkendali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengisian Buku Harian asma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -1.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 439.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buku
harian asma adalah sarana yang sangat penting untuk mencatat gejala-gejala
asma, obat-obatan yang digunakan, dan catatan prestasi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Peak Flow Meter</i>. Jika gejala-gejala semuanya tercatat, sang pasien
akan lebih sadar akan perubahan-perubahan yang mengindikasikan bahwa asmanya
mulai lepas kendali. Dengan demikian ia bisa menyesuaikan pengobatannya
berdasarkan Rencana Tindakan. Buku Harian asma digunakan bersama dengan Rencana
Tindakan, yang disiapkan di bawah pengawasan dan persetujuan dokter yang merawat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Asih, Niluh Gede Yasmin. (2003). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Keperawatan Medikal Bedah: Klien dengan
Gangguan Sistem Pernapasan</i>. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ayres, Jon. (2003). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asma</i>. Jakarta: PT Dian Rakyat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bull, Eleanor
& David Price. (2007).<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Simple Guide
Asma</i>. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hadibroto, Iwan
& Syamsir Alam. (2006). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asma</i>.
Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hartanti, Vien. (2003). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jadi Dokter di Rumah Sendiri dengan Terapi Herbal dan Pijat</i>.
Jakarta: Pustaka Anggrek</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Herdinsibuae, W dkk. (2005). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Penyakit Dalam</i>. Jakarta: PT Rineka
Cipta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mansjoer, Arif
dkk. (2008). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kapita Selekta Kedokteran
Edisi 3</i>. Jakarta: Media Aesculapius</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Muttaqin, Arif. (2008). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asuhan Keperawatan Klien dengan Gangguan
Sistem Pernapasan</i>. Jakarta: Penerbit Salemba Medika</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Syaifuddin. (2006). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anatomi Fisiologi untuk Mahasiswa Keperawatan Edisi 3</i>. Jakarta:
Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Widjadja, Rafelina. (2009). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penyakit Kronis: Tindakan, Pencegahan, & Pengobatan secara Medis
maupun Tradisional</i>. Jakarta: Bee Media Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Wijayakusuma, Hembing. (2008). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ramuan Lengkap Herbal Taklukkan Penyakit</i>.
Jakarta: Pustaka Bunda.</span></div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18228973511970840301noreply@blogger.com132tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8551244121244247931.post-57076577859867928062012-04-23T16:43:00.002+07:002012-04-23T16:43:59.816+07:00PENGANTAR PROSES MANAJEMEN KEPERAWATAN<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo23;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang</span></li>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manajemen
merupakan suatu pendekatan yang dinamis dan proaktif dalam menjalankan suatu
kegiatan di organisasi. Dimana dalam manajemen tersebut mencakup kegiatan
koordinasi dan supervisi terhadap staf, sarana dan prasarana dalam mencapai
tujuan organisasi (Grant & Massey, 1999 dalam Nursalam, 2002). Sedangkan
manajemen keperawatan adalah suatu proses bekerja melalui anggota staf
keperawatan untuk memberikan asuhan keperawatan yang professional. Di sini
manajer keperawatan dituntut untuk merencanakan, mengorganisir, memimpin dan
mengevaluasi sarana dan prasarana yang tersedia untuk dapat memberikan asuhan
keperawatan yang seefektif dan seefisien mungkin bagi individu, keluarga dan
masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
manajemen keperawatan sejalan dengan proses keperawatan sebagai satu metode
pelaksanaan asuhan keperawatan secara professional, sehingga diharapkan
keduanya dapat saling menopang. Sebagaimana proses keperawatan, dalam manajemen
keperawatan terdiri dari : pengumpulan data, identifikasi masalah, perencanaan,
pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi hasil. Karena manajemen keperawatan mempunyai
kekhususan terhadap mayoritas tenaga dari seorang pegawai, maka setiap tahapan
didalam proses manajemen lebih rumit jika dibandingkan dengan proses
keperawatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo23;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah</span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan latar belakang di atas, maka dalam
keperawatan untuk membentuk asuhan keperawatan yang sistematis diperlukan
sebuah proses manajemen yang meliputi pengkajian, diagnosa (perumusan masalah),
perencanaan, implementasi, dan evaluasi agar sistem tersebut lebih teratur dan
terstruktur sesuai dengan peraturan yang berlaku. Oleh karena itu, penulis
membuat makalah ini agar kedepannya mahasiswa mampu mengatur sistem pelayanan
keperawatan yang efektif dan efisien. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo23;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Pembelajaran</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa mampu mengetahui definisi
manajemen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa mampu mengetahui teori
manajemen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa mampu menyebutkan
fungsi-fungsi manajemen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa mampu menerapkan prinsip umum
dalam manajemen keperawatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan proses
manajemen keperawatan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ISI</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep dan Proses Manajemen
Keperawatan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi
Manajemen </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manajemen menurut
George R. Terry dalam bukunya yang berjudul “Principles of Management” adalah suatu
proses yang membedakan atas perencanaan, pengorganisasian, penggerakan,
pelaksanaan, dan pengawasan, dengan memanfaatkan baik ilmu maupun seni, agar
dapat menyelesaikan tujuan yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manajemen
merupakan suatu pendekatan yang dinamis dan proaktif dalam menjalankan suatu
kegiatan di organisasi. Dimana dalam manajemen tersebut mencakup kegiatan
koordinasi dan supervisi terhadap staf, sarana dan prasarana dalam mencapai
tujuan organisasi (Grant & Massey, 1999 dalam Nursalam, 2002).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori
Manajemen</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori
Manajemen Klasik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Robert
Owen (1771) meneliti tentang kuantitas dan kuatitas hasil pekerjaan dipengaruhi
oleh situasi ekstern dan intern dari pekerjaan atas hasil penelitiannya Robert
Owen dikenal sebagai Bapak manajemen personalia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Charles
Babbage (1792-1871)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beliau adalah seorang professor
matematika dari Inggris yang menaruh perhatian pada operasi-operasi pabrik yang
dapat dilakukan secara efisien. Dia percaya bahwa aplikasi prinsip-prinsip
ilmiah pada proses kerja akan menaikkan produktivitas dari tenaga kerja dan
menurunkan biaya, karena pekerjaan-pekerjaan dilakukan secara efektif dan
efisien. Dia menganjurkan agar para manager bertukar pengalaman dan dalam
penerapan prinsip-prinsip manajemen perhatiannya diarahkan dalam hal pembagian
kerja (devision of labour)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori
Manajemen Ilmiah </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Frederick
Winslow Taylor (1900)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Taylor dikenal sebagai Bapak
manajemen ilmiah. Ia menerapkan cara-cara ilmu pengetahuan di dalam memecahkan
permasalahan-permasalah yang ada dalam perusahaan. Dari hasil penelitian dan
analisanya ditetapkan beberapa prinsip yang menggantikan prinsip lama yaitu
sistem coba-coba (trial and error). Taylor mengemukakan 4 prinsip scientific
management, yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghilangkan sistem coba-coba dan
menerapkan metode ilmu pengetahuan di setiap unsur kegiatan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memilih pekerjaan terbaik untuk setiap
tugas tertentu, selanjutnya memberikan pelatihan dan pendidikan pada pekerja</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap pekerja harus menerapkan
hasil-hasil ilmu pengetahuan dalam menjalankan tugasnya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harus dijalin kerjasama yang baik antara
pimpinan dan pekerja</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Henry
Laurence Gantt (1861-1919)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Henry merupakan asisten dari Taylor yang
perhatiannya pada unsur manusia dalam menaikkan produktifitas kerjanya. Adapun
gagasan yang dicetuskan yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerjasama yang saling menguntungkan
antara manager dan tenaga kerja untuk</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mencapai tujuan yang sama </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengadakan seleksi ilmiah terhadap
tenaga kerja</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membayar upah pegawai dengan menggunakan
sistem bonus</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunan instruksi kerja yang
terperinci</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harrington
Emerson (1853-1951)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip pokoknya adalah tentang tujuan, diaman dari
hasil penelitiannya menunjukkan kebenaran prinsip bahwa uang akan lebih
berhasil bila mengetahui tujuan penggunaannya. Dikemukakan 12 prinsip efisiensi
untuk mengatasi pemborosan dan ketidakefisienan, yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Clearly defined ideals</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Common sense</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Competent causal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dicipline </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The fair deal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reliable</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Give an order, planning and scheduling</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Schedule, standard working and time</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Standard condition</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Standard operation</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Written standard practice instruction</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Efisiensi reward</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanry
Fayol (1841-1925)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ia mengemukakan hal yang sama
dengan Taylor bahwa ada prinsip-prinsip manajemen tertentu yang harus diajarkan
dan dipelajari oleh manager dan karyawan. Fayol membagi manajemen menjadi 5
unsur yaitu perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pemberian perintah, pengkoordinasian
dan pengawasan. Fungsi ini dikenal sebagai fungsionalisme. Henry Fayol
mengemukakan 14 prinsip manajemen, yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Devision of work</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Authority and responsibility </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dicipline</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Unity of command</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Unity of direction</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subordination of individual interest to
generate interest</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Renumeration</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Centralization</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Scaler Chain</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Order</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Equity</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stability of tonure of personel</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Initiative </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Esprit the corps</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aliran
hubungan manusiawi </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hugo
Munsterberg (1863-1916) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hugo menguraikan bahwa untuk mencapai tujuan
produktifitas harus melakukan tiga cara utama yaitu penemuan best possible
person, penciptaan best possible work dan pengguanan best possible effect</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Elton
Mayo (1880-1949)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mayo mengadakan penelitian pertama tentang pengaruh
kondisi penerangan terhadap produktivitas. Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan
bahwa bila kondisi oenerangan naik, maka produktivitas akan naik dan
sebaliknya. Penelitian kedua, diman bila kelompok yang terdiri dari 6 orang
dipisahkan dalam ruangan yang terpisah, diamana ruangan pertama kondisinya
diubah setiap waktu sedangkan ruangan lainnya tidak mengalami perubahan (upah,
jam istirahat, jam makan, hari kerja). Dari hasil penelitiannya ternyata kedua
kondisi tersebut mengalami kenaikan produktivitas dan dapat disimpulkan bahwa
kanaikan priduktivitas bukan diakibatka oleh intensif keuangan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aliran
hubungan modern (ilmu pengetahuan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 20.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditandai
dengan pandangan dan pendapat baru mengenai perilaku dan sistem, yaitu : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dougles
McGregor</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Frederick
Herzberg</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chris
Argiris<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Edgar
Schein</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abraham
Maslow</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Robert
Blak dan jane Mouton</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fred
Feidler</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi-Fungsi
Manajemen</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perencanaan
<i>(Planning)</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengorganisasian
(Organizing)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggerak
<i>(Actuating)</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengendalian/Pengawasan
<i>(Controlling)</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penilaian
<i>(Evaluation) </i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip-Prinsip
Umum Manajemen Keperawatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berlandaskan
perencanaan </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan
waktu yang efektif </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melibatkan
pengambilan keputusan </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memenuhi
kebutuhan askep pasien sebagai tujuan dari proses keperawatan </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manajemen
keperawatan harus terorganisir </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengarahan
yang meliputi pendelagasian, supervisi, koordinasi, dan pengendalian
pelaksanaan rencana yang telah terorganisir </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memottivasi
karyawan untuk memperlihatkan kinerja yang baik </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manajemen
keperawatan menggunakan komunikasi yang efektif </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengembangan
staf untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan karyawan </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengendalian
meliputi penilaian, pemberian instruksi, dan menetapkan prinsip melalui
penetapan standar, membandingkan penampilan dengan standar dan memperbaiki
kekurangan </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
Manajemen Keperawatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian
- Pengumpulan data </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
tahap ini seorang manajer dituntut tidak hanya mengumpulkan informasi tentang
keadaan pasien, melainkan juga mengenal intitusi (Rumah Sakit/ Puskesmas), tenaga
keperawatan, administrasi, dan bagian keuangan yang akan mempengaruhi fungsi
organisasi keperawatan secara keseluruhan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manajer
perawat yang efektif harus mampu memanfaatkan proses manajemen dalam mencapai
sutu tujuan melalui usaha orang lain. Bila ia memimpin anggota staf, maka
manajer harus bertindak secara terencana dan efektif serta mampu menjalankan
perkerjaan bersama dengan para perawat dari beberapa level hirarki serta
didasarkan pada informasi penuh dan akurat tentang apa yang perlu dan harus
diselesaikan, dengan cara dan alasan apa, tujuan dan sumberdaya apa yang
tersedia untuk melaksanakan rencana itu. Selanjutnya, manajer yang efektif
harus mampu mempertahankan suatu level yang tinggi bagi efisiensi pada salah
satu bagian dengan cara menggunakan ukuran pengawasan untuk mengidentifikasi
masalah dengan segera, dan setelah mereka terbentuk kemudian dievaluasi apakah
rencana tersebut perlu diubah atau prestasi karyawan yang perlu dikoreksi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
adalah suatu rangkaian tindakan yang mengarah pada suatu tujuan. Didalam proses
keperawatan, bagian akhirmungkin sebuah pembebasan dari gejala, eliminasi
resiko, pencegajhan komplikasi, argumentasi pengetahuan atau keterampilan
kesehatan dan kemudahan dari kebebasan maksimal. Didalam proses manajemen
keperawatan, bagian akhir adalah perawatan yang efektif dan ekonomis bagi semua
anggota kelompok pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data-data
yang perlu dikumpulkan oleh perawat pada tingkat pelayanan di ruangan atau
bagian sebagaimana pendekatan sistem yang disampaikan oleh Gillies (1989 dalam
Nursalam 2008).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perencanaan
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perencanaan
dimaksud untuk menyusun suatu perencanaan yang strategis dalam smencapai suatu
tujuan organisasi yang telah ditetapkan. Perencanaan disini dimaksudkan untuk
menentukan kebutuhan dalam asuhan keperawatan kepada semua pasien, menegakkan
tujuan, mengalokasikan anggaran belanja, memutuskan ukuran dan tipe tenaga
keperawatan yang dibutuhkan, membuat pola struktur organisasi yang dapat
mengoptimalkan efektifitas staf serta menegakkan kebijaksanaan dan prosedur
operasional untuk mencapai visi dan misi intitusi yang telah ditetapkan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelaksanaan
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena
manajemen keperawatan memerlukan kerja melalui orang lain, maka tahap
implementasi didalam proses manajemen terdiri dari dan bagaimana memimpin orang
lain untuk menjalankan tindakan yang telah di rencanakan. Fungsi kepemimpinan
dapat di bagi lagi dalam komponen fungsi yang terdiri atas kepemimpinan,
komunikasi dan motivasi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap
akhir dari proses manajerial adalah mengevaluasi seluruh kegiatan yang telah
dilaksanakan. Tujuan evaluasi di sini adalah untuk menilai seberapa jauh staf
mampu melaksanakan perannya sesuai dengan tujuan organisasi yang telah di tetapkan
serta mengidentifikasi faktor- faktor yang menghambat dan mendukung dalan
pelaksanaan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lampiran Sistem Manajemen
Keperawatan Pada Tingkat Ruangan.</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengumpulan data pasien</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 26.7pt; width: 586px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Masukan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.7pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proses</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keluaran</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Data dari:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Laporan
tahunan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Laporan
statistik bulanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Laporan
staf dokter</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Laporan
audit keprawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Studi
kasus pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Grafik
pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wawancara
pasien</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.7pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pemprosesan data
pasien dengan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bacaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Diskusi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Komputer</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perbandingan
statistik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dengan
statistik nasional dan regional.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hasil dari
pemprosesan data pasien:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sensus pasien
harian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagian
dari sensus total pasien terdiri atas pasien ditiap klinik atau kelompok
diagnistik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rerata
lamanya masa inap</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Timbulnya
bermacam komplikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Presentase
permohonan perawatan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengumpulan data pegawai / staf</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 26.7pt; width: 586px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="206">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Masukan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.4pt;" valign="top" width="191">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proses</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keluaran</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="206">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Data dari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Arip
personalia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wawancara
karyawan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Evaluasi
prestasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Catatan
konseling</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Catatan
kedisiplinan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Riwayat
personali</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Persentase
kehadiran dan pergantian </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Catatan
pendidikan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wawancara
keluar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jabatan
yang sama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Laporan
kelayakan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.4pt;" valign="top" width="191">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pemprosesan data
karyawan dengan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bacaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wawancara</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Diskusi
dengan pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Observasi
kerja karyawan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Konsultasi
dengan teman sekerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perbandingan
statitik regional atau nasional</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hasil dari
pemprosesan data :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengetahuan
tentang angka senioritas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Latar
belakang pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Latar
belakang pengalaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bakat
keahlian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Catatan
kehadiran </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Angka
pergantian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tingkat
keterampilan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aspirasi
keahlian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kemampuan
sosial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kepekaan
terhadap :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo11; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nilai
nialai</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo11; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rasa
takut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo11; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penilakan
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo11; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kekuatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo11; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelemahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo11; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kecurigaan
mengenai </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo11; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Faktor-faktor
motivasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 37.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengaruh
dinamika kelompok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo11; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Metoda
pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 37.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Resiko
dan hambatan kerja</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengumpulan data tentang
kepemimpinan</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 26.7pt; width: 586px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.05pt;" valign="top" width="200">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Masukan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proses</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keluaran</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.05pt;" valign="top" width="200">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keterampilan
komunikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Daya
tarik pribadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kekuatan
posisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keahlian
keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keterampilan
memecahkan masalah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penugasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penyampaian
informasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengarahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengawasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Motivasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pembinaan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perawatan
pasien yang efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perwujudan
diri pegawai</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Konstribusi
yang signifikan terhadap pengetahuan dan teknik keperawatan melalui
kemanjuran praktik dan penelitian</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengumpulan data jaminan kualitas
pelayanan keperawatan</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 26.7pt; width: 586px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.05pt;" valign="top" width="200">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Masukan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proses</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keluaran</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.05pt;" valign="top" width="200">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Standar
waktu inap untuk bermacam diagnosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kriteria
audit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Standar
latihan keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kebijakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Administrative</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Prosedur
keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Formulir
survey jaminan kesehatan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Obsevasi
terhadap perawat memberikan perawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perbandingan
catan grafik dengan standar perawatan yang telah ditetapkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Survey
analitis terhadap daerah pelayanan pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tinjauan
statistik kelahiran dan kematian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Review
kelompok rekan sebaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Analisis
angka kelangsungan hidup, angka penderita komplikasi, statistik lamanya rawat
inap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Analisis
terhadap wawancara pasien atau tangapan tanggapan dari kusisioner</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Informasi digunakan
untuk:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perbaikan terhadap:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kebijakan
administratif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Standar
keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Prosedur
keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Diskripsi
tugas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Upaya
perbaikan instruksi terhadap anggota staf keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Prestasi
konseling dari anggota staf keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 18.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pendisiplinan
karyawan yang tidak disiplin.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses Manajemen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
garis besar, konsep terbagi lagi menjadi beberapa pengertian :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
kualitas </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
konsep ini, organisasi mementingkan kualitas yang mampu memasuki pasar, dan
dengan demikian harus mementingkan kepuasan pelanggan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
manajemen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
konsep manajemen bukan hanya manager, melainkan semua personel, bertugas
melakssnakan manajemen menggunakan fakta, dan manajemen dengan siklus PDCA (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">plan do check act</i>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
proses </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
konsep proses, siapa pun yang akan melakukan tindak lanjut rangkaian kegiatan,
harus dianggap pelanggan yang harus dipuaskan. Pengendalian proses juga lebih
diutamakan agar kesalahan kualitas dapat dihindari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
standarisasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
konsep standarisasi, semua pelaksanaan pekerjaan berpangkal pada standar,
seperti standar prosedur, standar kualitas, dan standart kompetensi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">human respect</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
konsep <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">human respect</i>, manusia
seutuhnya perlu dihormati untuk menumbuhkan motivasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">quality assurance</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
konsep <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">quality assurance</i>,
keikutsertaan pegawai tercermin dari kegiatan dalam gugus kendali mutu (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">quality circle)</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
manajemen jepang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
garis besar konsep manajemen Jepang dapat digunakan untuk memilih karakteristik
calon karyawan, melatih karyawan baru, mengenalkan organisasi, merotasi
karyawan diberbagai unit, mengambil keputusan secara kolektif (kelompok kerja),
dan motivasi karyawan untuk mencapai suatu tujuan yang telah ditentukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Administrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manajemen akan selalu berhubungan dengan administrasi.
Administrasi dalam arti sempit adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">clerical
works </i>atau ketatausahaan, surat-menyurat, pembukuan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>arsip, dll. Administrasi dalam arti luas
adalah kegiatan sekelompok orang yang bekerja sama untuk mencapai satu tujuan
yang telah ditentukkan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan administrasi dan manajemen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada beberapa bagian (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">break through)</i> yang menjadi dasar dalam hubungan administarsi dan
manajemen. Tiap bagian tersebut mempunyai posisi masing-masing, tetapi pada
intinya terdapat dalam satu ruang lingkup.</span></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manajemen
merupakan suatu pendekatan yang dinamis dan proaktif dalam menjalankan suatu
kegiatan di organisasi. Dimana dalam manajemen tersebut mencakup kegiatan
koordinasi dan supervisi terhadap staf, sarana dan prasarana dalam mencapai
tujuan organisasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manajer
perawat yang efektif harus mampu memanfaatkan proses manajemen dalam mencapai
sutu tujuan melalui usaha orang lain. Bila ia memimpin anggota staf, maka
manajer harus bertindak secara terencana dan efektif serta mampu menjalankan
perkerjaan bersama dengan para perawat dari beberapa level hirarki serta
didasarkan pada informasi penuh dan akurat tentang apa yang perlu dan harus
diselesaikan, dengan cara dan alasan apa, tujuan dan sumberdaya apa yang
tersedia untuk melaksanakan rencana itu.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dengan
mempelajari manajemen dalam keperawatan, pembaca dapat menggunakan dan
mengaplikasikan teori yang sudah didapatkan dalam menjalankan sebuah proses
disutau organisasi, kelompok, maupun dalam diri sendiri. Pembaca bisa menjadi
pemimpin dalam semua ruang lingkup kehidupan terutaman dalam bidang
keperawatan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></b>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nursalam. 2002. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Manajemen keperawaatan aplikasi dalam
praktik keperawatan professional.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jakarta
: Salemba Medika</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nursalam.
2008. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Manajemen keperawaatan aplikasi
dalam praktik keperawatan </i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">professionaledisi 2.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Jakarta : Salemba Medika</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Swanburg,
R. C. (2000). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Kepemimpinan
& Manajemen Keperawatan untuk <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PerawatKlinis. </i>Jakarta : EGC.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18228973511970840301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8551244121244247931.post-70552423414199468332012-04-20T18:22:00.002+07:002012-04-20T18:22:51.646+07:00Laporan Pendahuluan Vertigo<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div class="Section1">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vertigo
merupakan kasus yang sering ditemui. Secara tidak langsung kitapun pernah
mengami vertigo ini. Kata vertigo berasal dari bahasa Yunani “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vertere”</i> yang artinya memutar. Vertigo
termasuk kedalam gangguan keseimbangan yang dinyatakan sebagai pusing, pening,
sempoyangan, rasa seperti melayang atau dunia seperti berjungkir balik. Kasus
vertigo di Amerika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah 64 orang tiap
100.000, dengan presentasi wanita lebih banyak daripada pria. Vertigo juga
lebih sering terdapat pada Usia yang lebih tua yaitu diatas 50 tahun. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vertigo
merupakan salah satu kelainan yang dirasakan akibat manifestasi dari kejadian
atau trauma lain. Misalnya adanya cidera kepala ringan. Salah satu akibat dari
kejadian atau trauma tersebut ialah seseorang akan mengalami vertigo. Kasus ini
sebaiknya harus segera ditangani, karena jika dibiarkan begitu saja akan
menggangu system lain yang ada di tubuh dan juga sangat merugikan klien karena
rasa sakit atau pusing yang begitu hebat. Terkadang klien dengan vertigo ini
sulit untuk membuka mata karena rasa pusing seperti terputar-putar. Ini
disebabkan karena terjadi ketidakseimbangan atau gangguan orientasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh
karena itu, pembelajaran mengenai vertigo beserta asuhan keperawatannya dirasa
sangat penting dan perlu. Dengan memiliki pengetahuan yang baik beserta
pemberian asuhan keperawatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang benar,
maka diharapkan agar kasus vertigo ini dapat berkurang dan masyarakat bisa
mengetahui akan kasus vertigo ini dan bisa mengantisipati akan hal tersebut.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan dari penyusunan laporan pendahuluan tentang
vertigo ini adalah agar mahasiswa mampu secara kognitif, afektif serta motorik
dalam menyusun asuhan keperawatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada
klien vertigo. Dengan demikian, mahasiswa bisa menerapkan asuhan keperawaan
yang sudah dibuat secara komprehensif sehingga dapat membantu proses
penyembuhan klien secara tepat dan cepat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinjauan
Pustaka</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vertigo
adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sensasi gerakan atau rasa gerak
dari tubuh atau lingkungan sekitarnya, dapat disertai gejala lain, terutama
dari jaringan otonomik akibat gangguan alat keseimbangan tubuh. Vertigo mungkin
bukan hanya terdiri dari satu gejala pusing saja, melainkan kumpulan gejala
atau sindrom yang terdiri dari gejala somatik (nistagmus), otonomik (pucat,
peluh dingin, mual, muntah) dan pusing (<a href="http://www.kalbefarma.com/"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.kalbefarma.com</span></a>). Burton 1990
berpendapat bahwa Vertigo adalah perasaan seolah-olah penderita bergerak atau
berputar, atau seolah-olah benda di sekitar penderita bergerak atau berputar,
yang biasanya disertai dengan mual dan kehilangan keseimbangan. Sedangkan
menurut yayasan stoke Indonesia, vertigo merupakan satu bentuk gangguan
keseimbangan atau gangguan orientasi di ruangan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
pengertian di atas dapat disimpulkan vertigo adalah suatu bentuk gangguan
keseimbangan yang disertai perasaan seolah-olah penderita bergerak atau
berputar-putar atau seolah-olah benda di sekitar penderita bergerak atau berputar,
yang biasanya disertai dengan mual</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
(Bruton 1990) vertigo dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa hal, diantaranya: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lesi vestibular, seperti:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fisiologik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Labirinitis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat ; misalnya quinine, salisilat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Otitis media</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Motion sickness</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lesi saraf vestibularis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neuroma akustik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat ; misalnya streptomycin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neuronitis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vestibular</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lesi batang otak, serebelum atau lobus
temporal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infark atau perdarahan pons</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Insufisiensi vertebro-basilar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Migraine arteri basilaris</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sklerosi diseminata</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tumor</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siringobulbia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Epilepsy lobus temporal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan
menurut (http://www.kalbefarma.com) vertigo dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa hal,
diantaranya: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit Sistem Vestibuler Perifer,
seperti:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Telinga bagian luar : serumen, benda
asing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Telinga bagian tengah: retraksi membran
timpani, otitis media purulenta akuta, otitis media dengan efusi, labirintitis,
kolesteatoma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Telinga bagian dalam: labirintitis akuta
toksika, trauma, serangan vaskular, alergi, hidrops labirin (morbus Meniere ), <span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">vertigo</span><span style="background: white;"> </span>postural.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nervus VIII. : infeksi, trauma, tumor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inti Vestibularis: infeksi, trauma,
perdarahan, trombosis arteria serebeli posterior inferior, tumor, sklerosis
multipleks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit SSP, seperti :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipoksia Iskemia otak : Hipertensi
kronis, arterios-klerosis, anemia, hipertensi kardiovaskular, fibrilasi atrium
paroksismal, stenosis dan insufisiensi aorta, sindrom sinus karotis, sinkop,
hipotensi ortostatik, blok jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi : meningitis, ensefalitis, abses</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trauma kepala/ labirin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Migren</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vertigo
bisa disebabkan oleh kelainan di dalam telinga, di dalam saraf yang
menghubungkan telingan dengan otak dan di dalam otaknya sendiri. juga bisa
berhubungan dengan kelainan penglihatan atau perubahan tekanan darah yang
terjadi secara tiba-tiba</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Patofisiologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vertigo
terjadi akibat dari perubahan posisi kepala yang cepat dan tibat-tiba, biasanya
akan dirasakan pusing yang sangat berat, yang berlangsung bervariasi di semua
orang, bisa lama atau hanya beberapa menit sasja. Penderita kadang merasakan
lebih baik jika berbaring diam saja. Vertigo dapat berlangsung selama
berhari-hari dan disertai dengan mual muntah. Hasilnya pendertia akan merasa
amat sangat panic dan segera melarikan diri untuk berobat, tak jarang pasien
seperti ini ditemukan di unit gawat darurat. Vertigo disebabkan oleh
pengendapan kalsium di dalam salah satu alat penyeimbangan di dalam telinga,
tetapi sebagian besar penyebabnya belum dikethui hingga sekarang. Beberapa dugaan
yang dikemukakan oleh para ahli adalah, trauma pada alat keseimbangan, infeksi,
sisa pembedangan telinga, degenerative karena usai dan kelainan pembuluh darah.
Vertigo berbeda dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dizziness</i>,
suatu pengalaman yang mungkin pernah kita rasakan, yaitu kepala terasa ringan
saat akan berdiri. Sedangkan vertigo bisa lebih berat dari itu, misalnya dapat
membuat kita sulit untuk melangkah karena rasa berputar yang mempengaruhi
keseimbangan tubuh. Adanya penyakit vertigo menandakan adanya gangguan system deteksi
seseorang. </span></div>
<br /><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pohon Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi Klinis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi
klinis pada klien dengan vertigo yaitu Perasaan berputar yang kadang-kadang
disertai gejala sehubungan dengan reak dan lembab yaitu mual, muntah, rasa
kepala berat, nafsu makan turun, lelah, lidah pucat dengan selaput putih lengket,
nadi lemah, puyeng (dizziness), nyeri kepala, penglihatan kabur, tinitus, mulut
pahit, mata merah, mudah tersinggung, gelisah, lidah merah dengan selaput
tipis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien
Vertigo akan mengeluh jika posisi kepala berubah pada suatu keadaan tertentu.
Pasien akan merasa berputar atau merasa sekelilingnya berputar jika akan ke
tempat tidur, berguling dari satu sisi ke sisi lainnya, bangkit dari tempat
tidur di pagi hari, mencapai sesuatu yang tinggi atau jika kepala digerakkan ke
belakang. Biasanya vertigo hanya berlangsung 5-10 detik. Kadang-kadang disertai
rasa mual dan seringkali pasien merasa cemas.Penderita biasanya dapat mengenali
keadaan ini dan berusaha menghindarinya dengan tidak melakukan gerakan yang dapat
menimbulkan vertigo. Vertigo tidak akan terjadi jika kepala tegak lurus atau
berputar secara aksial tanpa ekstensi, pada hampir sebagian besar pasien,
vertigo akan berkurang dan akhirnya berhenti secara spontan dalam beberapa hari
atau beberapa bulan, tetapi kadang-kadang dapat juga sampai beberapa tahun. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
anamnesis, pasien mengeluhkan kepala terasa pusing berputar pada perubahan
posisi kepala dengan posisi tertentu. Secara klinis vertigo terjadi pada
perubahan posisi kepala dan akan berkurang serta akhirnya berhenti secara
spontan setelah beberapa waktu. Pada pemeriksaan THT secara umum tidak
didapatkan kelainan berarti, dan pada uji kalori tidak ada paresis kanal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji
posisi dapat membantu mendiagnosa vertigo, yang paling baik adalah dengan melakukan
manuver Hallpike : penderita duduk tegak, kepalanya dipegang pada kedua sisi
oleh pemeriksa, lalu kepala dijatuhkan mendadak sambil menengok ke satu sisi.
Pada tes ini akan didapatkan nistagmus posisi dengan gejala :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mata berputar dan bergerak ke arah
telinga yang terganggu dan mereda setelah 5-20 detik.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disertai</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">vertigo</span>
berat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mula gejala didahului periode laten
selama beberapa detik (3-10 detik).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada uji ulangan akan berkurang, terapi
juga berguna sebagai cara diagnosis yang tepat.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Diagnostik</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan diagnostik yang penting untuk dilakukan
pada klien dengan kasus vertigo antara lain:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan fisik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan mata</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan alat keseimbangan tubuh</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan neurologik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan otologik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan fisik umum</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan khusus</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ENG</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Audiometri dan BAEP</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Psikiatrik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan tambahan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Radiologik dan Imaging</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">EEG, EMG </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan medis</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa terapi yang dapat diberikan adalah terapi
dengan obat-obatan, terapi fisik / latihan dan olah raga. Dan jika keduat
terapi di atas tidak dapat mengatasi kelainan yang diderita dianjurkan untuk
terapi bedah. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terapi menurut (Cermin Dunia Kedokteran No. 144,
2004: 48) :<br />
Terdiri dari :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terapi
kausal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terapi
simtomatik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terapi rehabilitatif</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses Keperawatan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian data keperawatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktivitas / Istirahat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Letih,
lemah, malaise, keterbatasan gerak, ketegangan mata, kesulitan membaca, insomnia,
bangun pada pagi hari dengan disertai nyeri kepala, sakit kepala yang hebat
saat perubahan postur tubuh, aktivitas (kerja) atau karena perubahan cuaca. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sirkulasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat
hypertensi, denyutan vaskuler, misal daerah temporal, pucat, wajah tampak
kemerahan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Integritas Ego</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-faktor
stress emosional/lingkungan tertentu, perubahan ketidakmampuan, keputusasaan,
ketidakberdayaan depresi, kekhawatiran, ansietas, peka rangsangan selama sakit
kepala, mekanisme refresif/dekensif (sakit kepala kronik)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makanan dan cairan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makanan
yang tinggi vasorektiknya misalnya kafein, coklat, bawang, keju, alkohol,
anggur, daging, tomat, makan berlemak, jeruk, saus, hotdog, MSG (pada migrain),
mual/muntah, anoreksia (selama nyeri), penurunan berat badan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neurosensoris</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pening,
disorientasi (selama sakit kepala), riwayat kejang, cedera kepala yang baru
terjadi, trauma, stroke, aura ; fasialis, olfaktorius, tinitus, perubahan
visual, sensitif terhadap cahaya/suara yang keras, epitaksis, parastesia,
kelemahan progresif/paralysis satu sisi tempore, perubahan pada pola
bicara/pola pikir, mudah terangsang, peka terhadap stimulus, penurunan refleks
tendon dalam, papiledema. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri/ kenyamanan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik
nyeri tergantung pada jenis sakit kepala, misal migrain, ketegangan otot,
cluster, tumor otak, pascatrauma, sinusitis, nyeri, kemerahan, pucat pada
daerah wajah, fokus menyempit, fokus pada diri sendiri, respon emosional /
perilaku tak terarah seperti menangis, gelisah, otot-otot daerah leher juga
menegang, frigiditas vokal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keamanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat
alergi atau reaksi alergi, demam (sakit kepala), gangguan cara berjalan,
parastesia, paralisis, drainase nasal purulent (sakit kepala pada gangguan
sinus).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Interaksi sosial</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
dalam tanggung jawab/peran interaksi sosial yang berhubungan dengan penyakit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyuluhan / pembelajaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat
hypertensi, migrain, stroke, penyakit pada keluarga, penggunaan alkohol/obat
lain termasuk kafein, kontrasepsi oral/hormone, menopause. </span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="Section2">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis Data </span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DATA</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.3pt;" valign="top" width="200">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PROBLEM</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.3pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ETIOLOGI</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.35pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DIAGNOSA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
</ol>
</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subjektif
(S)</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien mengatakan
bahwa nyeri kalau akan dilakukan ganti posisi, </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien mengatakan
sudah terjadi perubahan pola tidur karena nyeri yang dirasakan</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Objektif
(O)</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo20;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pucat pada
daerah wajah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo20;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien tampak
gelisah</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.3pt;" valign="top" width="200">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan rasa nyaman nyeri</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.3pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stress
dan ketegangan, iritasi/ tekanan syaraf, vasospressor, peningkatan
intrakranial. </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.35pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
rasa nyaman nyeri berhubungan dengan stress dan ketegangan, iritasi/ tekanan
syaraf, vasospressor, peningkatan intrakranial ditandai dengan menyatakan
nyeri yang dipengaruhi oleh faktor misal, perubahan posisi, perubahan pola
tidur, gelisah. </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subjektif
(S)</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
ketidakmampuan, keputusasaan, ketidakberdayaan depresi</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Objektif
(O)</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo22;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Otot-otot daerah
leher juga menegang</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo22;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan
refleks tendon dalam</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.3pt;" valign="top" width="200">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Koping
individual tak efektif</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.3pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ketidak-adekuatan
relaksasi, metode koping tidak adekuat, kelebihan beban kerja</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.35pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Koping
individual tak efektif berhubungan dengan ketidak-adekuatan relaksasi, metode
koping tidak adekuat, kelebihan beban kerja</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.1pt;" valign="top" width="67"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
</ol>
</span></b></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.75pt;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subjektif
(S)</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo23;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">klien tidak tahu
akan penyakit yang diderita</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Objektif (O)</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo24;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ketidak-adekuatannya
mengikuti instruksi.</span></li>
</ol>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.3pt;" valign="top" width="200">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurang
pengetahuan (kebutuhan belajar) mengenai kondisi dan kebutuhan pengobatan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.3pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">keterbatasan
kognitif, tidak mengenal informasi dan kurang mengingat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.35pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurang
pengetahuan (kebutuhan belajar) mengenai kondisi dan kebutuhan pengobatan
berhubungan dengan keterbatasan kognitif, tidak mengenal informasi dan kurang
mengingat</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="Section3">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Intervensi Kperawatan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.75pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NO</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.5pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DIAGNOSA
KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAN
TUJUAN</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 190.65pt;" valign="top" width="254">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INTERVENSI</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.9pt;" valign="top" width="201">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RASIONAL</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.75pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.5pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan rasa nyaman nyeri berhubungan
dengan stress dan ketegangan, iritasi/ tekanan syaraf, vasospressor, peningkatan
intrakranial ditandai dengan menyatakan nyeri yang dipengaruhi oleh faktor
misal, perubahan posisi, perubahan pola tidur, gelisah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan: setelah melalui perawatan
selama 1 x 24 jam gangguan rasa nyaman nyeri dapat teratasi. </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 190.65pt;" valign="top" width="254">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.Pantau tanda-tanda vital,
intensitas/skala nyeri </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan klien
istirahat ditempat tidur. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atur posisi pasien
senyaman mungkin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ajarkan teknik
relaksasi dan napas dalam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kolaborasi untuk
pemberian analgetik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.9pt;" valign="top" width="201">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengenal dan memudahkan dalam
melakukan tindakan keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">istirahat untuk
mengurangi intesitas nyeri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">posisi yang tepat
mengurangi penekanan dan mencegah ketegangan otot serta mengurangi nyeri. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">relaksasi mengurangi
ketegangan dan membuat perasaan lebih nyaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">analgetik berguna
untuk mengurangi nyeri sehingga pasien menjadi lebih nyaman.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.75pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.5pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Koping individual tak
efektif berhubungan dengan ketidak-adekuatan relaksasi, metode koping tidak
adekuat, kelebihan beban kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan: setelah
melalui perawatan selama 1 x 24 jam koping individu menjadi lebih adekuat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 190.65pt;" valign="top" width="254">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
kapasitas fisiologis yang bersifat umum </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sarankan
klien untuk mengekspresikan perasaannya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.9pt;" valign="top" width="201">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengenal
sejauh dan mengidentifikasi penyimpangan fungsi fisiologis tubuh dan
memudahkan dalam melakukan tindakan keperawatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">klien akan merasakan
kelegaan setelah mengungkapkan segala perasaannya dan menjadi lebih tenang</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.75pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.5pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 190.65pt;" valign="top" width="254">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
informasi mengenai penyebab sakit kepala, penenangan dan hasil yang
diharapkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dekati
pasien dengan ramah dan penuh perhatian, ambil keuntungan dari kegiatan yang
dapat diajarkan.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.9pt;" valign="top" width="201">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">agar
klien mengetahui kondisi dan pengobatan yang diterimanya, dan memberikan
klien harapan dan semangat untuk pulih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. membuat klien merasa lebih berarti dan
dihargai.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.75pt;" valign="top" width="77">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.5pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurang pengetahuan
(kebutuhan belajar) mengenai kondisi dan kebutuhan pengobatan berhubungan
dengan keterbatasan kognitif, tidak mengenal informasi dan kurang mengingat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan: setelah
melalui perawatan selama 1 x 24 jam pasien mengutarakan pemahaman tentang
kondisi, efek prosedur dan proses pengobatan.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 190.65pt;" valign="top" width="254">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tingkat pengetahuan klien dan keluarga tentang penyakitnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Berikan penjelasan pada klien tentang
penyakitnya dan kondisinya sekarang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Diskusikan mengenai
pentingnya posisi atau letak tubuh yang normal </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Anjurkan pasien untuk
selalu memperhatikan sakit kepala yang dialaminya dan faktor-faktor yang
berhubungan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.9pt;" valign="top" width="201">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">megetahui
seberapa jauh pengalaman dan pengetahuan klien dan keluarga tentang
penyakitnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 225.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dengan
mengetahui penyakit dan kondisinya sekarang, klien dan keluarganya akan
merasa tenang dan mengurangi rasa cemas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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faktor yang berhubungan klien dapat mengurangi sakit kepala sendiri dengan
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">REFERENSI</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mansjoer <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al</i>. 2000. Kapita Selekta Kedokteran. Edisi III. Jakarta: Media
Aesculapius Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sudoyo Aru.W <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al. </i>2006. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. Jakarta : Media
Aesculapius Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Doengoes
Marilynn. E <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al.</i> 1999. Rencana
Asuhan Keperawatan, edisi 3. Jakarta : EGC</span></div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18228973511970840301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8551244121244247931.post-68200833235720769662012-04-19T11:57:00.002+07:002012-04-19T11:57:57.953+07:00Asuhan Keperawatan Osteoporosis ( Askep Osteoporosis )<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="Section1">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dengan meningkatnya usia harapan hidup, maka berbagai
penyakit degeneratif dan metabolik, termasuk osteoporosis akan menjadi problem
muskolokeletal yang memerlukan perhatian khusus, terutama dinegara berkembang,
termasuk indonesia. Pada tahun 1990, ternyata jumlah penduduk yang berusia 55
tahun atau lebih mencapai 9,2%, meningkat 50% dibandingkan survey tahun 1971.
Dengan demikian, kasus osteoporosis dengan berbagai akibatnya, terutama fraktur
diperkirakan juga akan meningkat ( Sodoyo, 2009 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penelitian Roeshadi di Jawa Timur, mendapatkan bahwa
puncak massa tulang dicapai pada usia 30-34 tahun dan rata-rata kehilangan
massa tulang pasca menopause adalah 1,4% tahun. Penelitian yang dilakukan di
klinik Reumatologi RSCM mendapatkan faktor resiko osteoporosis yang meliputi
umur, lamanya menopause dan kadar estrogen yang rendah, sedangkan faktor
proteksinya adalah kadar estrogen yang tinggi, riwayat berat badan lebih/obesitas
dan latihan yang teratur ( Sudoyo, 2009 ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar
penulisan makalah tidak menyimpang dari tujuan semula, maka penulis merumuskan
masalah pada:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Apa
yang dimaksud dengan Osteoporosis?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Apa
etiologi dari Osteoporosis?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bagaimana
manifestasi klinis Osteoporosis?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bagaimana
penatalaksanaan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Osteoporosis</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> secara medis dan keperawatan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
asuhan keperawatan pada klien dengan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Osteoporosis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt .75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt .75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun
tujuan dari penulisan makalah ini yaitu sebagai proses pembelajaran mahasiswa
dalam memahami Osteoporosis, dan mahasiswa mampu memahami defenisi, etiologi,
manifestasi klinis, klassifikasi, penatalaksanaan medis dan keperawatan serta
asuhan keperawatan dari Osteoporosis.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">TINJAUAN
TEORITIS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Defenisi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Osteoporosis berasal dari kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">osteo</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">porous</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">osteo</i> artinya
tulang, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">porous </i>berarti
berlubang-lubang atau keropos. Jadi, osteoporosis adalah tulang yang keropos,
yaitu penyakit yang mempunyai sifat khas berupa massa tulangnya rendah atau
berkurang, disertai gangguan mikro-arsitektur tulang dan penurunan kualitas
jaringan tulang yang dapat menimbulkan kerapuhan tulang (Tandra, 2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menurut WHO pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">International Consensus Development Conference, </i>di Roma, Itali,
1992 Osteoporosis adalah penyakit dengan sifat-sifat khas berupa massa tulang
yang rendah, disertai perubahan mikroarsitektur tulang, dan penurunan kualitas
jaringan tulang, yang pada akhirnya menimbulkan akibat meningkatnya kerapuhan
tulang dengan resiko terjadinya patah tulang (Suryati, 2006).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menurut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">National Institute of Health </i>(NIH), 2001 Osteoporosis adalah
kelainan kerangka, ditandai dengan kekuatan tulang mengkhawatirkan dan
dipengaruhi oleh meningkatnya risiko patah tulang. Sedangkan kekuatan tulang
merefleksikan gabungan dari dua faktor, yaitu densitas tulang dan kualitas tulang
(Junaidi, 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osteoporosis
adalah penyakit tulamg sisitemik yang ditandai oleh penurunan mikroarsitektur tulang
sehingga tulang menjadi rapuh dan mudah patah. Pada tahun 2001, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>National Institute of Health </i>(NIH)
mengajukan definisi baru osteoporosis sebagai penyakit tulang sistemik yang
ditandai oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">compromised bone</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">strength</i> sehingga tulang mudah patah ( Sudoyo,
2009 ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
Osteoporosis dibagi 2
kelompok, yaitu :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osteoporosis
Primer</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osteoporosis
primer berhubungan dengan kelainan pada tulang, yang menyebabkan peningkatan
proses resorpsi di tulang trabekula sehingga meningkatkan resiko fraktur
vertebra dan Colles. Pada usia decade awal pasca menopause, wanita lebih sering
terkena dari pada pria dengan perbandingan 68:1 pada usia rata-rata 53-57
tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osteoporosis
Sekunder</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osteoporosis
sekunder disebabkan oleh penyakit atau sebab lain diluar tulang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Etiologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi pengurangan massa tulang pada usia lanjut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo47; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Determinan
Massa Tulang</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Faktor genetik</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Perbedaan
genetik mempunyai pengaruh terhadap derajat kepadatan tulang. Beberapa orang
mempunyai tulang yang cukup besar dan yang lain kecil. Sebagai contoh, orang
kulit hitam pada umumnya mempunyai struktur tulang lebih kuat/berat dari pacia
bangsa Kaukasia. Jacii seseorang yang mempunyai tulang kuat (terutama kulit
Hitam Amerika), relatif imun terhadap fraktur karena osteoporosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: 28.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Faktor mekanis </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Beban mekanis
berpengaruh terhadap massa tulang di samping faktor genetk. Bertambahnya beban
akan menambah massa tulang dan berkurangnya beban akan mengakibatkan
berkurangnya massa tulang. Kedua hal tersebut menunjukkan respons terhadap
kerja mekanik Beban mekanik yang berat akan mengakibatkan massa otot besar dan
juga massa tulang yang besar. Sebagai contoh adalah pemain tenis atau pengayuh
becak, akan dijumpai adanya hipertrofi baik pada otot maupun tulangnya terutama
pada lengan atau tungkainya, sebaliknya atrofi baik pada otot maupun tulangnya
akan dijumpai pada pasien yang harus istrahat di tempat tidur dalam waktu yang
lama, poliomielitis atau pada penerbangan luar angkasa. Walaupun demikian belum
diketahui dengan pasti berapa besar beban mekanis yang diperlukan dan berapa
lama untuk meningkatkan massa tulang di sampihg faktor genetik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Faktor makanan
dan hormon</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Pada seseorang dengan pertumbuhan hormon dengan nutrisi
yang cukup (protein dan mineral), pertumbuhan tulang akan mencapai maksimal
sesuai dengan pengaruh genetik yang bersangkutan. Pemberian makanan yang
berlebih (misainya kalsium) di atas kebutuhan maksimal selama masa pertumbuhan,
disangsikan dapat menghasilkan massa tulang yang melebihi kemampuan pertumbuhan
tulang yang bersangkutan sesuai dengan kemampuan genetiknya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo47; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Determinan penurunan Massa Tulang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo49; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Faktor genetik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada seseorang
dengan tulang yang kecil akan lebih mudah mendapat risiko fraktur dari pada
seseorang dengan tulang yang besar. Sampai saat ini tidak ada ukuran universal
yang dapat dipakai sebagai ukuran tulang normal. Setiap individu mempunyai
ketentuan normal sesuai dengan sitat genetiknya serta beban mekanis den besar
badannya. Apabila individu dengan tulang yang besar, kemudian terjadi proses
penurunan massa tulang (osteoporosis) sehubungan dengan lanjutnya usia, maka
individu tersebut relatif masih mempunyai tulang lebih banyak dari pada
individu yang mempunyai tulang kecil pada usia yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Faktor mekanis</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor mekanis mungkin merupakan yang terpenting
dalarn proses penurunan massa tulang schubungan dengan lanjutnya usia. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Walaupun demikian telah terbukti bahwa ada interaksi
panting antara faktor mekanis dengan faktor nutrisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hormonal. Pada umumnya aktivitas fisis akan
menurun dengan bertambahnya usia; dan karena massa tulang merupakan fungsi
beban mekanis, massa tulang tersebut pasti akan menurun dengan bertambahnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>usia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kalsium</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor makanan ternyata memegang peranan penting
dalam proses penurunan massa tulang sehubungan dengan bertambahnya usia,
terutama pada wanita post menopause. Kalsium, merupakan nutrisi yang sangat
penting. Wanita-wanita pada masa peri menopause, dengan masukan kalsiumnya
rendah dan absorbsinya tidak bak, akan mengakibatkan keseimbangan kalsiumnya
menjadi negatif, sedang mereka yang masukan kalsiumnya baik dan absorbsinya
juga baik, menunjukkan keseimbangan kalsium positif. Dari keadaan ini jelas,
bahwa pada wanita masa menopause ada hubungan yang erat antara masukan kalsium
dengan keseimbangan kalsium dalam tubuhnya. Pada wanita dalam masa menopause
keseimbangan kalsiumnya akan terganggu akibat masukan serta absorbsinya kurang
serta eksresi melalui urin yang bertambah. Hasil akhir kekurangan/kehilangan
estrogen pada masa menopause adalah pergeseran keseimbangan kalsium yang
negatif, sejumiah 25 mg kalsium sehari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Protein</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Protein juga
merupakan faktor yang penting dalam mempengaruhi penurunan massa tulang.
Makanan yang kaya protein akan mengakibatkan ekskresi asam amino yang
mengandung sulfat melalui urin, hal ini akan meningkatkan ekskresi kalsium. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
umumnya protein tidak dimakan secara tersendiri, tetapi bersama makanan lain.
Apabila makanan tersebut mengandung fosfor, maka fosfor tersebut akan
mengurangi ekskresi kalsium melalui urin. Sayangnya fosfor tersebut akan
mengubah pengeluaran kalsium melalui tinja. Hasil akhir dari makanan yang
mengandung protein berlebihan akan mengakibatkan kecenderungan untuk terjadi
keseimbangan kalsium yang negative.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Estrogen.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkurangnya/hilangnya estrogen dari dalam tubuh
akan mengakibatkan terjadinya gangguan keseimbangan kalsium. Hal ini disebabkan
oleh karena menurunnya eflsiensi absorbsi kalsium dari makanan dan juga
menurunnya konservasi kalsium di ginjal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rokok dan kopi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merokok
dan minum kopi dalam jumlah banyak cenderung akan mengakibatkan penurunan massa
tulang, lebih-lebih bila disertai masukan kalsium yang rendah. Mekanisme
pengaruh merokok terhadap penurunan massa tulang tidak diketahui, akan tetapi
kafein dapat memperbanyak ekskresi kalsium melalui urin maupun tinja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo49; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Alkohol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alkoholisme
akhir-akhir ini merupakan masalah yang sering ditemukan. Individu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan alkoholisme mempunyai kecenderungan
masukan kalsium rendah, disertai dengan ekskresi lewat urin yang meningkat.
Mekanisme yang jelas belum diketahui dengan pasti .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Beberapa penyebab osteoporosis dalam (Junaidi, 2007),
yaitu: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Osteoporosis
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pascamenopause</i> terjadi karena
kurngnya hormon estrogen (hormon utama pada wanita), yang membantu mengatur
pengangkutan kalsium kedalam tulang. Biasanya gejala timbul pada perempuan yang
berusia antara 51-75 tahun, tetapi dapat muncul lebih cepat atau lebih lambat.
Hormon estrogen produksinya menurun 2-3 tahun sebelum menopause dan terus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berlangsung 3-4 tahun setelah meopause. Hal
ini berakibat menurunnya massa tulang sebanyak 1-3% dalam waktu 5-7 tahun
pertama setelah menopause.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Osteoporosis
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">senilis </i>kemungkinan merupakan akibat
dari kekurangan kalsium yang berhubungan dengan usia dan ketidak seimbangan
antara kecepatan hancurnya tulang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(osteoklas)</i>
dan pembentukan tulang baru <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(osteoblast)</i>.
Senilis berati bahwa keadaan ini hanya terjadi pada usia lanjut. Penyakit ini
biasanya terjadi pada orang-orang berusia diatas 70 tahun dan 2 kali lebih
sering wanita. Wanita sering kali menderita osteoporosis senilis dan pasca <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">menopause</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kurang
dari 5% penderita osteoporosis juga mengalami osteoporosis sekunder yang
disebakan oleh keadaan medis lain atau obat-obatan. Penyakit ini bisa
disebabkan oleh gagal ginjal kronis dan kelainan hormonal (terutama tiroid,
paratiroid, dan adrenal) serta obat-obatan (mislnya kortikosteroid, barbiturat,
anti kejang, dan hormon tiroid yang berlebihan). Pemakaian alkohol yang
berlebihan dapat memperburuk keadaan ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Osteoporosis
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">juvenil idiopatik </i>merupakan jenis
osteoporosis yang penyebabnya tidak diketahui. Hal ini terjadi pada anak-anak
dan dewasa muda yang memiliki kadar dan fungsi hormon yang normal, kadar
vitamin yang normal, dan tidak memiliki penyebab yang jelas dari rapuhnya
tulang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Manifestasi
Klinis</span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Osteoporosis dimanifestasikan dengan : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nyeri dengan atau tanpa fraktur yang nyata. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri
timbul mendadak.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sakit
hebat dan terlokalisasi pada vertebra yg terserang.</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Nyeri
berkurang pada saat istirahat di tempat tidur. </span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nyeri
ringan pada saat bangun tidur dan akan bertambah jika melakukan aktivitas.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Deformitas
vertebra thorakalis </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> Penurunan tinggi badan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Patofisiologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kartilago hialin adalah jaringan elastis
yang 95% terdiri dari air dan matrik ekstra selular, 5 % sel konrosit.
Fungsinya sebagai penyangga juga pelumas sehingga tidak menimbulkan nyeri pada
saat pergerakan sendi.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Apabila kerusakan jaringan rawan sendi
lebih cepat dari kemampuannya untuk memperbaiki diri, maka terjadi penipisan
dan kehilangan pelumas sehingga kedua tulang akan bersentuhan. Inilah yang
menyebabkan rasa nyeri pada sendi lutut. Setelah terjadi kerusakan tulang
rawan, sendi dan tulang ikut berubah.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pemeriksaan
Diagnostik</span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pemeriksaan
radiologik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dilakukan untuk menilai densitas massa tulang sangat
tidak sensitif. Gambaran radiologik yang khas pada osteoporosis adalah
penipisan korteks dan daerah trabekuler yang lebih lusen.Hal ini akan tampak
pada tulang-tulang vertebra yang memberikan gambaran <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">picture-frame vertebra</i>.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pemeriksaan
densitas massa tulang (Densitometri)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Densitometri tulang merupakan pemeriksaan yang akurat dan
untuk menilai densitas massa tulang, seseorang dikatakan menderita osteoporosis
apabila nilai BMD ( Bone Mineral Density ) berada dibawah -2,5 dan dikatakan
mengalami osteopenia (mulai menurunnya kepadatan tulang) bila nilai BMD berada
antara -2,5 dan -1 dan normal apabila nilai BMD berada diatas nilai -1.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Beberapa metode yang digunakan untuk menilai densitas
massa tulang:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Single-Photon
Absortiometry (SPA)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada SPA digunakan unsur radioisotop I yang mempunyai
energi photon rendah guna menghasilkan berkas radiasi kolimasi tinggi. SPA
digunakan hanya untuk bagian tulang yang mempunyai jaringan lunak yang tidak
tebalseperti distal radius dan kalkaneus.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dual-Photon
Absorptiometry (DPA)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Metode ini mempunyai cara yang sama dengan SPA.
Perbedaannya berupa sumber energi yang mempunyai photon dengan 2 tingkat energi
yang berbeda guna mengatasi tulang dan jaringan lunak yang cukup tebal sehingga
dapat dipakai untuk evaluasi bagian-bagian tubuh dan tulang yang mempunyai
struktur geometri komplek seperti pada daerah leher femur dan vetrebrata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Quantitative
Computer Tomography (QCT)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Merupakan densitometri yang paling ideal karena mengukur
densitas tulang secara volimetrik.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sonodensitometri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sebuah metode yang digunakan untuk menilai densitas
perifer dengan menggunakan gelombang suara dan tanpa adanya resiko radiasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">MRI dalam menilai densitas tulang trabekula melalui dua langkah
yaitu pertama T2 sumsum tulang dapat digunakan untuk menilai densitas serta
kualitas jaringan tulang trabekula dan yang kedua untuk menilai arsitektur
trabekula.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Biopsi
tulang dan Histomorfometri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Merupakan pemeriksaan yang sangat penting untuk memeriksa
kelainan metabolisme tulang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Radiologis
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Gejala radiologis yang khas adalah densitas atau
masa tulang yang menurun yang dapat dilihat pada vertebra spinalis. Dinding
dekat korpus vertebra biasanya merupakan lokasi yang paling berat. Penipisa
korteks dan hilangnya trabekula transfersal merupakan kelainan yang sering
ditemukan. Lemahnya korpus vertebra menyebabkan penonjolan yang menggelembung
dari nukleus pulposus ke dalam ruang intervertebral dan menyebabkan deformitas
bikonkaf.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">CT-Scan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">CT-Scan dapat mengukur densitas tulang secara
kuantitatif yang mempunyai nilai penting dalam diagnostik dan terapi follow up.
Mineral vertebra diatas 110 mg/cm<sup>3 </sup>baisanya tidak menimbulkan
fraktur vetebra atau penonjolan, sedangkan mineral vertebra dibawah 65 mg/cm<sup>3
</sup>ada pada hampir semua klien yang mengalami fraktur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pemeriksaan
Laboratorium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kadar Ca, P, Fosfatase alkali tidak
menunjukkan kelainan yang nyata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kadar HPT (pada pascamenoupouse kadar HPT
meningkat) dan Ct (terapi ekstrogen merangsang pembentukkan Ct)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kadar 1,25-(OH)<sub>2</sub>-D3
absorbsi Ca menurun. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Eksresi fosfat dan hidroksipolin terganggu
sehingga meningkat kadarnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Web Of Caution</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo56; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa
keperawatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo57; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri berhubungan dengan dampak </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sekunder dari fraktur</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, spasme otot, deformitas tulang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo57; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hambatan mobilitas fisik berhubungan dengan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">disfungsi
sekunder akibat perubahan skeletal (kifosis), nyeri sekunder atau fraktur baru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo57; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Risiko cedera berhubungan
dengan dampak sekunder perubahan skeletal dan ketidakseimbangan tubuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo57; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurang pengetahuan berhubungan dengan
kurang informasi.<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo56; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi
Keperawatan <span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri berhubungan dengan dampak </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sekunder dari fraktur</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, spasme otot, deformitas tulang.</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 77.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Intervensi Keperawatan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rasionalisasi</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Pantau tingkat nyeri pada
punggung, nyeri terlokalisasi atau menyebar pada abdomen atau pinggang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan pada klien tentang
alternative lain untuk mengatasi dan mengurangi rasa nyerinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Kaji obat-obatan untuk
mengatasi nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Rencanakan pada klien
tentang periode istirahat adekuat dengan berbaring dalam posisi telentang
selama kurang lebih 15 menit </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tulang dalam peningkatan jumlah trabekular, pembatasan gerak
spinal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alternatif lain untuk mengatasi nyeri, pengaturan posisi, kompres
hangat dan sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keyakinan klien tidak dapat menoleransi obat yang adekuat atau
tidak adekuat untuk mengatasi nyerinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelelahan dan keletihan dapat menurunkan minat untuk aktivitas
sehari-hari.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hambatan mobilitas fisik berhubungan dengan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">disfungsi
sekunder akibat perubahan skeletal (kifosis), nyeri sekunder atau fraktur baru.</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 77.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Intervensi Keperawatan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rasionalisasi</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Kaji tingkat kemampuan
klien yang masih ada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Rencanakan tentang
pemberian program latihan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Bantu klien jika
diperlukan latihan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan klien
tentang aktivitas hidup sehari hari yang dapat dikerjakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan pentingnya
latihan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Bantu kebutuhan untuk
beradaptasi dan melakukan aktivitas hidup sehari hari, rencana okupasi .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Peningkatan latihan fisik
secara adekuat:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">dorong latihan dan hindari
tekanan pada tulang seperti berjalan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">instruksikan klien
untuk latihan selama kurang lebih 30menit dan selingi dengan istirahat dengan
berbaring selama 15 menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">hindari latihan
fleksi, membungkuk tiba– tiba,dan penangkatan beban berat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar untuk memberikan alternative dan latihan gerak yang sesuai
dengan kemapuannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latihan akan meningkatkan pergerakan otot dan stimulasi
sirkulasi darah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktifitas hidup sehari-hari secara mandiri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan latihan fisik:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo42; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Masa otot lebih
besar sehingga memberikan perlindungan pada osteoporosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo42; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Program latihan
merangsang pembentukan tulang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo42; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Gerakan menimbulkan
kompresi vertical dan fraktur vertebra.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Risiko cedera berhubungan
dengan dampak sekunder perubahan skeletal dan ketidakseimbangan tubuh.</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 77.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Intervensi Keperawatan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rasionalisasi</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo26; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Ciptakan lingkungan yang
bebas dari bahaya: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Tempatkan klien pada
tempat tidur rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Amati lantai yang membahayakan
klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Berikan penerangan
yang cukup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Tempatkan klien pada
ruangan yang tertutup dan mudah untuk diobservasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan klien
tentang pentingnya menggunakan alat pengaman di ruangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo28; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Berikan dukungan ambulasi
sesuai dengan kebutuhan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Kaji kebutuhan untuk
berjalan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Konsultasi dengan
ahli therapist.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan klien untuk
meminta bantuan bila diperlukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan klien untuk
berjalan dan keluar ruangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo30; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Bantu klien untuk melakukan
aktivitas hidup sehari-hari secara hati-hati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo30; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan pada klien untuk
berhenti secara perlahan, tidak naik tanggga, dan mengangkat beban berat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan pentingnya diet
untuk mencegah osteoporosis:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Rujuk klien pada
ahli gizi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan diet yang
mengandung banyak kalsium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan klien untuk
mengurangi atau berhenti menggunakan rokok atau kopi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ajarkan tentang efek
rokok terhadap pemulihan tulang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Observasi efek samping obat-obatan yang digunakan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Menciptakan lingkungan yang
aman dan mengurangi risiko terjadinya kecelakaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo34; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Ambulasi yang dilakukan
tergesa-gesa dapat menyebabkan mudah jatuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Penarikan yang terlalu
keras akan menyebabkan terjadinya fraktur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Pergerakan yang cepat akan
lebih memudahkan terjadinya fraktur kompresi vertebra pada klien
osteoporosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Diet kalsium dibutuhkan
untuk mempertahankan kalsium serum, mencegah bertambahnya kehilangan tulang.
Kelebihan kafein akan meningkatkan kalsium dalam urine. Alcohol akan
meningkatkan asidosis yang meningkatkan resorpsi tulang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo36; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Rokok dapat meningkatkan
terjadinya asidosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo36; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="color: black;">Obat-obatan seperti
diuretic, fenotiazin dapat menyebabkan pusing, megantuk, dan lemah yang
merupakan predisposisi klien untuk jatuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurang pengetahuan berhubungan dengan
kurang informasi.<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 77.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Intervensi Keperawatan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rasionalisasi</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo37; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kaji ulang proses penyakit dan harapan
yang akan datang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo38; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Ajarkan pada klien tentang faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi terjadinya osteoporosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo38; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikan pendidikan kepada klien mengenai
efek samping penggunaan obat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo43; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Memberikan dasar pengetahuan dimana klien dapat membuat
pilihan berdasarkan informasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Informasi yang diberikan akan membuat klien lebih
memahami tentang penyakitnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Suplemen kalsium ssering mengakibatkan nyeri lambung
dan distensi abdomen maka klien sebaiknya mengkonsumsi kalsium bersama
makanan untuk mengurangi terjadinya efek samping tersebut dan memperhatikan
asupan cairan yang memadai untuk menurunkan resiko pembentukan batu ginjal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penatalaksanaan
Medis dan Keperawatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo51; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penatalaksanaan
Medis </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengobatan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo52; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan
pembentukan tulang, obat-obatan yg dapat meningkatkan pembentukan tulan adalah
Na-fluorida dan steroid anabolik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo52; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menghambat
resobsi tulang, obat-obatan yang dapat mengahambat resorbsi tulang adalah
kalsium, kalsitonin, estrogen dan difosfonat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencegahan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencegahan sebaiknya dilakukan pada usia
pertumbuhan/dewasa muda, hal ini bertujuan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo53; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencapai
massa tulang dewasa Proses konsolidasi) yang optimal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo53; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengatur
makanan dan life style yg menjadi seseorang tetap bugar seperti:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 139.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo54; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diet
mengandung tinggi kalsium (1000 mg/hari)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 139.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo54; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latihan
teratur setiap hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 139.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo54; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo55; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makanan
tinggi protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo55; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minum
alkohol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo55; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merokok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo55; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minum
kopi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo55; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minum
antasida yang mengandung aluminium</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo51; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penatalaksanaan
keperawatan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Membantu
klien mengatasi nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Membantu
klien dalam mobilitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan
informasi tentang penyakit yang diderita kepada klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memfasilitasikan
klien dalam beraktivitas agar tidak terjadi cedera.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">KASUS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Uraian
Kasus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ny. S umur 58 tahun datang ke RSUD AA Pekanbaru dengan keluhan
ngilu pada sendi yang seringdirasakannya sejak 3 bulan yang lalu, rasa ngilu
itu sudah dirasakan sejak beberapa tahun yang lalu, namun Ny. S tidak
memperdulikannya. Ketika memeriksakan diri ke dokter Ny. S dianjurkan untuk tes
darah dan rongent kaki. Hasil rongent menunjukkan bahwa Ny. S
menderita osteoporosis diperkuat lagi dengan hasil BMD T-score -3. Klien
mengalami menopause sejak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6 tahun yang lalu. Menurut klien dirinya tidak suka minum susu
sejak usia muda dan tidak menyukai makanan laut. Klien beranggapan bahwa
keluhan yang dirasakannya karena usianya yang bertambah tua. Riwayat kesehatan
sebelumnya diketahui bahwa klien tidak pernah mengalami penyakit seperti DM dan
hipertensi dan tidak pernah dirawat di RS. Pola aktifitas diketahui klien
banyak beraktifitas duduk karena dulu dirinya bekerja sebagai staf administrasi
dan tidak suka olahraga karena tidak sempat. Riwayat penggunaan KB hormonal
dengan metode pil. Pemeriksaan TB 165 cm, BB 76 kg (BB sebelumnya 78 kg).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengkajian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Data demografi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nama<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Ny. S</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Umur<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 58 Tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jenis kelamin<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Perempuan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pekerjaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: IRT</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Riwayat
Penyakit Sekarang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ny. S umur 58 tahun datang dengan keluhan ngilu pada sendi yang
seringdirasakannya sejak 3 bulan yang lalu, rasa ngilu itu sudah dirasakan
sejak beberapa tahun yang lalu, namun Ny. S tidak memperdulikannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pemeriksaan Fisik</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level2 lfo60; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Inspeksi </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Klien terlihat bungkuk (kifosis), penurunan berat
badan, perubahan gaya berjalan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level2 lfo60; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Palpasi </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Klien merasakan nyeri saat dilakukan palpasi pada
area punggung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Riwayat
Psikososial</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien cemas
untuk melakukan aktivitas-aktivitas yang berat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil pemeriksaan
laboratorium</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BMD T-score
-3</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Analisa
Data</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.3pt;" valign="top" width="171">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Data Subjektif</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.15pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Data Objektif</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.9pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Masalah keperawatan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.3pt;" valign="top" width="171">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Klien mengatakan ngilu di
bagian sendi sejak beberapa tahun lalu, namun Ny. S tidak mempedulikannya.
Sejak kurang lebih tiga bulan yang lalu, ngilu di tubuhnya tak kunjung hilang</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Klien</span><span style="color: black;"> mengatakan</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> banyak beraktifitas duduk karena dulu dirinya bekerja
sebagai staf administrasi dan </span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.</span></span><span style="color: black;">Klien mengatakan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">tidak suka olahraga karena tidak sempat.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.</span></span><span style="color: black;">Klien mengatakan terasa sakit pada sendi ketika berjalan</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.</span></span><span style="color: black;">Klien mengatakan aktivitas sehari-hari terhambat</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.</span></span><span style="color: black;">Skala nyeri 7</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.15pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Klien mengalami menopause
sejak 6 tahun yang lalu.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Riwayat penggunaan KB
hormonal dengan metode pil.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Wajah klien terlihat
meringis</span><span style="color: black;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Sering
terlihat memegang area yang sakit<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.9pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nyeri </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.3pt;" valign="top" width="171">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Klien mengatakan ngilu di
bagian sendi sejak beberapa tahun lalu, namun Ny. S tidak mempedulikannya.
Sejak kurang lebih tiga bulan yang lalu, ngilu di tubuhnya tak kunjung hilang</span>.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.</span></span><span style="color: black;">K</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">lien</span><span style="color: black;"> mengatakan</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> banyak beraktifitas duduk karena
dulu dirinya bekerja sebagai staf administrasi dan tidak suka olahraga karena
tidak sempat.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.</span></span><span style="color: black;">Klien mengatakan terasa sakit pada sendi ketika berjalan</span>.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.</span></span><span style="color: black;">Klien mengatakan aktivitas sehari-hari terhambat</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.15pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ny. S umur 58 tahun</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hasil rongent </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">menunjukkan bahwa Ny. S menderita osteoporosis</span><span style="color: black;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hasil BMD T-score -3. </span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hasil darah lengkap dalam.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan TB 165 cm, BB 7</span><span style="color: black;">6 </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kg.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Kifosis</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.9pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mobilitas fisik </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.3pt;" valign="top" width="171">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Klien mengatakan merasakan ngilu saat beraktivitas yang
berat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.15pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Klien terlihat sangat berhati-hati berjalan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Klien terlihat kifosis ( bungkuk)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hasil</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">rongent </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">menunjukkan</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">bahwa</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ny. S</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">menderita
osteoporosis</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hasil BMD T-score -3. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.9pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Resiko cedera </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.3pt;" valign="top" width="171">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Klien mengatakan ngilu di
bagian sendi sejak beberapa tahun lalu, namun Ny. S tidak mempedulikannya.
Sejak kurang lebih tiga bulan yang lalu, ngilu di tubuhnya tak kunjung hilang</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Klien mengatakan dirinya
tidak suka minum susu sejak usia muda dan tidak menyukai makanan laut. </span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Klien beranggapan bahwa
keluhan yang dirasakannya karena usianya yang bertambah tua.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.</span></span><span style="color: black;">K</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">lien</span><span style="color: black;"> mengatakan</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> banyak beraktifitas duduk karena
dulu dirinya bekerja sebagai staf administrasi dan tidak suka olahraga karena
tidak sempat.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.15pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ny. S umur 58 tahun</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Riwayat kesehatan sebelumnya
diketahui bahwa klien tidak pernah mengalami penyakit seperti DM dan
hipertensi dan tidak pernah dirawat di RS.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Riwayat penggunaan KB hormonal dengan metode pil.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Pendidikan Terakhir
Klien SMA</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.9pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kurang pengetahuan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">WOC
( Web Of Caution )</span></b></div>
<br /><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Intervensi
Keperawatan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Etiologi</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Intervensi Keperawatan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rasionalisasi</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nyeri berhubungan dengan dampak sekunder dari fraktur</span><span style="color: black;">, spasme otot, deformitas tulang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -76.55pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penurunan massa
tulang / osteoporosis</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Fraktur vertebra</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Deformitas</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Vertebra</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Teregangnya
ligamentum dan otot/ spasme otot</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nyeri</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Pantau tingkat nyeri pada punggung, nyeri terlokalisasi
atau menyebar pada abdomen atau pinggang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan pada klien tentang alternative lain untuk
mengatasi dan mengurangi rasa nyerinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Kaji obat-obatan untuk mengatasi nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Rencanakan pada klien tentang periode istirahat adekuat
dengan berbaring dalam posisi telentang selama kurang lebih 15 menit </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tulang dalam peningkatan jumlah trabekular, pembatasan gerak
spinal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alternatif lain untuk mengatasi nyeri, pengaturan posisi,
kompres hangat dan sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keyakinan klien tidak dapat menoleransi obat yang adekuat atau
tidak adekuat untuk mengatasi nyerinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelelahan dan keletihan dapat menurunkan minat untuk aktivitas
sehari-hari.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hambatan mobilitas fisik berhubungan dengan
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">disfungsi sekunder akibat perubahan skeletal (kifosis), nyeri
sekunder atau fraktur baru.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penurunan massa
tulang / osteoporosis</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Fraktur vertebra</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Deformitas</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Vertebra</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
Bungkuk </div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; text-align: center;">
Hambatan mobilitas fisik</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Kaji tingkat kemampuan klien yang masih ada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Rencanakan tentang pemberian program latihan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Bantu klien jika diperlukan
latihan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan klien
tentang aktivitas hidup sehari hari yang dapat dikerjakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo22; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan pentingnya
latihan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Bantu kebutuhan untuk beradaptasi dan melakukan aktivitas
hidup sehari hari, rencana okupasi .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo23; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Peningkatan latihan fisik secara adekuat:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo24; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">dorong latihan dan
hindari tekanan pada tulang seperti berjalan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">instruksikan klien
untuk latihan selama kurang lebih 30menit dan selingi dengan istirahat dengan
berbaring selama 15 menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">hindari latihan
fleksi, membungkuk tiba– tiba,dan penangkatan beban berat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level2 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar untuk
memberikan alternative dan latihan gerak yang sesuai dengan kemapuannya</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level2 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latihan akan
meningkatkan pergerakan otot dan stimulasi sirkulasi darah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktifitas hidup
sehari-hari secara mandiri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan latihan fisik:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo42; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Masa otot lebih
besar sehingga memberikan perlindungan pada osteoporosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo42; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Program latihan
merangsang pembentukan tulang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo42; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Gerakan menimbulkan
kompresi vertical dan fraktur vertebra.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Risiko cedera berhubungan dengan dampak sekunder perubahan
skeletal dan ketidakseimbangan tubuh.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penurunan massa
tulang/osteoporosis</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Resiko cedera</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo26; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Ciptakan lingkungan yang bebas dari bahaya: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Tempatkan klien pada
tempat tidur rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Amati lantai yang
membahayakan klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Berikan penerangan
yang cukup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Tempatkan klien pada
ruangan yang tertutup dan mudah untuk diobservasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan klien
tentang pentingnya menggunakan alat pengaman di ruangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo28; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Berikan dukungan ambulasi sesuai dengan kebutuhan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Kaji kebutuhan untuk
berjalan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Konsultasi dengan
ahli therapist.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan klien untuk
meminta bantuan bila diperlukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo29; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan klien untuk
berjalan dan keluar ruangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo30; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Bantu klien untuk melakukan aktivitas hidup sehari-hari
secara hati-hati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo30; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan pada klien untuk berhenti secara perlahan, tidak
naik tanggga, dan mengangkat beban berat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan pentingnya diet untuk mencegah osteoporosis:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Rujuk klien pada
ahli gizi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan diet yang
mengandung banyak kalsium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Ajarkan klien untuk
mengurangi atau berhenti menggunakan rokok atau kopi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ajarkan tentang efek rokok terhadap pemulihan tulang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo31; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Observasi efek samping obat-obatan yang digunakan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Menciptakan lingkungan yang aman dan mengurangi risiko
terjadinya kecelakaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo34; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Ambulasi yang dilakukan tergesa-gesa dapat menyebabkan
mudah jatuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Penarikan yang terlalu keras akan menyebabkan terjadinya fraktur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Pergerakan yang cepat akan lebih memudahkan terjadinya
fraktur kompresi vertebra pada klien osteoporosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Diet kalsium dibutuhkan untuk mempertahankan kalsium
serum, mencegah bertambahnya kehilangan tulang. Kelebihan kafein akan
meningkatkan kalsium dalam urine. Alcohol akan meningkatkan asidosis yang
meningkatkan resorpsi tulang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo36; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Rokok dapat meningkatkan terjadinya asidosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo36; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">Obat-obatan seperti diuretic, fenotiazin dapat
menyebabkan pusing, megantuk, dan lemah yang merupakan predisposisi klien untuk
jatuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurang
pengetahuan mengenai proses osteoporosis dan program terapi yang berhubungan
dengan kurang informasi, salah persepsi ditandai dengan klien mengatakan
kurang ,mengerti tentang penyakitnya, klien tampak gelisah</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Postmenopause, usia lanjut</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penurunan hormon inhibitor
osteoclast (estrogen, kalsitonin)</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penigkatan osteoclast</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penurunan massa
tulang/osteoporosis</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kurang pengetahuan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo37; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kaji ulang proses penyakit dan harapan
yang akan datang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo38; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Ajarkan pada klien tentang faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi terjadinya osteoporosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo38; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikan pendidikan kepada klien mengenai
efek samping penggunaan obat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Memberikan dasar pengetahuan dimana klien dapat membuat
pilihan berdasarkan informasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Informasi yang diberikan akan membuat klien lebih
memahami tentang penyakitnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Suplemen kalsium ssering mengakibatkan nyeri lambung
dan distensi abdomen maka klien sebaiknya mengkonsumsi kalsium bersama
makanan untuk mengurangi terjadinya efek samping tersebut dan memperhatikan
asupan cairan yang memadai untuk menurunkan resiko pembentukan batu ginjal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Healt
Education</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan
pasien untuk melakukan aktivitas fisik yang teratur untuk memelihara kekuatan,
kelenturan, dan koordinasi sistem neuromuskular serta kebugaran, sehingga dapat
mencegah risiko terjatuh. Berbagai latihan yang dapat dilakukan meliputi
berjalan 30 – 60 menit/hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan
pasien untuk menjaga asupan kalsium 1000 – 1500 mg/hari, baik melalui makanan
sehari-hari maupun suplementasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari
mengangkat barang-barang yang berat pada pasien yang sudah pasti osteoporosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari
berbagai hal yang dapat menyebabkan pasien terjatuh, misalnya lantai yang
licin, obat-obatan sedatif, dan obat anti hipertensi yang dapat menyebabkan
hipotensi orthostatik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari
defisiensi vitamin D, terutama pada pasien yang kurang terpajan sinar matahari
atau pasien dengan fotosensitifitas, misalnya SLE. Jika diduga ada defisiensi
vitamin D, maka kadar 25(OH)D serum harus diperiksa. Bila 25(OH)D serum
menurun, maka suplementasi vitamin D 400 IU/hari atau 800 IU/hari pada orangtua
harus diberikan. Pada pasien dengan gagal ginjal, suplementasi 1,25(OH)<sub>2</sub>D
harus dipertimbangkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari
peningkatan ekskresi kalsium lewat ginjal dengan membatasi asupan nutrisi
sampai 3gram/hari untuk meningkatkan reabsorpsi kalsium di tubulus ginjal. Bila
ekskresi kalsium urin > 300mg/hari, berikan diuretik tiazid dosis rendah
(HCT 25 mg/hari).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
pasien yang memerlukan glukokortikoid dosis tinggi dan jangka panjang, usahakan
pemberian glukokortikoid pada dosis serendah mungkin dan sesingkat mungkin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
pasien arthritis reumatiod dan arthritis inflamasi lainnya, sangat penting
mengatasi aktivitas penyakitnya, karena hal ini akan mengurangi nyeri dan
penurunan densitas massa tulang akibat arthritis inflamasi yang aktif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Informasikan
pemberian terapi estrogen. Pemberian estrogen oral, transdermal atau implan
kesemuanya dapat meningkatkan densitas tulang secara bermakna dan secara
epidemiologik dibuktikan bahwa terapi ini menurunkan angka kejadian patah
tulang oleh karena osteoporosis pada panggul dan tulang punggung.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 376.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">BAB IV</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo44; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kesimpulan
</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osteoporosis
adalah penyakit tulamg sisitemik yang ditandai oleh penurunan mikroarsitektur
tulang sehingga tulang menjadi rapuh dan mudah patah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osteoporosis dibagi 2 kelompok, yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osteoporosis
Primer</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osteoporosis primer berhubungan dengan kelainan pada
tulang, yang menyebabkan peningkatan proses resorpsi di tulang trabekula
sehingga meningkatkan resiko fraktur vertebra dan Colles. Pada usia decade awal
pasca menopause, wanita lebih sering terkena dari pada pria dengan perbandingan
68:1 pada usia rata-rata 53-57 tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo46; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osteoporosis
Sekunder</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osteoporosis sekunder disebabkan oleh penyakit atau
sebab lain diluar tulang</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo44; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan keperawatan maka penulis memberikan saran-saran
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada pengkajian perawat perlu melakukan
pengkajian dengan teliti melihat kondisi klien serta senantiasa mengembangkan
teknik terapeutik dalam berkomunikasi dengan klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar dapat memberikan asuhan keperawatan
yang berkualitas meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan serta sikap
profesional dalam menetapkan diagnosa keperawatan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 14.5pt center 206.75pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
Tandra, H, 2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Segala Sesuatu Yang Harus Anda Ketahui
Tentang Osteoporosis Mengenal, Mengatasi dan Mencegah Tulang Keropos</span></i><b>.
</b>Jakarta : PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
Lukman & Nurna Ningsih.2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asuhan
Keperawatan pada Klien dengan Gangguan Sistem Muskolokeletal</i>. Jakarta :
Salemba Medika.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
Sudoyo, Aru dkk. 2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku Ilmu
Penyakit Dalam</i>. Jilid 3 Edisi 5. Jakarta : Internal Publishing.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
Lippincott dkk. 2011. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nursing
Memahami Berbagai Macam Penyakit</i>. Jakarta : PT Indeks.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
Junaidi,
I, 2007. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Osteoporosis - Seri Kesehatan Populer</span></i>. Cetakan Kedua, Penerbit
PT Bhuana Ilmu Populer.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
Suryati, A, Nuraini, S. 2006. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Faktor Spesifik Penyebab Penyakit
Osteoporosis Pada Sekelompok Osteoporosis Di RSIJ, 2005</span></i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan</i>, Vol.2,
No.2, Juli 2006:107-126.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hinchliff, S.1999. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kamus
Keperawatan</i>. Jakarta : EGC</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br /><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">GLOSARIUM</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 1.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osteoporosis
: penipisan tulang yang abnormal, mungkin idiopatik atau sekunder terhadap
penyakit lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osteopenia
: pengurangan masa tulang akibat penurunan kecepatan sintesis osteoidsampai
tingkat insufisienuntuk mengkompensasikan lisis tulaang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osteoblast
: sel yang muncul dari fibroblast dan ketika dewasa berhubungan dengan produksi
tulang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osteoclast
: sel multinukleus besar yang berhubungan dengan absorpsi dan penghilangan
tulang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tulang
Vertebra : tulang belakang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menopause
: berhentinya menstruasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Genetik
: berhubungan dengan reproduksi atau kelahiran , diwariskan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fraktur
: pecahnya atau rupture pada tulang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Imun
: bersifat resisten terhadap penyakit karena pembentukan antibody humoral atau
perkembangan imunitas selular</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Urine
: cairan bewarna kekuningan yang diekskresikan dari dalam ginjal dengan
kecepatan sekitar 1500 ml/jam pada orang dewasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Estrogen
: istilah generic untuk senyawa yang menghasilkan estrus, hormone seks wanita</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
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GENITOURINARIA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo64; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem genitourinaria</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem perkemihan atau sistem </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">genitourinaria </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">adalah suatu
sistem dimana terjadinya proses penyaringan darah sehingga darah bebas dari
zat-zat yang tidak dipergunakan oleh tubuh dan menyerap zat-zat yang masih dipergunakan
oleh tubuh. Zat-zat yang tidak dipergunakan oleh tubuh larut dalam air dan
dikeluarkan berupa urin (air kemih).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Organ
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sistem Perkemihan atau Sistem </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Genitourinaria</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> meliputi :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ginjal<a href="" name="more"></a></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedudukan ginjal terletak dibagian
belakang dari kavum abdominalis di belakang peritonium pada kedua sisi vertebra
lumbalis III, dan melekat langsung pada dinding abdomen.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ntuknya seperti biji buah
kacang merah (kara/ercis),</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">jumlahnaya
ada 2 buah kiri dan kanan, ginjal kiri lebih besar dari pada ginjal kanan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ada
orang dewasa berat ginjal ± 200 gram. Dan pada umumnya ginjal laki</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">laki lebih panjang dari
pada ginjal wanita.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Satuan
struktural dan fungsional ginjal yang terkecil di sebut nefron. Tiap</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tiap nefron terdiri
atas komponen vaskuler dan tubuler. Komponen vaskuler terdiri atas pembuluh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pembuluh darah yaitu
glomerolus dan kapiler peritubuler yang mengitari tubuli. Dalam komponen
tubuler terdapat kapsul Bowman, serta tubulus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tubulus, yaitu tubulus kontortus
proksimal, tubulus kontortus distal, tubulus pengumpul dan lengkung Henle yang
terdapat pada medula.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapsula
Bowman terdiri atas lapisan parietal (luar) berbentuk gepeng dan lapis viseral
(langsung membungkus kapiler golmerlus) yang bentuknya besar dengan banyak
juluran mirip jari disebut podosit (sel berkaki) atau pedikel yang memeluk
kapiler secara teratur sehingga celah–celah antara pedikel itu sangat teratur.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">apsula
bowman bersama glomerolus disebut korpuskel renal, bagian tubulus yang keluar
dari korpuskel renal disabut dengan tubulus kontortus proksimal karena jalannya
yang berbelok–belok, kemudian menjadi saluran yang lurus yang semula tebal
kemudian menjadi tipis disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ansa Henle
atau loop of Henle</i>, karena membuat lengkungan tajam berbalik kembali ke
korpuskel renal asal, kemudian berlanjut sebagai tubulus kontortus distal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian–Bagian</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ginjal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila sebuh ginjal kita iris memanjang,
maka aka tampak bahwa ginjal terdiri dari tiga bagian, yaitu bagian kulit
(korteks), sumsum ginjal (medula), dan bagian rongga ginjal (pelvis renalis).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kulit
Ginjal (Korteks)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada kulit ginjal terdapat bagian yang
bertugas melaksanakan penyaringan darah yang disebut nefron. Pada tempat
penyaringan darah ini banyak mengandung kapiler–kapiler darah yang tersusun
bergumpal–gumpal disebut glomerolus. Tiap glomerolus dikelilingi oleh simpai
bowman, dan gabungan antara glomerolus dengan simpai bowman disebut badan
malphigi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyaringan darah terjadi pada badan
malphigi, yaitu diantara glomerolus dan simpai bowman. Zat–zat yang terlarut
dalam darah akan masuk kedalam simpai bowman. Dari sini maka zat–zat tersebut
akan menuju ke pembuluh yang merupakan lanjutan dari simpai bowman yang
terdapat di dalam sumsum ginjal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumsum Ginjal (Medula)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumsum ginjal terdiri beberapa badan
berbentuk kerucut yang disebut piramid renal. Dengan dasarnya menghadap korteks
dan puncaknya disebut apeks atau papila renis, mengarah ke bagian dalam ginjal.
Satu piramid dengan jaringan korteks di dalamnya disebut lobus ginjal. Piramid
antara 8 hingga 18 buah tampak bergaris–garis karena terdiri atas berkas
saluran paralel (tubuli dan duktus koligentes). </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diantara pyramid terdapat jaringan
korteks yang disebut dengan kolumna renal. Pada bagian ini berkumpul ribuan
pembuluh halus yang merupakan lanjutan dari simpai bowman. Di dalam pembuluh
halus ini terangkut urine yang merupakan hasil penyaringan darah dalam badan
malphigi, setelah mengalami berbagai proses.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rongga Ginjal (Pelvis Renalis)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelvis Renalis adalah ujung ureter yang
berpangkal di ginjal, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berbentuk corong lebar.
Sebelum berbatasan dengan jaringan ginjal, pelvis renalis bercabang dua atau
tiga disebut kaliks mayor, yang masing–masing bercabang membentuk beberapa
kaliks minor yang langsung menutupi papila renis dari piramid. K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">liks minor ini
menampung urine yang terus k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">el</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">uar
dari papila. Dari Kaliks minor, urine masuk ke kaliks mayor, ke pelvis renis ke
ureter, hingga di tampung dalam kandung kemih (vesikula urinaria).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">b</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fungsi Ginjal
:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">engekskresikan zat–zat sisa metabolisme
yang mengandung nitrogen, misalnya amonia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">engekskresikan zat–zat yang jumlahnya
berlebihan (misalnya gula dan vitamin) dan berbahaya (misalnya obat–obatan,
bakteri dan zat warna).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">engatur keseimbangan air dan garam
dengan cara osmoregulasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">engatur tekanan darah dalam arteri
dengan mengeluarkan kelebihan asam atau basa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">U</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">reter</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdiri dari 2 saluran pipa masing–masing
bersambung dari ginjal ke kandung kemih (vesika urinaria) panjangnya ± 25–30 cm
dengan penampang ± 0,5 cm. Ureter sebagian terletak dalam rongga abdomen dan sebagian
terletak dalam rongga pelvis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Lapisan dinding ureter terdiri dari :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Dinding luar jaringan ikat (jaringan
fibrosa)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Lapisan tengah otot polos</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Lapisan sebelah dalam lapisan mukosa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lapisan dinding ureter menimbulkan
gerakan–gerakan peristaltik tiap 5 menit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sekali yang akan mendorong air kemih
masuk ke dalam kandung kemih (vesika urinaria).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerakan peristaltik mendorong urin
melalui ureter yang dieskresikan oleh ginjal dan disemprotkan dalam bentuk
pancaran, melalui osteum uretralis masuk ke dalam kandung kemih.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vesika Urinaria (Kandung
Kemih)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kandung kemih dapat mengembang dan
mengempis seperti balon karet, terletak di belakang simfisis pubis di dalam
ronga panggul.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
kandung kemih seperti kerucut yang dikelilingi oleh otot yang kuat, berhubungan
dengan ligamentum vesika umbikalis medius.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">agian
vesika urinaria terdiri dari :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fundus, yaitu bagian
yang menghadap kearah belakang dan bawah, bagian ini terpisah dari rektum oleh
spatium rectosivikale yang terisi oleh jaringan ikat duktus deferent, vesika
seminalis dan prostat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Korpus, yaitu bagian
antara verteks dan fundus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Verteks, bagian yang
maju kearah muka dan berhubungan dengan ligamentum vesika umbilikalis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dinding kandung kemih terdiri dari
beberapa lapisan yaitu, peritonium (lapisan sebelah luar), tunika muskularis,
tunika submukosa, dan lapisan mukosa (lapisan bagian dalam).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">roses
Miksi (Rangsangan Berkemih).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Distensi
kandung kemih, oleh air kemih akan merangsang stres reseptor yang terdapat pada
dinding kandung kemih dengan jumlah ± 250 cc sudah cukup untuk merangsang
berkemih (proses miksi). Akibatnya akan terjadi reflek kontraksi dinding
kandung kemih, dan pada saat yang sama terjadi relaksasi spinter internus,
diikuti oleh relaksasi spinter eksternus, dan akhirnya terjadi pengosongan
kandung kemih.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">R</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">angsangan
yang menyebabkan kontraksi kandung kemih dan relaksasi spinter interus
dihantarkan melalui serabut–serabut para simpatis. Kontraksi spinter eksternus
secara volunter bertujuan untuk mencegah atau menghentikan miksi. Kontrol volunter
ini hanya dapat terjadi bila saraf–saraf yang menangani kandung kemih uretra
medula spinalis dan otak masih utuh.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ila
terjadi kerusakan pada saraf–saraf tersebut maka akan terjadi inkontinensia
urin (kencing keluar terus–menerus tanpa disadari) dan retensi urine (kencing
tertahan).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persarafan dan peredaran darah vesika
urinaria, diatur oleh torakal lumbar dan kranial dari sistem persarafan otonom.
Torakal lumbar berfungsi untuk relaksasi lapisan otot dan kontraksi spinter
interna.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Per</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">itonium
melapisi kandung kemih kira–kira sampai perbatasan ureter masuk ke kandung
kemih. Peritoneum dapat digerakkan membentuk lapisan dan menjadi lurus apabila
kandung kemih terisi penuh. Pembuluh darah Arteri vesikalis superior berpangkal
dari umbilikalis bagian distal, vena membentuk anyaman dibawah kandung kemih.
Pembuluh limfe berjalan menuju duktus limfatilis sepanjang arteri umbilikalis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">U</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">retra</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">U</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">retra
merupakan saluran sempit yang berpangkal pada kandung kemih yang berfungsi
menyalurkan air kemih keluar.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
laki-laki uretra berjalan berkelok– kelok melalui tengah–tengah prostat
kemudian menembus lapisan fibrosa yang menembus tulang pubis kebagian penis
panjangnya ± 20 cm.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">U</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">retra
pada laki–laki terdiri dari :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ure</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tra Prostaria</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>U</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">retra </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">embranosa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>U</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">retra </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">avernosa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">U</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">retra
pada wanita terletak dibelakang simfisis pubis dan berjalan miring sedikit
kearah atas, panjangnya ± 3 – 4 cm. Lapisan uretra pada wanita terdiri dari
Tunika muskularis (sebelah luar), lapisan spongeosa merupakan pleksus dari vena
– vena, dan lapisan mukosa (lapisan sebelah dalam). Muara uretra pada wanita
terletak di sebelah atas vagina (antara klitoris dan vagina) dan uretra di sini
hanya sebagai saluran ekskresi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Si</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">stem </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">erkemihan pada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ansia</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masing-masing ginjal terdiri atas 1 juta
nefron yang hidup dan aktif. Pada awal usia 40 tahun terjadi penurunan ukuran
dan jumlah nefron usia 80 tahun, lebih dari 50% nefron hilang. Meskipun banyak
jumlah nefron yang hilang, masing-masing ginjal memiliki 25% nefron yang
berfungsi normal. Kecepatan filtrasi, ekskresi, dan reabsorbsi meng</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lami kemunduran.
Kemunduran GFR dipengaruhi proses penuaan seseorang pada masalah pengeluaran
obat oleh ginjal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Stanley
& </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">are,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2006).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hilangnya glomerulus ginjal menyertai
proses penuaan. Kehilangan ini bersamaaan dengan penururnan perfusi ginjal
menyebabkan penururnan laju filtrasi glomerulus</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(GFR). Penurunan
filtrasi menyebabkan penurunan pembersihan substansi secara normal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Hudak & Gallo,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1997).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan nitrogen urea</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> darah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah (BUN) atau kreatinin
mengindikasikan luasnya penururnan GFR. Akan tetapi, kreatinin dari pemecahan
otot dapat terjadi lebih sedikit pada pasien muda dan dapat menutupi
peningkatan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(clearense)
kreatinin. Kreatinin lebih akurat pengukurannya terhadap ginjal untuk pasien lansia.
Evaluasi fungsi ginjal sangat penting bila pasien menerima obat yang secara
normal diekskresi melalui ginjal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">udak dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">G</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">allo,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1997).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada lansia mungkin mempunyai kadar
glukosa ginjal yang tinggi. Pada lansia kadar gula darah tinggi di</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam urin </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">merupakan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penyebab glukosuria </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">di</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">karena</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> faktor usia, ginjal
mengalami penurunan kemampuan untuk memekatkan urin karena penurunan jumlah
nefron. Penurunan ini mempengaruhi keseimbangan cairan. Pada lansia dapat
meningkatkan dehidrasi khususnya jika seseorang mengangap tidak penting sebelum
didiagnosa atau juga yang memiliki demam, diare atau muntah. Potensi dehidrasi
dapat meningkat sebagai hasil dari penurunan atau proses penuaan (Stanley &
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">are,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2006).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tonus otot kandung kemih </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">dapat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hilang dan pengosongannya
tidak tuntas ditambah <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adanya retensi dapat memperberat terjadinya
infeksi saluran kemih yang dapat meningkatkan dan menjadi infeksi ginjal.
Hilangnya tonus otot, retensi dan hilangnya kontrol spinter menyebabkan
inkontinensia pada lansia (Hudak & Gallo,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1997).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lansia juga cenderung menderita
komplikasi dari infeksi. Infeksi saluran kemih yang sederhana dapat mengakibatkan
terjadinya bakterimia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">WOC (Web of Caution</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> )</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-m</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">asalah pada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Si</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">stem </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">G</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">enitourinaria</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan pada saluran perkemihan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span lang="IN"></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">nfeksi saluran perkemihan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Definisi</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi Saluran Kemih (ISK) adalah
istilah umum yang dipakai untuk menyatakan adanya invasi mikroorganisme pada
saluran kemih. Infeksi saluran kemih dapat mengenai baik laki-laki maupun
wanita dari semua umur, baik anak-anak, remaja, dewasa maupun lanjut usia. Akan
tetapi dari kedua jenis kelamin, ternyata wanita lebih sering daripada pria
dengan angka populasi umum, kurang lebih 5-15%.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menyatakan adanya
ISK harus ditemukan bakteri dalam urin. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bakteriuria yang disertai dengan gejala
pada saluran kemih disebut bakteriuria simptomatis. Sedangkan yang tanpa gejala
disebut bakteriuria asimptomatis. Dikatakan bakteriuria positif pada pasien
asimptomatis bila terdapat lebih dari 105 koloni bakteri dalam sampel urin,
sedangkan pada pasien simptomatis bisa terdapat jumlah koloni lebih rendah.
Prevalensi ISK yang tinggi pada usia lanjut antara lain disebabkan karena</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">isa urin dalam kandung
kemih meningkat akibat pengosongan kandung kemih kurang efektif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
ISK pada usia lanjut dipandang dari segi penatalaksanaan sering dibedakan atas:
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ISK
uncomplicated (simple)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ISK
yang sederhana yang terjadi pada penderita dengan saluran kencing baik anatomi
maupun fungsional normal. ISK sederhana ini pada usia lanjut terutama mengenai
penderita wanita dan infeksi hanya mengenai mukosa superfisial kandung kemih.
Penyebab kuman tersering (90%) adalah E. coli.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">b. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SK complicated</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sering
menimbulkan banyak masalah karena kuman penyebab sulit diberantas, kuman
penyebab sering resisten terhadap beberapa macam antibiotik, sering terjadi
bakteriemia, sepsis, dan syok. Penyebab kuman pada ISK complicated adalah
Pseudomonas, Proteus, dan Klebsiela. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tanda dan gejala</span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala klinis ISK tidak khas dan bahkan
pada sebagian pasien tanpa gejala. Gejala yang sering ditemukan ialah disuria,
polakisuria dan terdesak kencing yang biasanya terjadi bersamaan. Nyeri
suprapubik dan daerah pelvis juga ditemukan. Polakisuria terjadi akibat kandung
kemih tidak dapat menampung urin lebih dari 500 ml karena mukosa yang meradang
sehingga sering kencing. Stranguria, tenesmus, nokturia, sering juga ditemukan
enuresis nokturnal sekunder, prostatismus, nyeri uretra, kolik ureter dan
ginjal. Gejala klinis ISK sesuai dengan bagian saluran kemih yang terinfeksi
sebagai berikut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">da
ISK bagian bawah, keluhan pasien biasanya berupa rasa sakit atau rasa panas di
uretra sewaktu kencing dengan air kemih sedikit-sedikit serta rasa tidak enak
di daerah suprapubik.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">da
ISK bagian atas dapat ditemukan gejala sakit kepala, malaise, mual, muntah,
demam, menggigil, rasa tidak enak, atau nyeri di pinggang.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa
Keperawatan </span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri
berhubungan dengan peradangan lokal, ketidaknyamanan,infeksi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan pola berkemih
berhubungan dengan inflamasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi Keperawatan</span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri
berhubungan dengan peradangan lokal, ketidaknyamanan,infeksi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan
pasien untuk melakukan tekhnik relaksasi, seperti nafas dalam, kompres hangat
yang berguna untuk mengurangi nyeri yang dialami oleh pasien.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan
pasien untuk minum cairan 8000 ml/ hari jika keadaan memungkinkan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat
dapat memberikan Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) yang bertindak sebagai analgesik
lokal untuk mengurangi nyeri, gatal atau terbakar.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) diberikan,
perawat memberitahu pasien bahwa urin dapat menjadi berwarna orange-merah dan
dapat menodai pakaian.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan pola berkemih
berhubungan dengan inflamasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat
menjelaskan kepada pasien pentingnya pengosongan kandung kemih ketika buang air
kecil</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat
menentukan dan membandingkan pola eliminasi yang sebelumnya dengan pola
eliminasi saat ini yang terjadi pada pasien</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat
dapat melakukan palpasi pada kandung kemih untuk menilai retensi urin</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
pasien dengan kateter, perawat dapat menyimpan catatan cairan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>input dan output</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat
harus memantau warna dan bau urin yang dikeluarkan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakukan
pelepasan kateter sesegera mungkin untuk membangun kembali pola berkemih yang
normal</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat
harus berhati-hati untuk menjaga posisi pipa drainase agar dapat memudahkan
pengeluaran urin</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Inkontinensia
Urin</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Definisi</span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inkontinensia urin merupakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">pengeluaran urin tanpa disadari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">salah satu
manifestasi penyakit yang sering ditemukan pada pasien geriatri. Diperkirakan
prevalensi inkontinensia urin berkisar antara 15–30% usia lanjut di masyarakat
dan 20-30% pasien geriatri yang dirawat di rumah sakit mengalami inkontinensia
urin, dan kemungkinan bertambah berat inkontinensia urinnya 25-30% saat berumur
65-74 tahun. Masalah inkontinensia urin ini angka kejadiannya meningkat dua
kali lebih tinggi pada wanita dibandingkan pria.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Per</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ubahan-perubahan
akibat proses menua mempengaruhi saluran kemih bagian bawah. Perubahan tersebut
merupakan predisposisi bagi lansia untuk mengalami inkontinensia, tetapi tidak
menyebabkan inkontinensia. Jadi inkontinensia bukan bagian normal proses menua.
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<br />
<br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Etiologi</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab Inkontinensia urin yang paling
umum terjadi pada lansia adalah ketidakstabilan otot destrusor, kelemahan dasar
panggul, hiperplasia prostat jinak, gangguan mobilitas, obat-obatan tertentu
dan kondisi patologis seperti infeksi. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obat tertentu yang dapat
menyebabkan inkontinensia adalah chlordiazepoxide ( Librium ), clonidine
(Catapres), diazepam (Valium), digitalis (Lanoxin), Furosemid (Lasix), Isoproterenol
(Isuprel), Levodopa (L-dopa, Larodopa), Lithium (Lithotabs, Lithane), Metadon
(Methadose, Dolophine), Metronidazol (Flagyl), Neostigmine (Prostigmin),
Fenitoin (Dilantin), Terbutaline <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Brethine),
Asam Valproik ( Depakene), Vasopresin ( Pitressin ).</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<strong><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Klasifikasi Inkontinensia Urin</span></i></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN"></span></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Inkontinensia
urin diklasifikasikan :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo55; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Inkontinensia Urin Akut Reversibel</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Pasien delirium mungkin tidak sadar saat mengompol atau tak dapat pergi
ke toilet sehingga berkemih tidak pada tempatnya. Bila delirium teratasi maka
inkontinensia urin umumnya juga akan teratasi. Setiap kondisi yang menghambat
mobilisasi pasien dapat memicu timbulnya inkontinensia urin fungsional atau
memburuknya inkontinensia persisten, seperti fraktur tulang pinggul, stroke,
arthritis dan sebagainya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Resistensi urin karena obat-obatan, atau obstruksi anatomis dapat pula
menyebabkan inkontinensia urin. Keadaan inflamasi pada vagina dan urethra
(vaginitis dan urethritis) mungkin akan memicu inkontinensia urin. Konstipasi
juga sering menyebabkan inkontinensia akut.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Berbagai kondisi yang menyebabkan poliuria dapat memicu terjadinya
inkontinensia urin, seperti glukosuria atau kalsiuria. Gagal jantung dan
insufisiensi vena dapat menyebabkan edema dan nokturia yang kemudian
mencetuskan terjadinya inkontinensia urin nokturnal. Berbagai macam obat juga
dapat mencetuskan terjadinya inkontinensia urin seperti Calcium Channel
Blocker, agonist adrenergic alfa, analgesic narcotic, psikotropik,
antikolinergik dan diuretic.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Inkontinensia Urin Persisten</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">Inkontinensia
urin persisten dapat diklasifikasikan dalam berbagai cara, meliputi anatomi,
patofisiologi dan klinis. Untuk kepentingan praktek klinis, klasifikasi klinis
lebih bermanfaat karena dapat membantu evaluasi dan intervensi klinis.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Kategori
klinis meliputi :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Inkontinensia urin stress (stres inkontinence)</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">Tidak
terkendalinya aliran urin akibat meningkatnya tekanan intraabdominal, seperti
pada saat batuk, bersin atau berolahraga. Umumnya disebabkan oleh melemahnya
otot dasar panggul, merupakan penyebab tersering inkontinensia urin pada lansia
di bawah 75 tahun. Lebih sering terjadi pada wanita tetapi mungkin terjadi pada
laki-laki akibat kerusakan pada spinter urethra setelah pembedahan
transurethral dan radiasi. Pasien mengeluh mengeluarkan urin pada saat tertawa,
batuk, atau berdiri. Jumlah urin yang keluar dapat sedikit atau banyak.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Inkontinensia urin urgensi (urgency inkontinence)</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">Keluarnya
urin secara tak terkendali dikaitkan dengan sensasi keinginan berkemih.
Inkontinensia urin jenis ini umumnya dikaitkan dengan kontraksi detrusor tak
terkendali (detrusor overactivity). Masalah-masalah neurologis sering dikaitkan
dengan inkontinensia urin urgensi ini, meliputi stroke, penyakit Parkinson,
demensia dan cedera medula spinalis. Pasien mengeluh tak cukup waktu untuk
sampai di toilet setelah timbul keinginan untuk berkemih sehingga timbul
peristiwa inkontinensia urin. Inkontinensia tipe urgensi ini merupakan penyebab
tersering inkontinensia pada lansia di atas 75 tahun. Satu variasi
inkontinensia urgensi adalah hiperaktifitas detrusor dengan kontraktilitas yang
terganggu. Pasien mengalami kontraksi involunter tetapi tidak dapat
mengosongkan kandung kemih sama sekali. Mereka memiliki gejala seperti
inkontinensia urin stress, overflow dan obstruksi. Oleh karena itu perlu untuk
mengenali kondisi tersebut karena dapat menyerupai ikontinensia urin tipe lain
sehingga penanganannya tidak tepat.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Inkontinensia urin luapan / overflow (overflow
incontinence)</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">Tidak terkendalinya pengeluaran urin dikaitkan dengan distensi kandung
kemih yang berlebihan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh obstruksi anatomis, seperti
pembesaran prostat, faktor neurogenik pada diabetes melitus atau sclerosis
multiple, yang menyebabkan
berkurang atau tidak berkontraksinya kandung kemih, dan faktor-faktor
obat-obatan. Pasien umumnya mengeluh keluarnya sedikit urin tanpa adanya
sensasi bahwa kandung kemih sudah penuh.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Inkontinensia urin fungsional </span></strong></div>
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<span lang="IN">Memerlukan identifikasi semua komponen tidak terkendalinya pengeluaran
urin akibat faktor-faktor di luar saluran kemih. Penyebab tersering adalah
demensia berat, masalah muskuloskeletal berat, faktor lingkungan yang
menyebabkan kesulitan untuk pergi ke kamar mandi, dan faktor psikologis. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Seringkali inkontinensia urin pada lansia muncul dengan berbagai gejala
dan gambaran urodinamik lebih dari satu tipe inkontinensia urin.
Penatalaksanaan yang tepat memerlukan identifikasi semua komponen.</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda dan Gejala</span></i></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.45pt;">
<span lang="IN">Pada umumnya keluhan penderita yaitu: </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l49 level2 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Kencing keluar pada waktu batuk, tertawa, bersin dan latihan </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l49 level2 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Keluarnya kencing tidak dapat ditahan</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l49 level2 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Kencing keluar menetes pada keadaan kandung kemih penuh</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa Keperawatan
yang mungkin muncul</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo49; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inkontinensia
berhubungan dengan kerusakkan kemampuan untuk mengenali isyarat berkemih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo49; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inkontinensia
berhubungan dengan kehilangan kemampuan motorik, sensorik, dan kognitif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo49; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inkontinensia
berhubungan dengan adanya hambatan lingkungan ke kamar mandi</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi Keperawatan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo50; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inkontinensia
berhubungan dengan kerusakkan kemampuan untuk mengenali isyarat berkemih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo57; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekankan bahwa
inkontinensia bukan berhubungan dengan usia yang tidak dapat dielakkan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan ke pasien
untuk tidak membatasi masukkan cairan karena takut mengalami inkontinensia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo57; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji adanya kerusakkan
kemampuan berkemih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo57; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gunakan pampers untuk
mempermudah dalam berkemih jika diperlukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo50;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inkontinensia
berhubungan dengan kehilangan kemampuan motorik, sensorik dan kognitif</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekankan bahwa
inkontinensia bukan berhubungan dengan usia yang tidak dapat dielakkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan ke pasien untuk
tidak membatasi masukkan cairan karena takut inkontinensia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji kemunduran
motorik, sensorik dan kognitif yang terjadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk pasien dengan
kemunduran kognitif, anjurkan pasien untuk ke kamar kecil setiap 2 jam setelah
makan dan sebelum tidur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo50;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inkontinensia
berhubungan dengan adanya hambatan lingkungan ke kamar mandi</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo59; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekankan bahwa
inkontinensia bukan berhubungan dengan usia yang tidak dapat dielakkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo59; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan ke pasien
untuk tidak membatasi masukkan cairan karena takut inkontinensia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo59; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji tingkat kemampuan
pasien untuk mencapai kamar mandi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo59; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan didalam kamar
terdapat kamar mandi untuk mempermudah pasien dalam berkemih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo59; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila diperlukan,
pertimbangkan penggunaan pampers, kursi commode atau urin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo60; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">iper</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">plasia P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">rostat jinak<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Definisi </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hiperplasia
Prostat jinak adalah pembesaran nonmalignant dari kelenjar prostat yang
menyempitkan uretra dan menyebabkan berbagai pembatasan aliran kemih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Etiologi</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Dengan bertambahnya usia akan terjadi perubahan keseimbangan testosteron
estrogen, karena produksi testosteron menurun dan terjadi konversi testosteron
menjadi estrogen pada jaringan adiposa di perifer. Karena proses pembesaran
prostat terjadi secara perlahan-lahan maka efek perubahan juga terjadi secara
perlahan-lahan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahap awal setelah terjadi
pembesaran prostat, resistensi pada leher vesika dan daerah prostat meningkat,
dan detrusor menjadi lebih tebal. Fase penebalan detrusor ini disebut fase
kompensasi otot dinding. Apabila keadaan berlanjut maka </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">detrusor menjadi lelah dan akhirnya
mengalami dekompensasi dan tidak mampu lagi untuk berkontraksi sehingga terjadi
retensi uri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">n.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tanda dan gejala</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -33.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dorongan
mendesak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> untuk buang air kecil. Beberapa pria mungkin <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengompol tanpa dapat ditahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 38.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penundaan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> antara awal
berkemih dan aliran urin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 38.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aliran
urin lemah atau terputus-putus</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 38.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Urin tetap
menetes</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> setelah buang air kecil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 38.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perasaan
bahwa kandung kemih tidak kosong</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> setelah buang air kecil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 38.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sakit di
punggung bawah, panggul atau paha atas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 38.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sensasi
terbakar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> atau sakit saat buang air kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dapat
berbeda-berbeda antar individu</span>. Gejala juga dapat <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">bervariasi pada masing-masing individu</span>
di sepanjang perjalanan penyakit. Perlu ditekankan bahwa gejala di atas tidak
selalu menunjukkan adanya pembesaran prostat. Penyakit lain dapat menyebabkan
gejala yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l75 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan eliminasi urin berhubungan
dengan pembesaran prostat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l75 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nyeri berhubungan dengan distensi kandung
kemih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l75 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kecemasan berhubungan dengan
ketidakmampuan untuk berkemih, disfungsi seksual, perubahan dalam status
kesehatan lainnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi Keperawatan</span></i></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo61; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan eliminasi dan Nyeri</span></i></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong
pasien untuk berkemih setiap dua jam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat
mendokumentasikan kekuatan berkemih dan adakah nyeri yang dirasakan pasien
ketika berkemih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat
memantau asupan cairan input dan output </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo60; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika Nokturia merupakan
masalah, cairan yang masuk dapat dibatasi dimalam hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo60; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantau
TTV secara ketat</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kateterisasi
tidak dianjurkan namun perawat dapat membantu pasien untuk berambulasi ke
toilet</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antispasmodics
(Oxybutynin) dapat diberikan untuk meringankan kejang kandung kemih</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo61; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecemasan</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perawat harus bersedia dalam menjawab pertanyaan
yang diutarakan oleh pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat memberikan
informasi yang akurat </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawat mendengar
kecemasan dan ketakutan pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo64; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengkajian</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> secara umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian
ini meliputi identitas klien, status kesehatan saat ini, riwayat kesehatan masa
lalu, riwayat kesehatan keluarga, pemeriksaan fisik sistem gastrointestinal,
pola aktivitas sehari-hari, serta pengkajian pola psikososial dan spiritual.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo62; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Identitas
klien</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umur</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis kelamin</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Status perkawinan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agama</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suku</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tatus kesehatan saat
ini :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">status kesehatan secara
umum</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">keluhan kesehatan saat
ini</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengetahuan, pemahaman,
dan penatalaksanaan masalah kesehatan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat
kesehatan masa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lalu:
</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penyakit masa
kanak-kanak</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penyakit kroni</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernah mengalami trauma</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo62; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Observasi
penampilan umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pucat (kehilangan darah
dari GI)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelelahan dan kelemahan
(malnutrisi, ketidakseimbangan elektrolit, atau perdarahan). Obesitas atau
penurunan berat badan yang tidak biasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo62; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
fisik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi, palpasi dan perkusi abdomen terhadap
kandung kemih yang sudah penuh, nyeri atau abnormalitas. Lakukan pemeriksaan
pada lansia wanita terhadap inkontinensia stres dengan melakukan:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
klien cairan sedikitnya satu gelas penuh, dan tunggu hingga klien merasakan
adanya sensasi untuk berkemih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Instruksikan
klien untuk berdiri, jika tidak bisa cukup dengan posisi duduk yang ditegakkan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minta
klien untuk memegang area periniumnya, dan minta klien untuk batuk dengan kuat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">asil
tes negatif tidak ada kebocoran (urin yang keluar) atau hanya sedikit urin yang
keluar (Eliopa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">o</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lus,
2005.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo54; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wawancara
</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wawancara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang dilakukan harus mencakup review dari
fungsi sistem tanda-tanda dan gejala yang dirasakan oleh klien, pertanyaan yang
dapat ditanyakan adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Frekuensi pengosongan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berapa kali anda berkemih selama sehari
dan pada malam hari?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adakah perubahan yang terjadi pada pola
berkemih anda?</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontinensi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah anda pernah kehilangan kontrol
untuk berkemih?</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah urin akan keluar jika anda batuk
atau bersin?</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seberapa cepat anda akan ketoilet setelah
merasakan adanya keinginan untuk berkemih sebelum anda kehilangan kontrol?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Retensi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah anda pernah merasakan bahwa
kandung kemih anda tidak benar-benar kosong setelah anda berkemih?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah anda merasakan kandung kemih anda
penuh setelah berkemih?</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah terasa nyeri saat anda berkemih?</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah anda merasakan nyeri dibagian
bawah abdomen atau ada dibagian lain?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah ada penegangan, ketidaknyamanan,
lesi atau nyeri diarea genital anda?</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Discharge</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah ada sekresi, darah atau discharge
dari genital anda?</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Urin</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah anda pernah melihat adanya
kristal atau partikel diurin anda?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah urin anda pernah berwarna pink,
berdarah, discolor ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah urin itu jernih atau keruh?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah urin anda berbau busuk?</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disfungsi seksual</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapatkan anda mencapai ereksi dan me</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">m</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pertahankannya selama
berhubungan?</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seperti apa ejakulasi anda?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah vagina anda sensitif atau terlau
kering saat berhubungan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah anda merasakan kepuasan setelah
berhubungan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah ada perubahan dalam pola seksual
anda?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SISTEM GASTROINTESTINAL</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo47; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
Gastrointestinal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara normal fungsi s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">stem gastrointestinal
yaitu bertanggung jawab untuk mensuplai tubuh dengan nutrisi yang dibutuhkan
untuk mempertahankan kesehatan. Gangguan fungsi s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">stem gastrointestinal dapat mengakibatkan
efek yang signifikan terhadap kehidupan lansia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi
utama s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">stem gastrointestinal
adalah mencerna makanan dan mengabsorbsi nutrisi. Fungsi kedua sebagai organ
tambahan yang termasuk sekresi dan motilitas. S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">stem gastrointestinal disebut juga alimentary
tract, yang terdiri dari mulut, faring, eso</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">f</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">agus,
lambung, usus halus dan usus besar. S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">stem
gastrointestinal berupa saluran dalam tubuh yang dimulai dari mulut dan
diakhiri dengan anus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Organ
s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">stem pencernaan terdiri
dari :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rongga
mulut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
pencernaan pertama kali terjadi didalam rongga mulut. Di dalam rongga mulut,
makanan dikunyah dan dihancurkan oleh gigi, dibantu oleh lidah. Dalam rongga
mulut juga ada enzim yang membantu pencernaan yaitu enzim amylase</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Esofagus</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
dicerna di dalam mulut, makanan akan masuk ke dalam kerongkongan. Makanan
didorong oleh otot kerongkongan menuju lambung. Gerakan otot ini disebut gerak
peristalti</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Gerak peristalti</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
inilah yang menyebabkan makanan terdorong hingga masuk ke lambung.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lambung
dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">U</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sus</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dari</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rongkongan,
makanan masuk ke lambung. Lapisan kulit lambung mensekresi asam klorida, musin,
dan enzim.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Usus halus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tempat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">pencernaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">penyerapan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">nutrisi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Setelah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">melewati</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">usus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">halus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">sisa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">makanan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">masuk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ke</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">usus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">besar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">terjadi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">pembusukan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jika</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kolon</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">desenden</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">pada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">usus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">besar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">penuh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">feses</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">masuk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ke</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">dalam
rectum maka</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">timbul</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">keinginan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">untuk BAB</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Anus merupakan lubang
di ujung saluran pencernaan, dimana bahan limbah keluar dari tubuh.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pankreas
dan Hati </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">reas dan hati memiliki
kemampuan mensintesis protein dan enzim-enzim pencernaan (Stanley & Bare,
2007). Hati berfungsi untuk membuang bakteri dan partikel asing lainnya yang
diserap dari usus, berbagai zat gizi yang diserap dari usus selanjutnya dipecah
sehingga dapat digunakan oleh tubuh. Hati melakukan proses tersebut dengan
kecepatan tinggi, setelah darah diperkaya dengan zat-zat gizi, darah dialirkan
ke dalam sirkulasi umum. Hati menghasilkan sekitar separuh dari seluruh
kolestrol dalam tubuh, sisanya berasal dari makanan. Sekitar 80 % kolestrol
yang dihasilkan di hati digunakan untuk membuat empedu. Hati juga menghasilkan
empedu, yang disimpan di dalam kandung empedu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
Penuaan Normal pada Saluran Gastrointestinal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah
yang berkaitan dengan sistem gastrointestinal sering terjadi pada lansia.
Perubahan fungsi meliputi penurunan pengosongan lambung dan peningkatan pH
lambung, penurunan kerja peristaltik esofagus, penurunan produksi ptialin, asam
hidroklorida, dan pepsin, serta kecenderungan terjadinya gangguan absorpsi vitamin
B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>12</sub>, K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">alium</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Kalsium dan zat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">esi.
Banyak lansia mengalami penurunan selera makan, yang dapat disebabkan oleh
penurunan ketajaman bintil perasa (taste buds)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> kuncup rasa serta penurunan kemampuan
untuk merasakan makanan yang manis dan asin.
Lansia dapat juga mengalami masalah gigi yang akan menurunkan kemampuan mereka
untuk menikmati makanan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
menelan akan semakin meningkat bersamaan dengan pertambahan usia dan keadaan
ini disebabkan oleh penurunan produksi saliva untuk membasahi makanan. Gangguan
menelan juga dapat terjadi karena penggunaan obat, seperti antihistamin dan
antidepresan yang memiliki efek antikolinergik. Refleks muntah dapat hilang
sehingga terjadi disfagia dan hampir separuh dari lansia berusia diatas 80
tahun mengalami divertikulitis karena kelemahan dinding usus. Perubahan
fisiologi lain meliputi kecenderungan konstipasi atau inkontinensia fekal.
Inkontinensia fekal disebabkan oleh penurunan tonus otot sfingter interna pada
usus besar dan berkurangnya kesadaran akan defekasi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">perubahan proses
penuaan pada sistemgastrointestinal yang normal:</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 41.4pt; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">N</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ormal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Implikasi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">linis</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rongga mulut</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hilangnya tulang
periosteum dan peridontal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Re</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">traksi
dan struktur gusi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hilangnya kuncup rasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.1pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanggalnya
gigi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesulitan dalam
mempertahankan pelekatan gigi palsu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
sensasi rasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.1pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan
penggunaan garam</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Esofagus, lambung, usus</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilatasi
esofagus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan
refleks muntah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atropi
mukosa lambung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan motilitas
lambung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan
resiko aspirasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlambatan
mencerna makanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.1pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan
absorpsi obat–obatan, zat besi, kalsium, vitamin B<sub>12</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konstipasi
sering terjadi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Stanley
& Bare, 2007)</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
fisik yang terjadi pada lansia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kehilangan gigi:
penyebab utama adanya periodontal disease yang bisa terjadi setelah umur 30
tahun, penyebab lain meliputi kesehatan gigi yang buruk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indra
pengecap: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">danya
iritasi yang kronis dari selaput lendir, atro</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">f</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">i indra pengecap(±80%), hilangnya
sensitifitas dari saraf pengecap dilidah terutama rasa manis dan asin,
hilangnya sensitifitas dari saraf pengecap tentang ras</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> asin, asam, dan pahit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lambung:
rasa lapar menurun (sensiti</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">f</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">itas
lapar menurun), asam lambung menurun, waktu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">pengosongan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
menurun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peristaltik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lemah dan biasanya timbul konstipasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi
ab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">or</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">bs</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">i melemah (daya absorbsi
terganggu)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Liver(hati)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> makin mengecil dan
menurunnya tempat penyimpanan, berkurangnya aliran darah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(Nugroho, 2000).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l52 level1 lfo47;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">WO</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">C (Web of caution)</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo47; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan penunjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel
darah lengkap (CBC) menghitung atau mencari tanda-tanda infeksi dan dehidrasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ebuah peningkatan
jumlah sel darah putih(15.000-20.000/mm<sup>3</sup>) adalah tanda infeksi dan
mungkin menunjukan sumbatan atau perforasi usus. Peningkatan tingkat hematokrit
dapat berarti dehidrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
elektrolit dan urinalisis untuk mengevaluasi ketidakseimbangan cairan
elektrolit dan sepsis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kleatinin
dan nitrogen urea darah (BUN)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tingkat
peningkatan kadar serum ini menunjukan bahwa kemungkinan pasien mengalami
dehidrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rongten
abdomen, untuk mene</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">n</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tukan
lokasi pola dan jenisnya(mekanisme<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau
nonmechanical,sebagian atau seluruhnya) dari obstruksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolonoskopi
untuk membantu dalam penilaian dan diagnosis dari obstruksi usus besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes
fungsi hati</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CT
scan abdomen </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">USG.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo47; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Masalah-masalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">pada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sistem Gastrointestinal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Diare</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Definisi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diare adalah defekasi
yang meningkat dalam frek</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">u</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ensi
lebih cair dan sulit untuk dikendalikan. Diare dapat diindikasikan dengan frek</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">u</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ensi buang air lebih
dari tiga kali perhari at</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">u
jumlah tinja lebih dari 200 gram tinja perhari</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Etiologi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi
bakteri dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">v</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">irus,
infeksi fekal, pemberian makanan, melalui selang dan diet yang berlebihan dapat
menyebabkan diare. Diare sangat mengganggu interaksi sosial bagi lansia yang
aktif. Di</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">re
kronis disebabkan oleh mala</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">b</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sor</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">b</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">si, penyakit di</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">v</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ertikular, gangguan
inflamasi usus dan obat-obatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tanda dan gejala</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lansia
dengan diare biasanya mengalami penurunan volume dan dapat mengalami demam,
takikardi dan hipotensi postural,turgor kulit burukdan meningkatkan hematokrit
serta hemaglobin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Diagnosa</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Resiko defisit volume cairan berhubungan dengan feses
berair.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Resiko gangguan integritas kulit berhubungan dengan
iritasi daerah anus karena diare.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Intervensi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Resiko defisit volume cairan berhubungan dengan feses
berair</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perawat memantau
jumlah feses, diare, warna, konsistensi, dan bau dari feses.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Anjurkan klien
untuk minum air hangat(untuk mencegah stimulasi saluran pencernaan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berikan diet
lembut dan hambar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kolaborasi
pemberian obat antidiare (diphenoxylateatauloperanide)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Resiko gangguan integritas kulit berhubungan dengan
iritasi daerah anus karena diare.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Periksa kulit
disekitar daerah perineal untuk melihat adanya tanda-tanda peradangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kaji luasnya
area kulit yang teriritasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Anjurkan klien
untuk membersihkan area perineal dengan sabun, bilas dengan baik dan keringkan
secara menyeluruh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kolaborasi
penggunaan lotion atau krim untuk mengurangi inflamasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Disfaghia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Definisi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Disphagia adalah kesulitan
menelan yang merupakan akibat dari penuaan yang normal.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Etiologi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penyakit ini terjadi dari komplikasi penyakit lain
seperti stroke, trauma otak, sklerosis multiple dan pasien dengan masalah
pernapasan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tanda dan
gejala</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tanda dan gejala<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dari disphagia adalah kelemahan otot wajah, adanya batuk yang lemah,
penurunan reflek muntah, penurunan berat badan, ketidakmampuan untuk mengunyah
makanan, batuk dan tersedak saat makan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Diagnosa</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Resiko nutrisi
kurang dari kebutuhan berhubungan dengan kurangnya asupan makanan yang tidak
adekuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Resiko gangguan
menelan berhubungan dengan kelemahan otot – otot menelan akibat paralisis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Resiko terjadi
aspirasi berhubungan dengan ketidakmampuan menelan akibat kerusakan saraf
kontrol fasial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Intervensi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Resiko nutrisi
kurang dari kebutuhan berhubungan dengan penururnan kemampuan menelan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Anjurkan pasien
makan dengan perlahan dan mengunyah makanan secara seksama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pemberian
makanan yang sedikit tapi sering</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sajikan makanan
yang lunak dan hangat seperti bubur dan susu untuk merangsang kemampuan menelan
dan mengurangi resiko aspirasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sajikan makanan
dengan cara yang menarik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hindari makan
makanan atau minuman yang mengandung zatiritan ( seperti alcohol )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berikan posisi
fowler untuk mencegah terjadinya aspirasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Anjurkan pasien
untuk mempertahankan posisi minimal selama 45 menit setelah makan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Timbang BB
pasien dan catat pertambahannya secara berkala</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Observasi asupan
nutrisi pasien dan kaji hal – hal yang menghambat atau mempersulit proses
menelan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Resiko gangguan
menelan berhubungan dengan kelemahan otot – otot menelan akibat paralisis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo65; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tinjau ulang
kemampuan menelan pasien, catat luasnya paralisis parsial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo65; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tingkatkan upaya
untuk dapat melakukan proses menelan yang efektif seperti membantu pasien
menegakkan kepala</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo65; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berikan posisi
fowler selama dan setelah belajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo65; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Letakkan makanan
pada daerah mulut yang tidak sakit atau terganggu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo65; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sentuh bagian
pipi bagian dalam dengan spatel untuk mengetahui adanya kelemahan lidah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Resiko terjadi
aspirasi berhubungan dengan ketidakmampuan menelan akibat kerusakan saraf
control fasial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo66; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berikan posisi
semi fowler atau fowler pada saat makanan atau minum</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hindari posisi
kepala over ekstensi pada saat pasien makan / minum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo66; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berikan makanan
dengan konsistensi yang lunak</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gastritis</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Definisi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gastritis adalah peradangan mukosa lambung dan dapat
menyebabkan terjadinya perdarahan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Etiologi</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gastritis terbagi dua, yaitu gastritis tipe-A
(atrofik) dan gastritis tipe-B.Pada gastritis tipe-A, terjadi penurunan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sekresi asam klorida yang menyebabkan
absorpsi zat besi dan vitamin B dan cenderung dapat menjadi kronis.Sedangkan
pada gastritis tipe-B, disebabkan oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">helicobacter
pylori bacil.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tanda dan
gejala</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pada gastritis tipe-A, tidak ada gejala yang
khas.Sedangkan pada gastritis tipe-B, meliputi anoreksia, nyeri ulu hati, mual
muntah dan rasa tidak enak pada mulut</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa Keperawatan
yang mungkin muncul</span></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">1. Nyeri Akut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau Kronis
berhubungan dengan peningkatan lesi sekunder terhadap peningkatan sekresi
gastrik</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">2. Resiko nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh berhubungan dengan rasa
tidak nyaman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>setelah makan, anoreksia,
mual, muntah</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.15pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN">Intervensi Keperawatan</span></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">1. Nyeri Akut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau kronis
berhubungan dengan peningkatan lesi sekunder terhadap peningkatan sekresi
gastrik</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo51; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Jelaskan kepada pasien
mengenai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hubungan antara sekresi asam
hidroklorit dan awitan nyeri</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo51; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Berikan antasida, antikolinergik,
sukralfat, bloker H2 sesuai petunjuk dokter</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo51; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Berikan dorongan ke pasien<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk melakukan aktivitas yang meningkatkan
istirahat dan rileks</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo51; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Bantu klien untuk mengidentifikasi
subtansi pengiritasi misalnya makanan gorengan, pedas, dan kopi</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo51; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Ajarkan kepada pasien tehnik
relaksasi untuk menurunkan stres dan menghilangkan nyeri yang dirasakan</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo51; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Jelaskan kepada klien untuk
menghindari merokok dan penggunaan alkohol</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo51; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Dorong klien untuk menurunkan
masukan minuman yang mengandung kafein, bila ada indikasi</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo51; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Ajarkan klien tentang pentingnya
pengobatan berkelanjutan bahkan saat tidak nyeri sekalipun</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN">2. Resiko nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh berhubungan dengan rasa
tidak nyaman setelah makan, anoreksia, mual, muntah</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo67; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Kaji status nutrisi pasien: diet,
pola makan, makanan yang dapat menjadi pencetus rasa nyeri</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo67; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Kaji riwayat pengobatan pasien:
aspirin, steroid, vasopresin</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo67; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Pantau tanda-tanda vital
pasien<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>setiap 4 jam</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo67; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Pantau masukan dan pengeluaran
makanan dan cairan</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo67; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Pertahankan lingkungan yang bebas
stres</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo67; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Berikan diet dalam porsi kecil
tapi sering</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo67; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Pantau keefektifan serta efek
samping obat yang dikonsumsi oleh pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Konstipasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Definisi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konstipasi
adalah masalah umum yang disebabkan oleh motilitas, kurang aktivitas, dan
penurunan kekuatan tonus otot. Defisiensi diet dalam asupan cairan dan saraf
juga dapat menimbulkan konstipasi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Selainitu,
konstipasi mengacu pada bagian dari feses yang abnormal, keras dan jarang.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Etiologi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak
lansia yang mengalami konstipasi sebagai akibat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dari penggu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">m</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">palan
sensasi saraf, tidak sempurnanya pengosongan usus, atau kegagalan dalam
menanggapi sinyal untuk defekasi. Konsti</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">pa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">si
adalah suatu penurunan frek</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">u</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ensi
pergerakan usus yang disertai dengan perpajangan waktu dan kesulitan pergerakan
feses.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tanda dan gejala</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala-gejala yang paling umum
adalah gangguan atau sakit perut. Gejala-gejala lain adalah bersendawa, perut
kembung, m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ual</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan
muntah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> suatu perasaan penuh atau terbakar
di perut bagian atas. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Darah dalam munta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">feses</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang hitam mungkin adalah suatu
tanda perdarahan didalam lambung, yang mungkin mengindikasikan suatu persoalan
yang serius yang memerlukan perhatian medis yang segera.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa Keperawatan
yang mungkin muncul</span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Konstipasi berhubungan dengan ketidakadekuatan serat dalam diet</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Konstipasi berhubungan dengan penurunan peristaltik sekunder akibat immobilitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Konstipasi berhubungan ketidakadekuatan cairan</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi Keperawatan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Konstipasi berhubungan dengan ketidakadekuatan serat dalam diet</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan ke pasien
mengenai pentingnya diet seimbang, dengan cara meninjau ulang daftar makanan
yang disajikan serta cukupi asupan buah-buahan dan sayuran </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diskusikan bahwa pola
defekasi individu bervariasi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diskusikan obat-obatan
yang menyebabkan konstipasi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolaborasi penggunaan
suppositoria, pencahar dan enema jika diperlukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Konstipasi berhubungan dengan penurunan peristaltik akibat immobilitas dan
stress</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bantu pasien untuk
penggunaan optimal otot abdomen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo69; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan meminum 1
gelas air hangat, yang diminum 30 menit sebelum sarapan yang berguna untuk
menstimulasi usus</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ajarkan cara memasase
abdomen bawah dengan perlahan untuk membantu pengeluaran feses</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari duduk lama dan
mengejan kuat saat defekasi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diskusikan obat-obatan
yang menyebabkan konstipasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo69; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolaborasi penggunaan
suppositoria, pencahar dan enema jika diperlukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Konstipasi berhubungan ketidakadekuatan cairan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong masukkan cairan
pasien sebanyak 8-10 gelar perhari</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jelaskan mengenai
pentingnya pemasukkan cairan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diskusikan obat-obatan
yang menyebabkan konstipasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo70; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolaborasi penggunaan
suppositoria, pencahar dan enema jika diperlukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo47; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengkajian</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
secara umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian
ini meliputi identitas klien, status kesehatan saat ini, riwayat kesehatan masa
lalu, riwayat kesehatan keluarga, pemeriksaan fisik sistem gastrointestinal,
pola aktivitas sehari-hari, serta pengkajian pola psikososial dan spiritual.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">identitas
klien</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo72; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis kelamin</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Status perkawinan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo72; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suku</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tatus kesehatan saat
ini :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">status kesehatan secara
umum</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">keluhan kesehatan saat
ini</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengetahuan, pemahaman,
dan penatalaksanaan masalah kesehatan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat
kesehatan masa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lalu:
</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penyakit masa
kanak-kanak</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penyakit kroni</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernah mengalami trauma</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Observasi
penampilan umum</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pucat
(kehilangan darah dari GI)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelelahan dan kelemahan
(malnutrisi, ketidakseimbangan elektrolit, atau perdarahan). Obesitas atau
penurunan berat badan yang tidak biasa.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bau</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bau mulut (kurangnya
kebersihan mulut, penyakit pada rongga mulut dan paru-paru, infeksi abses paru,
penyakit paru dan uremia).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kulit</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Turgor kulit yang jelek
dihubungkan dengan dehidrasi, kulit bersisik, gatal, kulit yang pucat,
pengikisan kulit bisa disebabkan oleh bermacam-macam defisiensi nutrisi. Kaji
adanya edema akibat gangguan s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">stem
lain.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
rongga mulut :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bibir</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimetrisan, warna,
kelembaban, kebiru-biruan (rendahnya kadar O2). Bibir pecah-pecah (defisiensi
riboflafin atau perlukaan oleh gigi yang tajam).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rongga
mulut</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi
kelembaban dan kemerahan membran mukosa</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membran mukosa dan
lidah kering (dehidrasi), bintik putih pada mukosa (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">nfeksi moniliasis).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gusi
bengkak penyakit periodontal juga akibat fenitoin atau leukimia. Keracunan
timah dideteksi dengan timbulnya garis biru kehitaman jika gigi masih ada.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faring</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selama
proses menelan, nervus fagus<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">palatun lunak terangkat
dan menutup nasofaring</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aspirasi tidak terjadi.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
fungsi gangguan refleks, tekan lidan pada bagian tengah, tetapi tidak terlalu
jauh kebelakang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">respon
tersedak. Suruh lansia mengatakan “ah”</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Palatum lunak
terangkat. Jika terjadi rasa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sakit dan kemerahan, atau adanya bintik putih
dikerongkongannya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
abdomen</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suruh
pasien mengosongkan abdomen, lihat (tanya) apakah ada bekas luka akibat
apendektomi 50 tahun yang lalu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lihat
apakan ada striae (biasanaya biru-pink atau warna perak) Hasil</span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
dari obesitas, ansites, kehamilan, atau tumor. Lihat adanya ruam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
kesimetrisan abdomen dan mencakup semua keempat kuadran. Catat adanya temuan
dan lokasi.distensi bagian bawah abdomen (dibawah pusar)</span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">distensi
kandung kemih atau tumor pada uterus dan ovarium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
adanya nyeri atau ketegangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkusi
(bunyi abnormal pada sebagian organ abdomen, misal hati, lambung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dll). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
bising usus normal (terdengar satu kali setiap 5-15 detik, biasanya tidak
teratur), jika tidak terdengar, stimulasi dengan jari. Tidak adanya bising usus
kurang dari 5 menit dibutuhkan evaluasi medis. Peni</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">n</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gkatan suara sampai
penurunan peristaltik. Palpasi seharusnya tidak ada masa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pemeriksaan
rektum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l69 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Inspeksi
perianal (hemoroid), lakukan DRE untukmengkaji (fisura, tumor, inflamasi,
dankebersihan yang kurang)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l69 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Minta klien
untuk meneran (ada tambahan hemoroid atau rectal prolaps). Masa yang keras bias
menghalangi palpasi penuh pada rektum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pemeriksaan f</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">eses</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DRE
(pemeriksaan spesimen feses)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Feses
hitam (makanan yang tinggi besi atau perdarahan usus proksimal)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Darah
merah segar (perdarahan usus bagian distal atau hemoroid). Pucat atau berlemak
(masalah absorbsi). Feses yang abu-abu (obstruksi jaundice) mu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">us (inflamasi)
(Eliopoulus, 2005)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wawancara
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gigi
dan gusi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Status gigi atau gigi
palsu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapan lagi pemeriksaan
gigi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana perawatan
gigi atau g</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">igi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
palsu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapan mengenakan gigi
palsu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah merasa nyeri,
perdarahan, dan gejala lain yang dirasakan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat pengobatan,
alkohol, zat adiktif lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nafsu
makan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah ada penurunan
nafsu makan terhadap makanan yang disukai pada masa lalu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana cara anda
mengelola makanan agar berasa enak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Luka, sulit mengunyah,
tersedak, terasa masuk ketenggorokan, mual, muntah, perdarahan mulut, muntah
atau feses berdarah, nyeri, rasa terbakar pada lambungdan usus, diare,
konstipasi, gas, perdarahan rektum?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat
badan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah baru-baru ini
mengalami penurunan berat badan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah terjadi
peningkatan atau penurunan berat badan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencernaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah sering
mendapatkan keluhan pencernaan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah penyebab dan
bagaimana penanganannya?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah ada rasa penuh,
ada tidaknya pada dada setelah makan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah regurgitasi atau
sendawa pernah terjadi?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eliminasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berapa kali BAB?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah ada meneran saat
BAB</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah darah di BAB?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana konsistensi
pada warna feses?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diet</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berapa kali makan
sehari?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana cara
mendapatkan makanan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah ada perubahan
pola makan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat pengobatan,
alkohol, dan zat adiktif lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">STUDI
KASUS</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kasus
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">klien
dengan gangguan sistem Genitourinaria</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ny. A 82 tahun, tinggal dipanti
jompo. Klien mengeluh tidak dapat mengontrol <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BAK. Ny.A sering mengompol sehingga timbul
gatal-gatal pada kulitnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, dan klien
sering terlihat menggaruk-garuk daerah bokongnya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Klien juga mengatakan bahwa urinnya berbau. Klien terlihat gelisah, sering
menyendiri dan malas keluar kamar. Klien mengatakan bahwa ia dicampakan oleh
anaknya. Dari observasi yang didapatkan oleh perawat ditemukan adanya lesi pada
bagian bokong. Berdasarkan keterangan dari keluarga klien sebelumnya sering
mengkonsumsi obat analgetik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisa data :</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 182.6pt;" valign="top" width="243">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Data</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.1pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">WOC</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 165.4pt;" valign="top" width="221">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masalah Keperawatan</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 223.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 223.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 182.6pt;" valign="top" width="243">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DS :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Klien
mengeluh ttidak dapat mengontrol BAK dan sering mengompol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Keluarga
klien mengatakan bahwa klien sering mengkonsumsi obat analgetik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DO:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Klien
sering mengompol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAK
berbau</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 223.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.1pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 66px; margin-top: 17px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251704832;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" width="12" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penuaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="height: 17px; margin-left: 66px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251706880;"><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.png" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 17px; margin-left: 123px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251705856;"><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.png" width="12" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tonus otot
bladder<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 17px; left: 0px; margin-left: 63px; margin-top: 70px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251707904;"><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.png" width="12" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengosongan kandung
kemih tidak tuntas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 17px; left: 0px; margin-left: 63px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251709952;"><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.png" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 114px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251708928;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.png" width="12" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mikroorganisme </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 63px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251710976;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" width="12" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ISK</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 17px; left: 0px; margin-left: 61px; margin-top: 44px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251712000;"><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.png" width="12" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi sfingter
terganggu</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 62px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251713024;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" width="12" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inkontinensia</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan eliminasi
urin</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 223.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 165.4pt;" valign="top" width="221">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
Eliminasi Urin </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 182.6pt;" valign="top" width="243">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DS:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l73 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">mengatakan bahwa kulitnya </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengalami
gatal-gatal </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l73 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Klien
mengatakan sering mengompol</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DO:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l77 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Klien
terlihat gelisah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l77 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Klien
sering menggaruk-garuk daerah bokongnya </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l77 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Terdapat
lesi pada bagian bokong klien</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.1pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 17px; left: 0px; margin-left: 57px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251714048;"><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.png" width="12" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inkontinensia</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 57px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251715072;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" width="12" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enuresis</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 57px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251717120;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.png" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 123px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251716096;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.png" width="12" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mikroorganisme</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 57px; margin-top: 45px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251718144;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" width="12" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gatal-gatal &
digaruk</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 57px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251719168;"><img height="18" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.png" width="12" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kulit teriritasi</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 57px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251720192;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.png" width="12" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lesi dibokong</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan integritas
kulit</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 165.4pt;" valign="top" width="221">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan integritas
kulit</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 182.6pt;" valign="top" width="243">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DS:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l74 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Klien
mengatakan dicampakkan oleh keluarganya (anaknya)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DO:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l74 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Klien
terlihat mengurung diri dan malas keluar kamar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.1pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 71px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251721216;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.png" width="12" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penuaan</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 71px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251723264;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.png" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 115px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251722240;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.png" width="12" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sensitivitas</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 71px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251724288;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.png" width="12" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyendiri</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan konsep diri:
HDR</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 165.4pt;" valign="top" width="221">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
konsep diri : HDR</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya
infeksi kandung kemih atau saluran kemih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keluhan
nyeri pada waktu miksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Distensi
kandung kemih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya
kelainan kontrol dalam BAK atau kebiasaan klien BAK</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya
faktor psikologi seperti stres dan cemas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengeluaran
dan pemasuk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">an
cairan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan
obat penenang atau diuretik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kulit
kemerahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat
kehamilan dan jumlah anak, keluhan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Diagnosa
keperawatan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> yang
muncul:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan eleminasi urin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> berhubungan dengan inkontinensia</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien dapat
mengontrol pengeluaran urin dan mengeluarkan urin secara efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
tipe inkontinensia pada pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bantu
klien untuk BAK dengan cara yang baik dan benar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesuaikan
kondisi lingkungan sehingga mudah dicapai, misalnya dekat dengan kamar kecil,
latih kebiasaan BAK dengan menbiasakan untuk kekamar kecil tiap 2 jam ( untuk
inkontinensia fungsional ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
integritas kulit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> berhubungan
dengan Enuresis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien
dapat memelihara integritas kulit tetap kering dan bebas dari bau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang tidak sedap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
kondisi kulit tiap 2 jam sekali, ganti pakaian dan linen jika diperlukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jaga
kebersihan kulit klien agar tetap kering setelah perioden inkontinensia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cegah
terjadinya infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
status klien tiap hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
konsep diri : HDR</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien memiliki
keinginan untuk sembuh dan pandangan positif terhadap diri sendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
penjelasan yang realistis terhadap penyebab, menejemen dan prognosis terhadap
tipe inkontinensia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari
untuk mendiskusikan inkontinensia klien jika ada kehadiran pasien lain atau
orang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkatkan
harga diri klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
perkemihan pada lansia mengalami penurunan, ini disebabkan karena berkurangnya
jumlah nefron yang dapat mempengaruhi keseimbangan cairan. Pada lansia
dehidrasi dapat meningkat, khususnya jika lansia tersebut menganggap tidak
penting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keseimbangan cairan pada
tubuhnya. Lansia juga cenderung menderita komplikasi infeksi. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyaknya
perubahan fungsi organ pencernaan pada lansia menyebabkan timbulnya masalah
yang berkaitan dengan sistem gastrointestinal pada lansia. Lansia juga
mengalami penurunan selera makan, gangguan menelan, juga mengalami masalah gigi
yang semakin meningkat bersamaan dengan bertambahnya usia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai seorang perawat, kita harus peka terhadap
masalah yang dihadapi oleh lansia. Masalah pemenuhan kebutuhan dasar terutama
eliminasi dan pemenuhan nutrisi serta kebersihan dari lansia merupakan hal yang
sangat penting untuk diperhatikan oleh seorang perawat. Untuk masalah sistem
genitourinaria, perawat harus memperhatikan pemasukan dan pengeluaran asupan cairan
tubuh pada lansia, serta kebersihan dari organ perkemihan tersebut. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemenuhan nutrisi pada lansia juga merupakan hal
yang penting untuk diperhatikan oleh perawat. Perawat harus menjaga dan
memperhatikan diet untuk lansia, dalam hal ini mencakup tentang makanan atau
minuman yang sesuai dengan kondisi lansia tanpa mengurangi kebutuhan nutrisi
itu sendiri. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain memperhatikan pemenuhan kebutuhan dasar,
perawat juga harus mampu untuk mengatasi perubahan-perubahan psikologi pada
lansia mengenai penurunan fungsi-fungsi tubuh yang terjadi pada lansia
tersebut. </span></div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18228973511970840301noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8551244121244247931.post-78482795996965351562012-04-18T10:24:00.000+07:002012-04-18T16:32:36.341+07:00Asuhan Keperawatan : Halusinasi ( Askep Jiwa )<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="line-height: 150%;">Latar belakang</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN">Gangguan jiwa dalam berbagai
bentuk adalah penyakit yang sering dijumpai pada semua lapisan masyarakat.
Penyakit ini dialami oleh siapa saja, tidak memandang jenis kelamin, usia,
serta status sosial. Gangguan jiwa dapat mempengaruhi fungsi kehidupan
seseorang, seperti aktivitas penderita, kehidupan sosial, pekerjaan serta
hubungan dengan keluarga dapat menjadi terganggu. Karena gejala ansietas,
depresi, dan psikosis.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Salah satu tanda gejala dari
skizofrenia adalah terjadinya halusinasi. Halusinasi merupakan bentuk yang
paling sering terjadi dari gangguan persepsi. Halusinasi merupakan salah satu
gangguan persepsi, dimana terjadi pengalaman panca indera tanpa adanya
ransangan sensorik ( persepsi yang salah). Dengan kata lain, klien berespon
terhadap ransangan yang tidak nyata yang hanya dirasakan oleh klien dan tidak
dapat dibuktikan. Dampak dari halusinasi ini adalah pasien sulit berespon
terhadap emosi, perilaku pasien menjadi tidak terkendali, dan akhirnya pasien
mengalami isolasi sosial karena tidak mampu bersosialisasi dengan orang lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Seorang dengan gangguan jiwa
yang dirawat di rumah sakit jiwa membutuhkan perawatan yang baik agar gangguan
yang terjadi dapat diatasi. Seorang perawat dituntut mampu melakukan asuhan keperwatan
yang sesuai dengan permasalahan yang dialami pasien. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Penanganan pada klien dengan
masalah kesehatan jiwa merupakan tantangan yang unik karena masalah kesehatan
jiwa mungkin tidak dapat dilihat secara langsung, seperti pada masalah
kesehatan fisik yang memperlihatkan berbagai macam gejala dan disebabkan
berbagai hal kejadian masa lalu yang sama dengan kejadian saat ini, tetapi
mungkin muncul gejala yang berbeda banyak klien dengan masalah kesehatan jiwa
tidak dapat menceritakan masalahnya bahkan mungkin menceritakan hal yang
berbeda dan kontradiksi. Kemampuan mereka untuk berperan dan menyelesaikan
masalah juga bervariasi (Keliat, 2002).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="line-height: 150%;">Pada hari rabu, tanggal 27 april 2011,
PKK1 gelombang 2</span> memulai dinas pertama di RSJ yang bernama T dikota P. Saya
bersama kelompok 2 praktek di ruang mawar. Dihari pertama (27 April 2011) saya
melakukan pengkajian terhadap Tn. A, namun karena ada hambatan yakni klien
tidak dapat mengerti dan menggunakan bahasa Indonesia, maka kepala ruangan
mawar memutuskan saya mengganti pasien yang saya kaji ke Tn. Z. Dihari kedua
dan ketiga saya mengkaji Tn. Z. dihari keempat, saya bertugas mengkaji pasien
di ruang UPIP yakni Tn. A. dihari ke lima dinas, saya kembali menangani pasien
baru, karena Tn. Z(ruang mawar) yang harusnya saya tangani telah pulang. Dan
kepala ruangan mawar pun memutuskan saya menangani pasien bari yakni Tn. G di
ruang Merpati. Dan saya pun mengkaji Tn. G untuk hari ke lima dan keenam.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI">Tujuan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l30 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN"> a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Tujuan umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN">Untuk
mendapatkan gambaran tentang penerapan proses keperawatan pada klien Tn. </span>G<span lang="IN"> dengan halusinasi pendengaran di ruang </span>Merpati<span lang="IN"> rumah sakit jiwa tampan Pekanbaru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.15pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l30 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Tujuan Khusus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Tujuan khusus yang didapatkan adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Dapat melakukan pengkajian analisa
data, merumuskan masalah keperawatan, membuat pohon masalah, menetapkan pohon
masalah, menetapkan diagnosa keperawatan pada Tn. </span>G<span lang="IN"> dengan halusinasi pendengaran di ruang </span>Merpati<span lang="IN"> RSJ tampan Pekanbaru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Dapat menyusun rencana tindakan
keperawatan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan klien dan mengatasi masalah klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Dapat mengimplementasikan rencana
tindakan keperawatan yang nyata sesuai dengan diagnosa keperawatan yang telah
ditegakkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Dapat menilai hasil (mengevaluasi)
tindakan keperawatan yang telah dilakukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Dapat melakukan pendokumentasian asuhan
keperawatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>BAB II</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>GAMBARAN KASUS</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pengkajian</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Tn.G Usia 31 tahun berjenis kelamin laki-laki, beragama Kristen, dengan
nomor RM 04-65-84 masuk ke Rumah Sakit Jiwa Tampan (RSJ Tampan) di ruang
Merpati pada tanggal 20 april 2011. Klien masuk dengan keluhan sering tertawa
sendiri, kurang tidur, putus obat sejak lebih kurang 4 bulan yang lalu. Ia
sering mendengar suara suara yang membuatnya risih. Salah satu yang ditakuti
klien dari suara tersebut adalah suara itu melarang klien tidur. Katanya suara
itu mengancam akan membakar rumah klien jika klien tidur sehingga klien takut
untuk tidur. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Dari hasil wawancara didapatkan bahwa ini adalah kali keduanya klien
dirawat di RSJ. Sebelumnya sekitar bulan desember 2011 klien juga pernah
dirawat di RSJ tampan dengan keluhan mendengar suara suara. Klien adalah anak
keempat dari enam bersaudara. Klien sekarang tinggal bersama ibunya. Ayah dari
klien sudah meninggal dunia. Saat ini klien merasa kurang pantas bergaul dengan
orang lain karena klien merasa dirinya jelek dan memiliki mata yang buta. Klien
sering merendah karena ia menganggap apalah arti seorang pengangguran untuk
ibunya dimana klien kadang bekerja sebagai buruh kasar. Klien pernah memiliki
cita cita untuk menjadi seorang polisi hutan. Ketika ditanya siapa orang yang
berarti baginya, klien menjawab ibunya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Klien pernah melakukan beberapa tindakan kriminal seperti melempari rumah
tetangga dan klien juga pernah membakar
selimut tidur ibunya karena ia menuduh ibunya selingkuh, dimana suara yang
didengarnya lah yang menyuruhnya melakukan hal tersebut. Dari riwayat keluarga,
klien tidak memiliki keluarga yang sebelumnya mengalami gangguan yan jiwa.
Klien memiliki riwayat pengalaman masa lalu yang tidak menyenangkan yakni
kecelakaan lebih kurang 5 tahun yang lalu yang menyebabkan butanya mata kiri
klien dan mata kanan klien rabun. Ketika dilakukan pemeriksaan fisik didapatkan
TD 130/80 mmHg, HR 70 X/menit, Suhu 36,5ºC dan RR 20 X/menit.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">Masalah keperawatan</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableMediumShading1Accent5" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; border-right: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white;">No </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 212.65pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white;">Analisa Masalah</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4BACC6; border-left: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white;">Masalah
Keperawatan</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;">
<b>1.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 212.65pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
DS :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo7; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Klien
mengatakan kadang kadang mendengar suara tanpa wujud</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
DO : </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Klien
terlihat ngomong sendiri</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Klien
terlihat tersenyum sendiri</div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>GPS : Halusinasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132; text-align: justify;">
<b>2.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 212.65pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: justify;">
DS :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Klien
mengatakan pernah melempar rumah tetangga</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Klien
mengatakan pernah membakar selimut</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Risiko perilaku kekerasan</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;">
<b>3. </b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 212.65pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
DO:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ekspresi
wajah kurang berseri</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Aktifitas
menurun</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Rendah
diri</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kurang
berenergi atau bertenaga</div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Isolasi sosial</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132; text-align: justify;">
<b>4.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 212.65pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: justify;">
DS:</div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Klien
menyatakan wajahnya jelek</div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Klien
menyatakan tidak ada yang mau dengannya</div>
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DO:</div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menunduk
ketika berbicara</div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengkritik
diri sendiri</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Gangguan konsep diri : Harga diri rendah</div>
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</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a. Pohon masalah</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Gangguan konsep diri : Harga diri rendah -> Isolasi Sosial ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Causa</i>
) -> GPS : Halusinasi
pendengaran (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Core Problem </i>) -> Risiko perilaku kekerasan ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Effect </i>)</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 76.5pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">Diagnos</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a
keperawatan<span lang="IN"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN"> </span>Gangguan
sensori persepsi : Halusinasi pendengaran</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">LANDASAN TEORI</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proses
terjadinya masalah</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Pengertian </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Menurut Cook dan Fontaine (1987) Perubahan persepsi sensori :<span lang="IN">Halusinasi adalah salah satu gejala gangguan jiwa dimana klien
mengalami perubahan persepsi sensori, seperti merasakan sensasi palsu berupa
suara, penglihatan, pengecapan, perabaan, atau penghiduan</span>. Klien merasakan stimulus yang sebetulnya
tidak ada, selainitu perubahan persepsi sensori halusinasi bisa juga disrtikan
sebagai persepsi sensori tentang suatu objek gambaran dan fikiran yang sering
terjadi tanpa adanya rangsangan dari luar meliputi semua system penginderaan (
pendengaran, penglihatan, penciuman, perabaan dan pengecapan).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Menurut Depkes RI (2000) Halusinasi adalah
keadaan dimana individu menginterpretasikan stressor yang tidak ada stimulus
dari lingkungan.</div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Menurut Hawari (2001) <span lang="IN">Halusinasi
adalah pengalaman panca indra tanpa adanya rangsangan atau stimulus (Hawari,
2001 ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Menurut Videbeck (2000) <span lang="IN">Halusinasi
adalah persepsi sensori yang salah atau persepsi eksternal yang tidak realita
atau tidak ada</span>.</div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Menurut Towsend (1998) Halusinasi adalah s<span lang="IN">uatu keadaan dimana seseorang mengalami perubahan pada stimulus yang
mendekat disertai dengan suatu pengurangan berlebih-lebihan atau kelainan
respon terhadap stimulus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Teori yang menjelaskan halusinasi
(Stuart dan sundeen, 1995)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Teori biokimia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Terjadi sebagai respon metabolisme terhadap
stres yang mengakibatkan terlepasnya zat halusinogenik neurotik (buffofenon dan
dimethytransferase).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Teori psikoanalisis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Merupakan respons pertahanan ego untuk melawan
rangsangan dari luar yang mengancam dan ditekan untuk muncul dalam alam sadar.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Jenis halusinasi serta data
objektif dan subjektif</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightListAccent5" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 16.45pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis halusinasi</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: none; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 17; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Data objektif</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Data subje</span></b><b><span style="color: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">k</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">tif</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-right: none; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Halusinasi dengar</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien
mendengar suara atau bunyi yang tidak ada hubungan dengan stimulus yang nyata
atau lingkungan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.25pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo12; mso-yfti-cnfc: 80; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Bicara atau tertawa sendiri</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Marah-marah tanpa sebab</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.25pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo12; mso-yfti-cnfc: 80; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendekatkan telinga ke arah
tertentu</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Menutup telinga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 80;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo12; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendengar suara-suara atau
kegaduhan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendengarkan suara yang
mengajak bercakap-cakap</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo12; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendengar suara menyuruh
melakukan sesuatu yang berbahaya.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Halusinasi penglihatan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien
melihat gambaran yang jelas atau samar terhadap adanya stimulus yang nyata
dari lingkungan dan orang lain tidak melihat</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.55pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo12; mso-yfti-cnfc: 16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Menunjuk-nunjuk kearah
tertentu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.55pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo12; mso-yfti-cnfc: 16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketakutan pada sesuatu yang
tidak jelas.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.65pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Melihat bayangan, sinar,
bentuk geometris, kartun, melihat hantu, atau moster.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-right: none; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Halusinasi penciuman</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien
mencium sesuatu bau yang muncul dari sumber tertentu tanpa stimulus yang
nyata.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.55pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo12; mso-yfti-cnfc: 80; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengendus-endus seperti
sedang membaui bau-bauan tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.55pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo12; mso-yfti-cnfc: 80; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Menutup hidung.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 23.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Membaui bau-bauan seperti bau
darah, urine, feses, dan terkadang bau-bau tersebut menyenangkan bagi klien</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Halusinasi pengecapan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien merasakan
sesuatu yang tidak nyata,biasanya merasakan rasa makanan yang tidak enak.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.5pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo12; mso-yfti-cnfc: 16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Sering meludah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.5pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo12; mso-yfti-cnfc: 16; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Muntah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.7pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Merasakan rasa urine,
darah, atau feses.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-right: none; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Halusinasi perabaan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien
merasakan sesuatu pada kulitnya tanpa ada stimulus yang nyata</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.5pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; mso-yfti-cnfc: 80; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggaruk-garuk permukaan
kulit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.5pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 80;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.7pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo12; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengatakan ada serangga
dipermukaaan kulit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.7pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo12; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Merasa seperti tersengat
listrik.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Halusinasi kinestetik</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien
merasa badannya bergerak dalam suatu ruangan atau anggota badannya bergerak.</span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.5pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; mso-yfti-cnfc: 16; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Memegang kakinya yang
dianggapnya bergerak sendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.5pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 16;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.45pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengatakan badannya
melayang di udara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.45pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-right: none; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Halusinasi viseral</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Perasaan
tertentu timbul dalam tubuhnya.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.5pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; mso-yfti-cnfc: 80; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Memegang badannya yang
dianggap brubah bentuk dan tidak normal seperti biasanya.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.45pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 16.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengatakan perutnya menjadi
mengecil setelah minum soft drink.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Faktor predisposisi</span> dan presipitasi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN">Menurut May Durant Thomas ( 1991 ) halusinasi
dapat terjadi pada klien dengan gangguan jiwa seperti skizofrenia, depresi atau
keadaan delilirium, demensia, dan kondisi yang berhubungan dengan penggunaan
alkohol dan substansi lainnya. Halusinasi juga dapat dialami sebagai efek
samping dari berbagai pengobatan yang meliputi antidepresi, antikolinrgik,
antiinflamasi dan antibiotik, sedangkan obat – obatan halusinogenik dapat
membuat terjadinya halusinasi sama seperti pemberian obat diatas. Halusinasi
juga dapat terjadi pada keadaan individu normal, yaitu pada individu yang
mengalami isolasi, perubahan sensorik seperti kebutaan, kurang pendengaran atau
adanya masalah pada pembicaraan. Penyebab halusinasi pendengaran tidak
diketahui secara spesifik, namun banyak faktor yang mempengaruhinya seperti
biologis, psikologis, sosial budaya dan stressor pencetusnya adalah stres
lingkungan, biologis, psikologis, pemicu masalah, sumber-sumber koping dan
mekanisme koping.</span></div>
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1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Faktor predisposisi</div>
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<span lang="IN">Faktor predisposisi adalah faktor resiko yang
mempengaruhi jenis dan jumlah sumber yang dapat dibangkitkan oleh individu
untuk mengatasi stres. Diperoleh baik dari klien maupun keluarganya. Faktor
predisposisi dapat meliputi :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Faktor perkembangan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Jika tugas perkembangan mengalami hambatan dan
hubungan interpersonal terganggu, maka individu akan mengalami stres dan
kecemasan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Faktor sosiokultural</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Berbagai faktor dimasyarakat dapat menyebabkan
seseorang merasa disingkirkan, sehingga orang tersebut merasa kesepian di
lingkungan yang membesarkannya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Faktor biokimia</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Mempunyai pengaruh terhadap terjadinya gangguan
jiwa. Jika seseorang mengalami stres yang berlebihan, maka di dalam tubuhnya
akan dihasilkan suatu zat yang dapat bersifat halusinogenik neurokimia seperti
buffofenon dan dimethytranferase.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Faktor psikologis</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Hubungan interpersonal yang tidak harmonis
serta adanya peran ganda bertentangan yang sering diterima oleh seseorang akan
mengakibatkan stres dan kecemasan yang tinggi dan berakhir pada gangguan
orientasi realitas.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Faktor genetik</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Gen yang berpengaruh dalam skizofrenia belum
diketahui, tetapi hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa faktor keluarga menunjukkan
hubungan yang sangat berpengaruh pada penyakit ini.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Faktor presipitasi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Faktor presipitasi yaitu stimulus yang
dipersepsikan oleh individu sebagai tantangan, ancaman, atau tuntutan yang
memerlukan energi ekstra untuk menghadapinya. Adanya rangsangan dari
lingkungan, seperti partisipasi klien dalam kelompok, terlalu lama tidak diajak
komunikasi, objek yang ada dilingkungan, dan juga suasana sepi atau terisolasi
sering menjadi pencetus terjadinya halusinasi. Hal tersebut dapay meningkatkan
stres dan kecemasan yang merangsang tubuh mengeluarkan zat halusinogenik.</span></div>
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Menurut Stuart & sundeen ( 1991 ) faktor presipitasi
halusinasi adalah :</div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Faktor biologis</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Stressor biologis yang berhubungan dengan
respon neurobiologis yang maladptif termasuk :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Gangguan dalam peraturan umpan
balik otak yang mengatur proses informasi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Abnormalitas pada mekanisme pintu
masuk dalam otak yang mengakibatkan ketidakmampuan secara selektif menanggapi
rangsangan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Stres lingkungan </span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Secara biologis menetapkan ambang terhadap
toleransi stres yang berinteraksi dengan stressor lingkungan untuk menentukan
terjadinya gangguan perilaku.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Pemicu gejala</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Pemicu yang biasanya terdapat pada respon
neurobiologis yang maladaptif berhubungan dengan kesehatan, lingkungan, sikap
dan perilaku individu</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Perilaku </span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Respon klien terhadap halusinasi dapat berupa
rasa curiga, takut, tidak aman, gelisah dan bingung, berprilaku yang merusak
diri, kurang perhatian, tidak mampu mengambil keputusan, serta tidak dapat
membedakan keadaan nyata dan tidak nyata. Rawlins dan H eacock (1993) mencoba
memecahkan masalah halusinasi berlandaskan atas hakikat keberadaan seseorang
individu sebagai makhluk yang dibangun atas dasar unsur-unsur biologi,
psikologi, sosiokultural, spiritual sehingga halusinasi dapat dilihat dari lima
dimensi yaitu :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Dimensi fisik</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Manusia dibangun oleh sistem indra untuk
menggapai rangsangan eksternal yang diberikan oleh lingkungannya. Halusinasi
dapat ditimbulkan oleh beberapa kondisi fisik seperti kelelahan yang luar
biasa, penggunaan obat-obatan, demam hingga delirium, intoksikasi, alkohol, dan
kesulitan untuk tidur dalam waktu yang lama.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Dimensi emosional.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Perasaan cemas yang berlebihankarena problem
atau masalah yang tidak dapat diatasi merupakan penyebab halusinasi itu
terjadi. Isi dari halusinasi dapat berupa perintah memaksa dan menakutkan.
Klien tidak sanggup lagi menentang perintah tersebut hingga berbuat sesuatu
terhadap ketakutannya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Dimensi intelektual</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Dimensi intelektual menerangkan bahwa individu
yang mengalami halusinasi akan memperlihatkan adanya penurunan fungsi ego. Pada
awalnya halusinasi merupakan usaha dari ego sendiri untuk melawan impuls
menekan, tetapi pada saat tertentu menimbulkan kewaspadaan yang dapat mengambil
seluruh perhatian klien dan tidak jarang akan mengontrol semua perilaku klien.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Dimensi sosial</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Dimensi soisal paa individu mengalmi halusinasi
menunjukkan kecenderungan untu kmenyendiri. individu asik dengan hakusinasinya
seolah-olah ia merupakan tempat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan akan interaksi sosial,
kontrol diri dan harga diri yang tidak didapatkan dalam dunia nyata. Isi
halusinasi dijadikan sistem kontrol oleh inividu tersebut, sehingga jika
perintah halusinasi berupa ancaman, maka hal tersebut dapat mengancam dirinya
atau orang lain. Oleh karena itu, aspek penting dalam melaksanakan intervnsi
keperawtan pada klin yang mengalami halusinasi adalah dengan mengupayakan suatu
proses interaksi yang menimbulkan pengalaman interpersonal yang memuaskan,
serta mengusahakan agar klien tidak menyendiri. Jika klien selalu berinteraksi
dengan lingkungannya diharapkan halusinasi tidak terjadi.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Dimensi spiritual</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Manusia diciptakan tuhan sebagai makhluk
sosial, sehingga interaksi dengan manusia lainnya merupakan knutuhan yang
mendasar. Klien yang mengalami halusinasi cenderung menyendiri hingga proses di
atas tidak terjadi. Individu tidak sadar dengan keberadaannya dan halusinasi
menjadi sistem kontrol dalam individu tersebut. Saat halusinasi menguasai
dirinya, indiidu kehilangn kontrol terhadap kehidupan nyata.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">F.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Sumber koping</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Sumber koping merupakan suatu evaluasi terhadap
piliha koping dan strategi seseorang. Individu dapat megatasi stress dan
ansietas dengan mngguankan sumber koping yang ada dilingkungannya. Sumber
koping tersebut dijadikan sebagai modal untuk menyelesaikan masalah. Dukungan
sosial dan keyakinan budaya dapat membantu seseorang mengintegrasikan
pengalaman yang menimbulkan stress dan mengadopsi strategi koping yang efektif.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">G.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Mekanisme koping</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Mekanisme koping merupakan tiap upaya yang diarahkan pada pengendalian
stres, termasuk upaya penyelesaian masalah secara langsung dan mekanisme
pertahanan lain yang digunakan untuk melindungi diri.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">H.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Tahapan Halusinasi </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Tahap I (Non-Psikotik)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Pada tahap ini, halusinasi mampu memberikan
rasa nyaman pada klien, tingkat orientasi sedang. Secara umum pada tahap ini
halusinasi merupakanhal yang menyenangkan bagi klien.</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN">Karakteristik:</span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Mengalami kecemasan, kesepian,
rasa bersalah, dan ketakutan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Mencoba berfokus pada pikiran yang
dapat menghilangkan kecemasan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Pikiran dan pengalaman sensorik
masih ada dalam kontrol kesadaran.</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN">Perilaku
yang muncul:</span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Tersenyum atau tertawa sendiri.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Menggerakkan bibir tanpa suara.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Pergerakan mata yang cepat.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Respon verbal lambat, diam dan
berkonsentrasi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Tahap II (Non-Psikotik)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Pada tahap ini biasanya klien bersikap
menyalahkan dan mengalami tingkat kecemasan berat. Secara umum halusinasi yang
ada dapat menyebabkan antipasti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 49.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN">Karakteristik:</span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Pengalaman sensori menakutkan atau
merasa dilecehkan oleh pengalaman tersebut.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Mulai merasa kehilangan kontrol.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Menarik diri dari orang lain.</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN">Perilaku yang muncul:</span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Terjadi peningkatan denyut
jantung, pernapasan, dan tekanan darah.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Perhatian terhadap lingkungan
menurun.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Konsentrasi terhadap pengalaman
sensoripun menurun.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Kehilangan kemampuan dalam
membedakan antara halusinasi dan realita.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Tahap III (Psikotik)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Klien biasanya tidak dapat
mengontrol dirinya sendiri, tingkat kecemasan berat, dan halusinasi tidak dapt
ditolaklagi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN">Karakteristik:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Klien menyerah dan menerima
pengalaman sensorinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Isi halusinasi menjadi atraktif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Klien menjadi kesepianbila
pegalaman sensori berakhir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN">Prilaku
yang muncul:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Klien menuruti perintah
halusinasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Sulit berhubungan dengan orang
lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Perhatian terhadap lingkungan
sedikit atau sesaat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Tidak mampu mengikuti perintah
yang nyata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Klien tampak tremor dan
berkeringat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Tahap IV (Psikotik)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 49.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Klien sudah sangat dikuasai
oleh halusinasi dan biasanya klien terlihat panik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 49.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN">Perilaku yang muncul:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Resiko tinggi mencederai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Agitasi/kataton.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Tidak mampu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN"> me</span>r<span lang="IN">espon rangsangan yang ada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI">Masalah
keperawatan yang menjadi penyebab munculnya halusinasi adalah harga diri rendah
dan isolasi sosial (stuart & laraia, 1998). Akibat HDR dan kurangnya
keterampilan mengakibatkan sosial klien menjadi menarik diri dari lingkungan,
selanjutnya klien akan lebih terfokus pada dirinya sendiri. Stimulus internal
akan menjadi lebih dominan daripada stimulus eksternal. Klien lama kelamaan
akan kehilangan kemampuan membedakan stimulus internal dan eksternal, hal
inilah yang memicu terjadinya halusinasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI">Kondisi nyata yang dialami pasien Tn. G
yang dirawat diruang merpati adalah pasien mengalami halusinasi pendengaran
yang disebabkan oleh isolasi sosial menarik diri yang berawal dari perasaan
rendah dirinya karena wajahnya yang rusak akibat kecelakaan. Kemungkinan yang
timbul dari halusinasinya adalah perilaku kekerasan karena klien takut dengan
isi suara halusinasinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tindakan keperawatan</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI">tindakan keperawatan untuk pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo26; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="FI">tujuan
tindakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Bina hubungan saling percaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Pasien mengenali halusinasi yang
dialamainya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Pasien dapat mengontrol
halusinasinya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Pasien mengikuti program secara
optimal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo26; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="FI">tindakan
yang dilakukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Membina hubungan saling percaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Mengucapkan salam setiap kali
berinteraksi dengan pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Berkenalan dengan pasien </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Menanyakan perasaan klien dan
keluhan saat ini</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Buat kontrak asuhan : apa yang
akan dilakukan bersama pasien, berapa lama akan dikerjaan, dan tempatnya dimana</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Jelaskan bahwa akan merahasiakan
informasi yang diperoleh untuk kepentingan terapi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Setiap saat tunjukkan sikap empati
terhadap pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Penuhi kebutuhan dasar pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Membantu pasien mengenali
halusinasinya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in;">
<span lang="IN">Dapat dilakukan dengan cara berdiskusi dengan pasien tentang isi
halusinasi, waktu terjadinya halusinasi, frekuensi, situasi yang menyebabkan,
dan respon yang dapat menyebabakan halusinasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Melatih pasien mengontol
halusinasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Menghardik halusinasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in;">
<span lang="IN">Menghardik halusinasi adalah upaya mengendalikan diri terhadap halusinasi
dengan cara menolak halusinasi yang muncul. Tahapan tindakan meliputi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo29; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Menjelaskan cara menghardik
halusinasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Memperagakan cara menghardik
halusinasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Meminta klien memperagakan ulang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Memantau penerapan cara ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Bercakap-cakap dengan orang lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Ketika pasien bercakap-cakap dengan orang lain
maka terjadi distraksi, fokus perhatian pasien akan beralih dari halusinasi ke
percakapan yang dilakukan dengan orang lain tersebut. Sehingga salah satu cara
yang efektif untuk mengontrol halusinasi adalah dengan bercakap-cakap dengan
orang lain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Melakukan aktifitas yang terjadwal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Dengan aktifitas yang terjadwal, pasien tidak
akan mengalami banyak waktu luang sendiri yang seringkali mencetuskan
halusinasi. Untuk itu pasien yang mengalami halusinasinya dengan cara
beraktivitas secara teratur dari bangun pagi sampai tidur malam, tujuh hari
dalam seminggu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Tahapan intervensinya sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Menjelaskan pentingnya
aktivitas yang teratur untuk mengatasi
halusinasinya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Mendiskusikan aktifitas yang biasa
dilakukan oleh pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Melatih pasien melakukan aktivitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Menyusun jadwal aktifitas
sehari-hari sesuai dengan aktifitas yang telah dilatih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">e)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Membantu pelaksanaan jadwal
kegiatan, memberi penguatan terhadap terhadap perilaku pasien yang positif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Menggunakan obat secar teratur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Tindakan keperawatan agar pasien patuh
menggunakan obat :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Jelaskan guna obat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Jelaskan akibat putus obat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Jelaskan cara mendapatkan obat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Jelaskan cara menggunakan obat
dengan prinsip 6 benar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo26; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Tindakan keperawatan untuk
keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo26; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tujuan
tindakan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in;">
Keluarga dapat merawat klien dirumah dan
menjadi system pendukung yang efektif bagi klien.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo26; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Tindakan
yang dilakukan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo27; text-indent: -.25in;">
1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Diskusikan nasalah yang dihadapi keluarga dalam
merawat klien</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo27; text-indent: -.25in;">
2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Berikan pendidikan kesehatan mengenai
pengertian halusinasi, jenis halusinasi yang dialami klien, tanda dan gejala,
halusinasi, proses terjadinya halusinasi, dan cara merawat pasien dengan
halusinasi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo27; text-indent: -.25in;">
3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Berikan kepada keluarga kesempatan untuk
memperagakan cara merawat klien dengan halusinasi langsung dihadapan klien</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l14 level4 lfo27; text-indent: -.25in;">
4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Buat perencanaan pulang dengan keluarga</div>
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</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB IV</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PELAKSANAAN
TINDAKAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="FI">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI">Diagnosa keperawatan :Gangguan sensori
persepsi: halusinasi pendengaran</span></div>
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<span lang="FI">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI">Tujuan umum yang didapatkan dari hasil
tindakan keperawatan adalah pasien mengenali halusinasi yang dialamainya,
pasien dapat mengontrol halusinasinya, pasien mengikuti program pengobatan
secara optimal.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Tindakan pengkajian yang dilakukan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Tindakan yang telah dilakukan pengkaji terhadap Tn. </span>G<span lang="IN"> adalah:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Membina hubungan saling percaya
pada pasien, dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengucapkan salam, berkenalan dengan
pasien, buat kontrak yang jelas, dan dengarkan ungkapan klien dengan empati.
Tindakan yang dilakukan untuk mendengarkan ungkapan klien dengan empati adalah
dengan cara mendengar keluhan, tidak membantah atau mendukung, segera menolong
jika pasien membutuhkan perawat.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Membantu pasien mengenali
halusinasinya dapat dilakukan dengan cara jika klien tidak sedang mengalami
halusinasi, diskusikan isi, waktu, frekuensi, dan diskusikan hal yang
menimbulkan halusinasi. Selain itu, tindakan berikutnya adalah diskusikan apa
yang dilakukan jika halusinasi timbul, diskusikan dampak jika klien menikmati
halusinasi, diskusikan perasaan klien saat menalami halusinasi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Melatih klien mengendalikan
halusinasi dapat dilakukan dengan cara identifikasi cara yang dilakukan klien
untuk mengendalikan halusinasi, diskusikan cara yang digunakan, bila
adaptif berikan pujian, diskusikan cara
mengendalikan halusinasi. Ada 4 tindakan yang bisa dilakukan untuk mendiskusikan
cara mengendalikan halusinasi, cara yang pertama adalah dengan menghardik halusinasi.
Menghardik halusinasi dilakukan pengkaji saat klien sedang mengalami halusinasi
dengan mengatakan pada diri “ saya tidak mau dengar atau lihat kamu!”.
Tujuannya untuk meningkatkan kendali diri, tidak mengikuti halusinasi. Caranya
perawat menjelaskan cara menghardik, dan meminta pasien memperagakan ulang,
kemudian perawat memantau penerapan cara ini. Cara yang kedua yang dilakukan
pengkaji adalah dengan berbincang dengan orang lain. Cara ini dilakukan pengkaji
ketika kondisi klien akan mengalami halusinasi(tanda- tanda awal halusinasi).
Tujuannya dengan berbicara dengan orang lain bias memaparkan pada stimulus
eksternal dan menurunkan fo</span>k<span lang="IN">us perhatian pada stimulus internal (halusinasi).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Evaluasi dan tindak lanjut</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Evaluasi dibuat dalam bentuk S (subjektif), O (objektif), A (analisa),
P (perencanaan).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Pengkajian pertama ( 2 mei 2011)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Dalam kasus Tn. </span>G<span lang="IN">, evaluasi yang dilakukan oleh pengkaji pada hari
pertama </span>pengkajian <span lang="IN">adalah data subjektif yang didapat berupa klien mengatakan </span>suara yang membuatnya takut sudah jarang
terdengar. Klien juga menyatakan sudah diajarkan 3 cara oleh perawat sebelumnya
mengenai cara mengontrol halusinasinya. <span lang="IN">Data objektif yang
didapat berupa</span> klien sesekali
terlihat berbicara sendiri. Ketika disuruh mempraktekkan tiga cara mengontrol
halusinasi, klien dapat melakukannya dengan baik<span lang="IN">.Analisa
data yang didapat berupa SP1</span>, SP2,
SP3 yang diajarkan perawat sebelumnya<span lang="IN"> berhasil.</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">Perencanaan
tindak lanjut berupa Ajarkan SP </span>4<span lang="IN">.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pengkajian
kedua ( 3 mei 2011)</div>
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<span lang="IN">Dalam kasus Tn. </span>G<span lang="IN">, evaluasi yang dilakukan oleh pengkaji pada hari </span>kedua pengkajian <span lang="IN">adalah data subjektif</span> yang didapat berupa klien mengatakan ingat
nama obat yang dikonsumsinya dan kegunaan dari masing masing obat tersebut. <span lang="IN">Data objektif yang didapat berupa</span> klien dapat menyebutkan dengan benar nama nama obat yang dikonsumsinya
dan klien dapat menyebutkan dengan benar guna dari masing masing obat yang
dikonsumsinya. <span lang="IN">Analisa data yang didapat berupa</span><span lang="IN"> </span>SP4 halusinasi berhasil dikuasai klien. <span lang="IN">Perencanaan
tindak lanjut berupa </span>k<span lang="IN">lien minum pobat rutin sesuai jadwa</span>l<span lang="IN"> yang telah ditetapkan</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB V</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>P<span lang="IN">erbedaan kondisi klien dengan teori.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Kondisi klien yang saya
kelola selama 2 hari memiliki beberapa perbedaan dengan teori yang didapatkan,
terutama dalam kondisi klien. Dimana Tn. G mengalami halusinasi yang tidak
begitu mengganggu perasaannya. Ketika ditanya mengenai halusinasinya, klien berkata
bahwa iya tidak lagi memiliki halusinasi. Namun dari pengamatan saya dan teman
sejawat, klien masih sering terlihat berbicara sendiri dan tersenyum sendiri. Dapat
dikategorikan bahwa halusinasi klien untuk saat ini berada pada tahap satu
dimana menurut teori</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">karakteristik pasien dengan halusinasi tingkat I berupa klien akan
mengalami ansietas, kesepian, rasa bersalah dan ketakutan. Selain itu klien
akan mencoba berfokus pada fikiran yang dapat menghilangkan ansietas, serta
pikiran dan pengalaman sensori masih dalam kontrol kesadaran. Sedangkan kondisi
klien yang saya kelola berbeda dengan karakteristik yang seharusnya dialami pada
halusinasi tingkat I. Tn. </span>G<span lang="IN"> tidak mengalami rasa kesepian, rasa bersalah dan ketakutan. </span>Dia malah tersenyum dengan halusinasinya dan
dia dapat melakukan banyak kegiatan untuk saat ini. Dia bisa bersosialisasi
dengan orang lain dengan baik. Untuk masalah perilaku yang muncul, Tn. G tidak
ada perbedaan dengan teori.</div>
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<span lang="IN">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>H<span lang="IN">ambatan yang ditemukan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Membina
trust adalah hal yang paling sulit dilakukan karena klien tidak mudah membuat
klien percaya pada kita terbukti dari kebohongan klien terhadap perawat seperti
mengenai halusinasinya</div>
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<span lang="IN">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Dalam melakukan tindakan
keperawata</span>n p<span lang="IN">engkaji
kesulitan dalam meyakinkan klien untuk mau menghilangkan suara halusinasi
tersebut.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Klien
sering tidak berada diruangan ketika akan dilakukan pengkajian. Klien sering
jalan jalan.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB VI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
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Halusinasi
pendengaran adalah halusinasi terbanyak yang diderita.</div>
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Membina
trust adalah hal yang sedikit sulit namun merupakan jalan yang terbaik untuk
melakukan pengkajian kepasien.</div>
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Dari beberapa hari praktek di RSJ didapatkan bahwa
tidak semua yang ada diteori ditemukan dilahan praktek. Dilahan praktek yang
ditemukan adalah masalah keperawatan yang kompleks. Dimana kita sebagai perawat
harus mengkaji lebih dalam lagi untuk mendapatkan masalah utama dan untuk
merencanakan tindakan yang akan dilakukan untuk menyelesaikan masalah pasien.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Saran</b></div>
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Pengkaji harus benar-benar tau semua teori tentang
masalah keperawatan pada pasien jiwa sebelum melakukan pengkajian yang lebih
dalam agar pengkaji mudah menetapkan masalah utama pasien dan pengkaji tidak
salah menegakkan diagnosa. Sehingga pengkaji bisa merencanakan tindakan
keperawatan yang akan dilakukan untuk menyelesaikan masalah pasien.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
Fitria, N (2009). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Prinsip dasar dan
aplikasi penulisan laporan pendahuluan dan strategi pelaksanaan tindakan
keperawatan</i>. Jakarta: Salemba Medika.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
Stuart, G.W., dan Laraia, (1998). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Principles and practice of psychiatric
Nursing.St.</i> Louis: Mosby year book.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Stuart &
Sundeen (1991). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku saku keperawatan
jiwa</i>. Ed Ke 3. Jakarta : EGC</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
Townsend, M. C. (1995). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku saku
diagnosa keperawatan pada keperawatan psikiatri: pedoman untuk pembuatan
rencana perawatan </i>( ed. Indonesia). Jakarta: EGC.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
Videbeck. L, Sheila. (2008). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku
ajar keperawatan jiwa</i>. Jakarta:EGC</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18228973511970840301noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8551244121244247931.post-63025079909646872362012-04-16T21:24:00.000+07:002012-04-16T21:24:53.454+07:00Asuhan Keperawatan Molahidatidosa<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB
I</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo51; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">atar Belakang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembangunan
kesehatan merupakan bagian yang dapat dipisahkan dari pembangunan nasional.
Pembanguna kesehatan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran, kemauan, dan
kemampuan hidup sehat bagi setiap orang agar terwujud derajat kesehatan yang
optimal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
saat ini kematian ibu di Indonesia masih tinggi yaitu 373 per 100.000 kelahiran
hidup. Bila dibandingkan dengan Negara di Asia lainnya seperti Filipina yaitu
210 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup dan Vietnam 160 per<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>100.000 kelahiran hidup. Sedangkan angka
kematian ibu tertinggi di india dan Bangladesh 440 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi
angka kematian hidup di Indonesia disebabkan oleh tiga factor utama yaitu,
perdarahan, infeksi, dan toxemia gravidarum. Salah satu dan ketiga factor
tersebut adalah perdarahan dan perdarahan dapat terjadi pada wanita dengan mola
hidatidosa. Dalam mencegah terjadi kematian pada wanita ( khususnya yang
mengalami perdarahan yang disebabkan karena mola hidatidosa).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mola
hidatidosa adalah suatu penyakit trofloblas gestasional sebagai akibat dari
suatu kehamilan yang berkembang tidak sempurna. Kehamilan mola hidatidosa
terjadi pada ibu multipara dengan kondisi kesehatan status gizi yang kurang dan
lebih banyak di jumpai pada golongan sosio ekonomi rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
Indonesia menurut laporan beberapa penulis dari berbagai daerah menunjukan
angka kejadian mola hidatidosa di Indonesia sekitar 1 : 51 sampai 1 : 141
kehamilan. Sedangkan di Negara barat angka kejadian ini lebih rendah di dari
pada Negara-negara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Asia dan amerika
latin. Misalnya, Amerika Serikat 1 : 1.450 kehamilan (hertig dan Sheldon, 1978)
dan di Inggris 1 : 1500 kehamilan ( Womack dan elston, 1985 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengingat
semakin meningkatnya angka kejadian mola hidatidosa, maka perlu perawatan
intensif dan tindakan pelayanan yang komprehensif melalui proses keperawatan
serta melibatkan banyak sector. Pemerintah melakukan upaya diantaranya deteksi
dini pada wanita serta pelayanan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rujukan
yang terjangkau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diharapkan
dengan upaya tersebut , angka kematian ibu dapat ditekan menjadi 225 per
100.000 kelahiran hidup. Dan pelayanan kesehatan yang diberikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh tenaga kesehatan perlu ditingkatkan
mutunya. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">B. Tujuan penulisan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1. Tujuan Umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Memberikan
asuhan keperawatan yang tepat kepada Ny. S yang mengalami kasus Mola
hidatidosa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2. Tujuan Khusus</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Melakukan pengkajian kepada Ny.S terkait
dengan kasus yang dialaminya</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">b. Menegakkan
diagnosa yang tepat dari hasil analisa data yang dilakukan saat pengkajian.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">c. Memberikan
intervensi yang lengkap kepada Ny.S untuk mengatasi masalah yang sedang
dialaminya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">d. Memberikan
pengetahuan berupa pendidikan kesehatan kepada Ny. S dalam mendeteksi
gejala-gejala patologis saat sedang mengandung. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br /><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TinjauanTeori</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Defenisi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mola </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">idatidosa ialah kehamilan abnormal,
dengan ciri-ciri stroma vilus korialis langka vaskularisasi, dan edematus.
Janin biasanya meninggal, akan tetapi vilus-vilus yang membesar dan edematus
itu hidup dan tumbuh terus; gambaran yang diberikan ialah sebagai sebuah gugus
anggur. Jaringan tropoblast pada vilus kadang-kadang berprofilerasi ringan dan
kadang-kadang keras, dan mengeluarkan hormon, yakni human chorionic gonadotropin
(</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CG) dalam jumlah
yang lebih besar daripada kehamilan biasa (Prawirohardjo & Wikjosastro,
2005).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mola hidatidosa adalah kehamilan
abnormal diman</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
hampir seluruh villi korialisnya mengalami perubahan hidrofik(Mansjoer, 2005).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mola hidatidosa merupakan salah
satu dari tiga jenis neoplasma trofoblastik gestasional(Bobak dkk, 2005).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut Prof. Rustam Moechtar dalam
bukunya Sinopsis Obstetri, penyebab mola hidatidosa belum diketahui secara
pasti. Faktor-faktor yang mungkin menjadi penyebab adalah:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor ovum</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spermatozoon
memasuki ovum yang telah kehilangan nukleusnya atau dua serum memasuki ovum
tersebut sehingga akan terjadi kelainan atau gangguan dalam pembuahan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keadaan sosial ekonomi yang rendah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam masa
kehamilan keperluan akan zat-zat gizi meningkat. Hal ini diperlukan untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan janin, dengan keadaan sosial
ekonomi yang rendah maka untuk memenuhi zat-zat gizi yang diperlukan tubuh
kurang sehingga mengakibatkan gangguan dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
janinnya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Paritas tinggi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibu
multipara cenderung beresiko terjadi kehamilan mola hidatidosa karena trauma
kelahiran atau penyimpangan tranmisi secara genetik yang dapat
diidentifikasikan dan penggunaan stimulan drulasi seperti klomifen atau
menotropiris (pergonal).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kekurangan protein</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Protein
adalah zat untuk membangun jaringan-jaringan bagian tubuh sehubungan dengan
pertumbuhan janin, pertumbuhan rahim, dan buah dada ibu, keperluan akan zat
protein pada waktu hamil sangat meningkat apabila kekurangan protein dalam
makanan mengakibatkan bayi akan lahir lebih kecil dari normal.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Infeksi virus</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Infeksi
mikroba dapat mengenai semua orang termasuk wanita hamil. Masuk atau adanya
mikroba dalam tubuh manusia tidak selalu akan menimbulkan penyakit (desease).
Hal ini sangat tergantung dari jumlah mikroba (kuman atau virus) yang masuk
virulensinya serta daya tahan tubuh.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Patofisiologi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut Cunningham dalam buku Obstetri, dalam stadium pertumbuhan molla
yang dini terdapat beberapa ciri khas yang membedakan dengan kehamilan normal,
namun pada stadium lanjut trimester pertama dan selama trimester kedua sering
terlihat perubahan sebagai berikut:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perdarahan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perdarahan
uterus merupakan gejala yang mencolok dan bervariasi mulai dari spoting sampai
perdarahan yang banyak. Perdarahan ini dapat dimulai sesaat sebelum abortus
atau yang lebih sering lagi timbul secara intermiten selama berminggu-minggu
atau setiap bulan. Sebagai akibat perdarahan tersebut gejala anemia ringan
sering dijumpai. Anemia defisiensi besi merupakan gejala yang sering dijumpai.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ukuran uterus</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Uterus yang
lebih sering tumbuh lebih besar dari usia kehamilan yang sebenarnya. Mungkin
uterus lewat palpasi sulit dikenali dengan tepat pada wanita nullipara, khusus
karena konsistensi tumor yang lunak di bawah abdomen yang kenyal. Ovarium
kemungkinan mempunyai konsistensi yang lebih lunak.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aktivitas janin</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meskipun
uterus cukup membesar mencapai bagian atas sympisis, secara khas tidak akan
ditemukan aktivitas janin, sekalipun dilakukan test dengan alat yang sensitive
sekalipun. Kadang-kadang terdapat plasenta kembar pada kehamilan mola
hidatidosa komplit. Pada salah satu plasentanya sementara plasenta yang lainnya
dan janinnya sendiri terlihat normal. Demikian pula sangat jarang ditemukan
perubahan mola inkomplit yang luas pada plasenta dengan disertai dengan janin
yang hidup.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Embolisasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Trofoblas
dengan jumlah yang bervariasi dengan atau tanpa stroma villus dapat keluar dari
dalam uterus dan masuk ke dalam aliran darah vena. Jumlah tersebut dapat
sedemikian banyak sehingga menimbulkan gejala serta tanda emboli pulmoner akut
bahkan kematian. Keadaan fatal ini jarang terjadi. Meskipun jumlah trofoblas
dengan atau tanpa stroma villus yang menimbulkan embolisasi ke dalam paru-paru
terlalu kecil untuk menghasilkan penyumbatan pembuluh darah pulmoner namun
lebih lanjut trofoblas ini dapat menginfasi parenkim paru. Sehingga terjadi
metastase yang terbukti lewat pemeriksaan radiografi. Lesi tersebut dapat terdiri
dari trofoblas saja (corio carsinoma metastasik) atau trofoblas dengan stroma
villus (mola hidatidosa metastasik). Perjalanan selanjutnya lesi tersebut bisa
diramalkan dan sebagian terlihat menghilang spontan yang dapat terjadi segera
setelah evakuasi atau bahkan beberapa minggu atau bulan kemudian. Sementara
sebagian lainnya mengalami proloferasi dan menimbulkan kematian wanita tersebut
bila tidak mendapatkan pengobatan yang efektif.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Disfungsi thyroid</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kadar
tiroksi plasma pada wanita dengan kehamilan mola biasanya mengalami kenaikan
yang cukup tinggi, namun gambaran hipertiroidisme yang tampak secara klinik
tidak begitu sering dijumpai. Amir dkk (1984) dan Curry dkk (1975) menemukan
hipertiroidisme pada sekitar 2% kasus kenaikan kadar tiroksin plasma, bisa
merupakan efek primer estrogen seperti halnya pada kehamilan normal dimana
tidak terjadi peningkatan kadar estrogen bebas dan presentasi trioditironim
yang terikat oleh resin mengalami peningkatan. Apakah hormon tiroksin bebas
dapat meninggi akibat efek mirip tirotropin yang ditimbulkan oleh orionik
gonadotropin atau apakah varian hormon inikah yang menimbulkan semua efek
tersebut masih merupakan masalah yang controversial (Amir, dkk, 1984, Man dkk,
1986).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ekspulsi spontan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kadang-kadang
gelembung-gelembung hidatidosa sudah keluar sebelum mola tersebut keluar
spontan atau dikosongkan dari dalam uterus lewat tindakan. Ekspulsi spontan
paling besar kemungkinannya </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pada
kehamilan sekitar 16 minggu. Dan jarang lebih dari 28 minggu.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi klinis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo13; tab-stops: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Amenore dan tanda-tanda kehamilan. Pada
tahap awal tanda dan gejala tahap kehamilan mola tidak dapat dibedakan dari
tanda dan gejala kehamilan normal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo13; tab-stops: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada waktu selanjutnya pendarahan
pervaginam pada hampir di temukan di semua kasus dan terjadi secara berulang.
Cairan yang keluar dari vagina bisa berwarna coklat tua atau merah terang, bisa
sedikit atau banyak. Pada keadaan lanjut kadang keluar gelembung mola. Keadaan
ini bisa berlangsung beberapa hari saja atau secara intermitten selama beberapa
minggu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo13; tab-stops: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbesaran uterus lebih besar dari usia
kehamilan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo13; tab-stops: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak terabanya bagian janin pada
palpasi dan tidak terdengar DJJ sekalipun uterus sudah membesar setinggi pusar
atau lebih. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo13; tab-stops: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pre</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">eklampsia atau eklampsia yang terjadi
sebelum kehamilan 24 minggu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo13; tab-stops: 85.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia akibat kehilangan darah, rasa
mual dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>muntah yang
berebihan(hiperemesisgravidarum), dan kram perut yang disebabkan dispensi
rahim.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo13; tab-stops: 85.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar β-hCG yang tinggi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tanda dan Gejala</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tanda dan
gejala kehamilan dini didapatkan pada mola hidatidosa. Kecurigaaan biasanya
terjadi pada minggu ke 14-16 dimana ukuran rahim lebih besar dari kehamilan
biasa, pembesaran rahim yang terkadang diikuti perdarahan, dan bercak berwarna
merah darah beserta keluarnya materi seperti anggur pada pakaian dalam. Tanda
dan gejala serta komplikasi mola</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> hidatidosa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mual dan muntah yang parah yang menyebabkan 10% pasien
masuk RS.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembesaran rahim yang tidak sesuai dengan usia
kehamilan (lebih besar).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala–gejala hipertitoidisme seperti intoleransi
panas, gugup, penurunan BB yang tidak dapat dijelaskan, tangan gemetar dan
berkeringat, kulit lembab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gejala – gejala pre-eklampsi seperti pembengkakan pada
kaki dan tungkai, peningkatan tekanan darah, proteinuria (terdapat protein pada
air seni).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi Mola hidatidosa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mola
hidatidosa terbagi menjadi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mola hidatidosa komplet atau klasik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mola komplet
atau klasik terjadi akibat fertilsasi sebuah telur yang intinya telah hilang
atau tidak aktif. Mola menyerupai setangkai buah anggur putih. Vesikel-vesikel
hidrofik (berisi cairan) tumbuh dengan cepat, menyebabkan rahim menjadi lebih
besar dari uisa kehamilan seharusnya. Biasanya Mola tidak mengandung janin,
plasenta, membran amniotik atau air ketuban. Darah maternal tidak memiliki
plasenta oleh karena itu, terjadi perdarahan ke dalam rongga rahim dan timbul
perdarahan melalui vagina. Pada sekitar 3 % kehamilan, Mola ini berkembang
menjadi koriokarsinoma (suatu neoplasma ganas yang tumbuh dengan cepat).
Potensi untuk menjadi ganas pada kehamilan Mola sebagian jauh lebih kecil
dibanding kehamilan Mola komplek (Bobak dkk, 2005).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo50; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">WOC Molahidatidosakomplit</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">eltelurya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gtidakadakromosom</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dibuahi
1 atau 2 selsperma</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">diploid
( hanya paternal )</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">embriotidakterbentuk</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/proliferasi/" title="proliferasi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">proliferasi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">vilikorealis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">vilimengandungbanyakcairan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sel2
tropoblas yang patologisberkembangdanmembengkak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gelembung2
berisicairan yang berbentukanggur</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">molahidatidosakomplit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 78.0pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mola hidatidosa inkomplet atau parsia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 78.0pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mola inkomplet
atau parsia terjadi jika disertai janin atau bagian janin (Bobak dkk,2005).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 78.0pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Degenerasihidropikdarivilibersifatsetempat,
dan yang mengalami hiperplasi hanya sinsitio trofoblas saja.Gambaran yang khas
adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">crinkling </i>atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">scalloping </i>dari vili dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">stromal trophoblastic inclusions</i>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo50; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">WOC Mola</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> h</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">idatidosaparsial</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seltelur
normal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dibuahi
1 selsperma diploid atau 2 selsperma haploid</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kariotipe
69XXX, 69XXY (triploid )</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidrofikvili</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hiperplasia
sel</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-sel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
tropoblas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">molahidatidosaparsial</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komplikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
Mansjoer dkk (2005) komplikasi yang dapat terjadi padapenderita Mola hidatidosa
adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 103.5pt 1.5in 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 103.5pt 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Syok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 103.5pt 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 103.5pt 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eklampsia </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 103.5pt 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tirotoksikosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Diagnostik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
Mansjoer dkk (2005) pemeriksaan diagnostik pada Mola hidatidosa antara lain:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anamnesis diantaranya : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perdarahan pervaginam/gambaran Mola,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala toksemia pada trimester I-II, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hiperemesis gravidarum,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala tirotoksikosis,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala emboli paru.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan fisik diantaranya:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uterus lebih besar dari usia kehamilan,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kista lutein,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Balotemen negatif,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Denyut jantung janin negatif.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan penunjang diantaranya :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tes Acosta Sison dapat dikeluarkan
jaringan Mola,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tes Hanifa Sonde dapat masuk tanpa
tahanan dan diputar 360<sup>0</sup> dengan deviasi sonde kurang dari 10<sup>0</sup></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan kadar beta Hcg darah atau urin,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ultrasonografi menunjukkan gambaran
badai salju <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(snow flake pattern),</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Foto toraks pada gambaran emboli udara,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan T<sub>3 </sub>dan T<sub>4 </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bila ada gejala tirotoksikosis.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">PenatalaksanaanMedis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penanganan
yang biasa dilakukan pada Mola hidatidosa adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diagnosis dini akan menguntungkan prognosis.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan USG sangat membantu diagnosis. Pada
fasilitas kesehatan di mana sumber daya sangat terbatas, dapat dilakukan :
Evaluasi klinik dengan fokus pada : Riwayat haid terakhir dan kehamilan
Perdarahan tidak teratur atau spotting, pembesaran abnormal uterus, pelunakan
serviks dan korpus uteri. Kajian uji kehamilan dengan pengenceran urin.
Pastikan tidak ada janin (Ballottement) atau DJJ sebelum upaya diagnosis dengan
perasat Hanifa Wiknjosastro atau Acosta Sisson.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lakukan pengosongan jaringan mola dengan segera.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Antisipasi komplikasi (krisis tiroid, perdarahan hebat
atau perforasi uterus).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lakukan pengamatan lanjut hingga minimal 1 tahun.
Selain dari penanganan di atas, masih terdapat beberapa penanganan khusus yang
dilakukan pada pasien dengan mola hidatidosa, yaitu : Segera lakukan evakuasi
jaringan mola dan sementara proses evakuasi berlangsung berikan infus 10 IU
oksitosin dalam 500 ml NaCl atau RL dengan kecepatan 40-60 tetes per menit
(sebagai tindakan preventif terhadap perdarahan hebat dan efektifitas kontraksi
terhadap pengosongan uterus secara tepat). Pengosongan dengan Aspirasi Vakum
lebih aman dari kuretase tajam. Bila sumber vakum adalah tabung manual, siapkan
peralatan AVM minimal 3 set agar dapat digunakan secara bergantian hingga
pengosongan kavum uteri selesai. Kenali dan tangani komplikasi seperti
tirotoksikasi atau krisis tiroid baik sebelum, selama dan setelah prosedur
evakuasi. Anemia sedang cukup diberikan Sulfas Ferosus 600 mg/hari, untuk
anemia berat lakukan transfusi. Kadar hCG diatas 100.000 IU/L praevakuasi
menunjukkan masih terdapat trofoblast aktif (diluar uterus atau invasif),
berikan kemoterapi MTX dan pantau beta-hCG serta besar uterus secara klinis dan
USG tiap 2 minggu. Selama pemantauan, pasien dianjurkan untuk menggunakan
kontrasepsi hormonal (apabila masih ingin anak) atau tubektomy apabila ingin
menghentikan fertilisasi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prognosis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko
kematian/kesakitan pada penderita mola hidatidosa meningkat karena perdarahan,
perforasi uterus, pre</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">eklamsi
berat, tirotoksikosis atau infeksi. Akan tetapi, sekarang kematian karena mola
hidatidosa sudah jarang sekali. Segera setelah jaringan mola dikeluarkan,
uterus akan mengecil, kadar hCG menurun dan akan mencapai kadar normal sekitar
10-12 minggu pascaevakuasi. Kista lutein juga akan mengecil lagi. Pada beberapa
kasus pengecilan ini bisa mengambil waktu beberapa bulan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagian besar
penderita mola hidatidosa akan baik kembali setelah kuretasi. Bila hamil lagi,
umumnya berjalan normal. Mola hidatidosa berulang dapat terjadi, tetapi jarang.
Walaupun demikian, 15-20% dari penderita pasca mola hidatidosa dapat mengalami
degenerasi keganasan menjadi tumor trofoblas gestasional (TTG), baik berupa
mola invasif, koriokarsinoma, maupun placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keganasan ini
biasanya terjadi pada satu tahun pertama pascaevakuasi,yang terbanyak enam
bulan pertama. MHP lebih jarang menjadi ganas. Fa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tor risiko terjadinya TTG pascamola
hidatidosa adalah umur 35 tahun, uterus diatas 20 minggu, kadar hCG preevakuasi
diatas 100.000 IU/L, dan kista lutein bilateral. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">AsuhanKeperawatanMola
Hidatidosa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pengkajian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengkajian
adalah pendekatan sistematis untuk mengumpulkan data dan menganalisanya
sehingga dapat diketahui masalah dan kebutuhan perawatan bagi klien.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adapun
hal-hal yang perlu dikaji adalah :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Biodata: mengkaji identitas klien dan penanggung yang
meliputi; nama, umur, agama, suku bangsa, pendidikan, pekerjaan, status
perkawinan, perkawinan ke- , lamanya perkawinan dan alamat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keluhan utama: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">aji adanya
menstruasi tidak lancar dan adanya perdarahan pervaginam berulang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat kesehatan, yang terdiri atas:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l27 level2 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat kesehatan sekarang yaitu keluhan sampai saat
klien pergi ke Rumah Sakit atau pada saat pengkajian seperti perdarahan
pervaginam di luar siklus haid, pembesaran uterus lebih besar dari usia
kehamilan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l27 level2 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat kesehatan masa lalu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">: kaji adanya kehamilan molahidatidosa sebelumnya, apa tindakan yang
dilakukan, kondisi klien pada saat itu.</span><a href="" name="_GoBack"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l27 level2 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat pembedahan : Kaji adanya pembedahan yang
pernah dialami oleh klien, jenis pembedahan , kapan , oleh siapa dan di mana
tindakan tersebut berlangsung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat penyakit yang pernah dialami: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">aji adanya
penyakit yang pernah dialami oleh klien misalnya DM, jantung, hipertensi,
masalah ginekologi/urinary, penyakit endokrin, dan penyakit-penyakit lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat kesehatan keluarga: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ang dapat
dikaji melalui genogram dan dari genogram tersebut dapat diidentifikasi
mengenai penyakit turunan dan penyakit menular yang terdapat dalam keluarga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat kesehatan reproduksi: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">aji tentang
menorhoe, siklus menstruasi, lamanya, banyaknya, sifat darah, bau, warna dan
adanya dismenorhoe serta kaji kapan menopause terjadi, gejala serta keluhan
yang menyertainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat kehamilan, persalinan dan nifas: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">aji
bagaimana keadaan anak klien mulai dari dalam kandungan hingga saat ini,
bagaimana keadaan kesehatan anaknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat seksual: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">aji mengenai
aktivitas seksual klien, jenis kontrasepsi yang digunakan serta kelu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ha</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">n yang
menyertainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat pemakaian obat: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">aji riwayat
pemakaian obat-obatankontrasepsi oral, obat digitalis dan jenis obat lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pola aktivitas sehari-hari: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">aji mengenai
nutrisi, cairan dan elektrolit, eliminasi (BAB dan BAK), istirahat tidur,
hygiene, ketergantungan, baik sebelum dan saat sakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan Fisik:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Inspeksi<br />
Inspeksi adalah proses observasi yang sistematis yang tidak hanya terbatas pada
penglihatan tetapi juga meliputi indera pendengaran dan penghidung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hal yang diinspeksi antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengobservasi kulit terhadap warna, perubahan warna,
laserasi, lesi terhadap drainase</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ola
pernafasan terhadap kedalaman dan kesimetrisan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ahasa tubuh,
pergerakan dan postur, penggunaan ekstremitas, adanya keterbatasan fifik, dan
seterusnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Palpasi<br />
Palpasi adalah menyentuh atau menekan permukaan luar tubuh dengan jari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l24 level2 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sentuhan: merasakan suatu pembengkakan, mencatat suhu,
derajat kelembaban dan tekstur kulit atau menentukan kekuatan kontraksi uterus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l24 level2 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tekanan: menentukan karakter nadi, mengevaluasi edema,
memperhatikan posisi janin atau mencubit kulit untuk mengamati turgor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l24 level2 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan dalam: menentukan tegangan/tonus otot atau
respon nyeri yang abnormal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkusi<br />
Perkusi adalah melakukan ketukan langsung atau tidak langsung pada permukaan
tubuh tertentu untuk memastikan informasi tentang organ atau jaringan yang ada
dibawahnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menggunakan jari: ketuk lutut dan dada dan dengarkan
bunyi yang menunjukkan ada tidaknya cairan , massa atau konsolidasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menggunakan palu perkusi : ketuk lutut dan amati ada
tidaknya refleks/gerakan pada kaki bawah, memeriksa refleks kulit perut apakah
ada kontraksi dinding perut atau tidak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Auskultasi<br />
Auskultasi adalah mendengarkan bunyi dalam tubuh dengan bentuan stetoskop
dengan menggambarkan dan menginterpretasikan bunyi yang terdengar. <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mendengar: mendengarkan di ruang antekubiti untuk tekanan darah, dada untuk
bunyi jantung/paru abdomen untuk bising usus atau denyut jantung janin(Johnson
& Taylor, 2005 : 39)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nyeri berhubungan
denganterputusnyakontinuitasjaringan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intoleransi aktivitasberhubungandengankelemahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan pola tidur berhubungandenganadanyanyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan rasa nyaman: hipertermi berhubungandengan
proses infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kecemasan berhubungan denganperubahan status kesehatan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Intervensi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level2 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diagnosa I: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nyeri berhubungan dengan terputusnya kontinuitas
jaringan<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan :</span> Klien akanmeninjukkannyeriberkurang/hilang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kriteria</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> h</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">asil :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klien mengatakan nyeri berkurang/hilang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ekspresi wajah tenang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">TTV dalam batas normal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Intervensi:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji tingkat nyeri, lokasi dan skala nyeri yang
dirasakan klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">engetahui tingkat nyeri yang
dirasakan sehingga dapat membantu menentukan intervensi yang tepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Observasi tanda-tanda vital tiap 8 jam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">erubahan tanda-tanda vital terutama
suhu dan nadi merupakan salah satu indikasi peningkatan nyeri yang dialami oleh
klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anjurkan klien untuk melakukan teknik relaksasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">eknik relaksasi dapat membuat klien
merasa sedikit nyaman dan distraksi dapat mengalihkan perhatian klien terhadap
nyeri sehingga dapat mambantu mengurangi nyeri yang dirasakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beri posisi yang nyaman</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">asional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">osisi yang
nyaman dapat menghindarkan penekanan pada area luka/nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolaborasi pemberian analgetik</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bat-obatan analgetik akan memblok
reseptor nyeri sehingga nyeri tidat dapat dipersepsikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2). <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diagnosa II</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">: i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ntoleran
aktivitas berhubungan dengan kelemahan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lien akan menunjukkan terpenuhinya
kebutuhan rawat diri</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kriteria</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">asil:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebutuhan personal hygiene terpenuhi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klien nampak rapi dan bersih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Intervensi:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji kemampuan klien dalam memenuhi rawat diri</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ntuk mengetahui tingkat
kemampuan/ketergantungan klien dalam merawat diri sehingga dapat membantu klien
dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hygienenya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bantu klien dalam memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ebutuhan hygiene klien terpenuhi
tanpa membuat klien ketergantungan pada perawat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anjurkan klien untuk melakukan aktivitas sesuai
kemampuannya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">elaksanaan aktivitas dapat membantu
klien untuk mengembalikan kekuatan secara bertahap dan menambah kemandirian
dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anjurkan keluarga klien untuk selalu berada di dekat
klien dan membantu memenuhi kebutuhan klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">embantu memenuhi kebutuhan klien
yang tidak terpenuhi secara mandiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diagnosa
III</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">angguan pola
tidur berhubungan dengan adanya nyeri</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan:</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lien akan
mengungkapkan pola tidurnya tidak terganggu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kriteria </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">asil:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klien dapat tidur 7-8 jam per hari</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konjungtiva tidak anemis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Intervensi:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji pola tidur</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">engan mengetahui pola tidur klien,
akanmemudahkan dalam menentukan intervensi selanjutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ciptakan lingkungan yang nyaman dan tenang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">emberikan kesempatan pada klien
untuk beristirahat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anjurkan klien minum susu hangat sebelum tidur</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">usu mengandung protein yang tinggi
sehingga dapat merangsang untuk tidur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Batasi jumlah penjaga klien</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">engan jumlah penjaga klien yang
dibatasi maka kebisingan di ruangan dapat dikurangi sehingga klien dapat
beristirahat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberlakukan jam besuk</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">emberikan kesempatan pada klien
untuk beristirahat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolaborasi dengan tim medis pemberian obat tidur
Diazepam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional: Diazepam berfungsi untuk merelaksasi otot sehingga klien dapat
tenang dan mudah tidur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4). <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diagnosa I</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">V: g</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">angguan rasa
nyaman: hipertermi berhubungan dengan proses infeksi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lien akan menunjukkan tidak terjadi
panas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kriteria </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">asil:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tanda-tanda vital dalam batas normal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klien tidak mengalami komplikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Intervensi :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pantau suhu klien, perhatikan menggigil/diaphoresis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">uhu diatas normal menunjukkan
terjadinya proses infeksi, pola demam dapat membantu diagnosa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pantau suhu lingkungan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">uhu ruangan harus diubah atau
dipertahankan, suhu harus mendekati normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anjurkan untuk minum air hangat dalam jumlah yang
banyak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">inum banyak dapat membantu
menurunkan demam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan kompres hangat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ompres hangat dapat membantu penyerapan
panas sehingga dapat menurunkan suhu tubuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolaborasi pemberian obat antipiretik</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">igunakan untuk mengurangi demam
dengan aksi pada hipothalamus.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diagnosa V</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">: k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ecemasan
berhubungan dengan perubahan status kesehatan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan:</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lien akan menunjukkan
kecemasan berkurang/hilang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kriteria </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">asil:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ekspresi wajah tenang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klien tidak sering bertanya tentang penyakitnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji tingkat kecemasan klien</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">engetahui sejauh mana kecemasan
tersebut mengganggu klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beri kesempatan pada klien untuk mengungkapkan
perasaannya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ngkapan perasaan dapat memberikan
rasa lega sehingga mengurangi kecemasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mendengarkan keluhan klien dengan empati</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">engan mendengarkan keluahan klien
secara empati maka klien akan merasa diperhatikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jelaskan pada klien tentang proses penyakit dan terapi
yang diberikan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Rasional: menambah pengetahuan klien sehingga klien tahu dan mengerti tentang
penyakitnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beri dorongan spiritual/support</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">enciptakan ketenangan batin sehingga
kecemasan dapat berkurang.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN KASUS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kasus :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ny.
S 38 tahun, seorang ibu rumah tangga, G9P0A8, masuk rumah sakit tanggal 19
September 2011 dengan keluhan merasa hamil disertai mual muntah dan perdarahan
pervaginam. Berdasarkan hasil pengkajian didapatkan hasil: uterus sebesar 16
minggu, porsio tertutup, fluxus (+). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium: hemopoetik: normal, SGOT 444,3 U/L. T3
1,58ng/ml, T4 > 24,86 ug/dl, TSH 0,005 mLU/L, beta hCG 772,093 IU/ml, fungsi
ginjal baik.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Informasi umum </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 155.95pt 170.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ny
S </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 155.95pt 170.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umur </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">38
Tahun </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 155.95pt 170.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis kelamin </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">erempuan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 155.95pt 170.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pekerjaan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ibu
rumah tangga </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 155.95pt 170.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanggal masuk </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">19
september 2011</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 155.95pt 170.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>medik <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mola
hidatidosa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat Kesehatan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keluhan utama</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien mengatakan merasa hamil disertai mual muntah
dan pendarahan pervaginam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat penyakit sekarang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kl</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ien merasa hamil dan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mual muntah, dan keluar darah pervagina</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">m</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo40; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Riwayat obstetric dan gynekologi<br />
Klien dengan G9 P0 A8.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Saat ini klien berada dikehamilan yang
ke<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9 namun sudah 8 kali mengalami
keguguran dan belum mempunyai anak.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo39; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan
fisik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uterus sebesar 16 minggu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Forsio tertutup </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fluxus ( + ) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.05pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level4 lfo11; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
pemeriksaan laboratorium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 184.3pt 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hemopoetik <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Normal </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 184.3pt 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SGOT </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">444,3
v/l</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 184.3pt 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SGPT</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">566,7
v/l</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 184.3pt 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">T3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,58
ng/ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 184.3pt 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">T4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">724,86
ug/dl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 184.3pt 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TS</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">H<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,05
ml u/l</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 184.3pt 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ΒhCG</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">772,093
IU/ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 184.3pt 198.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan berhubungan
dengan mual muntah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 78.0pt 92.15pt 198.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DS</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klien mengatakan mual muntah.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 78.0pt 92.15pt 198.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DO</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nilai beta hCG tinggi yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
772,093 IU/ml</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: 78.0pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko infeksi berhubungan dengan perdarahan pervagina
yang abnormal<br />
DS </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klien mengatakan masih mengeluarkan
darah pervagina</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 78.0pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Do </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 113.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terdapat perdarahan pervagina yang abnormal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 113.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">TSH :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,05
VTV/m</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo43; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 78.0pt 92.15pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kurang
pengetahuan berhubungan dengan kurang pemahaman dan tidak mengenal sumber
informasi<br />
DS </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klien mengatakan ia merasa hamil</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 78.0pt 92.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DO </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 113.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uterus sebesar 16 minggu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 113.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>porsio tertutup</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 113.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fluxus (+). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Resiko
nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan berhubungan dengan mual muntah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan : klien akan mengungkapkan nutrisi terpenuh</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kriteria hasil : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo46; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nafsu makan meningkat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo46; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Porsi makan dihabiskan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo46; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mual muntah teratasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaji status nutrisi klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional :
sebagai awal menetapkan langlah selanjutnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anjurkan makan sedikit demi sedikit tapi sering.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional :
makan demi sedikit mampu membantu meminimalkan anoreksia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anjurkan makan-makanan dalam keadaan hangat dan
bervariasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional :
makanan yang hangat dan bervariasi dapat membangkitkan nafsu makanan klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Timbang berat badan sesuai indikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional :
mengevaluasi kefektifan atau kebutuhan mengubah pemberian nutrisi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tingkatkan kenyaman lingkungan termasuk sosialisasi
saat makan dan anjurkan orang terdekat untuk membawa makanan yang disukai
klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasional : sosialisasi
waktu makan dengan orang terdekat atau teman dapat meningkatkan pemasukan dan
menormalkan fungsi makanan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko infeksi berhubungan dengan perdarahan pervagina
yang abnormal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo47; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan : Setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama
2 x 24 jam infeksi tidak terjadi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo47; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kriteria hasil : </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak ada tanda-tanda infeksi (dolor, color, rubor,
tumor dan fungsi leasa)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo33; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">anda-tanda
vital dalam batas normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo47; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Catat suhu, jumlah bau dan warna darah pervagina<br />
Rasional : kehilangan darah berlebihan dengan penurunan haemoglobin
meningkatkan risiko klien untuk terkena infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pantau respon merugikan pada pemberian produk darah<br />
Rasional : pengenalan dan intervensi dini dapat mencegah situasi yang mengancam
hidup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan informasi tentang risiko penerimaan produk
darah<br />
Rasional : komplikasi seperti hepatitis dan (HIV / AIDS) dapat tidak
bermanfestasi selama perawatan di rumah sakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anjurkan ganti pembalut bila basah atau habis BAK<br />
Rasional : basah merupakan media kuman untuk berkembang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolaborasi pemberian antibiotik<br />
Rasional : untuk mencegah dan meminimalkan infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kurang pengetahuan berhubungan dengan kurang pemahaman
dan tidak mengenal sumber informasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan : Setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama
1 x 24 jam diharapkan klien mengerti / paham tentang penyakitnya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">K</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">riteria hasil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> : </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo34; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klien tampak rileks</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo34; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lien dapat
mengungkapkan tentang penyakitnya dalam istilah sederhana sesuai dengan situasi
klinis.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo34; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">anda-tanda
vital dalam batas normal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intervensi :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo34; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jelaskan tindakan dan rasional yang ditentukan untuk
kondisi hemoragic<br />
Rasional : memberi informasi, Memperjelas kesalahan konsep dan membantu menurunkan
stress yang berhubungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo34; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kaji ulang
pengetahuan pasien tentang pengetahuan<br />
Rasional : untuk mengetahui seberapa jauh pengetahuan pasien tentang
penyakitnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo34; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Motivasi pasien
untuk menerima keadaannya<br />
Rasional : untuk mengetahui seberapa jauh pengetahuan pasien tentang
penyakitnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo34; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Motivasi pasien
untuk menerima keadaannya<br />
Rasional : penerimaan tentang keadaan dapat mengurangi stress psikologisnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo34; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Libatkan keluarga
untuk memberi dukungan moril maupun spiritual pada klien.<br />
Rasional : memberi support membantu untuk pemulihan kesembuhan pasien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB IV<br />
PEMBAHASAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada bab ini akan dibahas mengenai asuhan keperawatan yang
ditemukan pada kasus Ny.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>S dengan
kehamilan Mola hidatidosa pada tanggal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>19 September 2011 dimana dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan penulis
menggunakan pendekatan proses keperawatan, intervensi, implementasi dan
evaluasi. Masalah keperawatan yang muncul adalah : resiko kekurangan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">nutrisi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, resiko infeksi, dan kurang pengetahuan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo49; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan berhubungan
dengan mual muntah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Menurut
Rock CL (2004), nutrisi adalah proses dimana tubuh manusia menggunakan makanan
untuk membentuk energi, mempertahankankesehatan, pertumbuhan dan untuk
berlangsungnya fungsi normalsetiap organ baik antara asupan nutrisi dengan
kebutuhan nutrisi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Asupan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">nutrisi pada ibu hamil saat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> trimester pertama harus
termasuk keseimbangan porsi nutrisi esensial dengan penekanan pada kualitas.
Asupan protein selama kehamilan ditingkatkan hingga 60 g. Ibu yang berisiko
tinggi disarankan untuk melipat gandakan asupan protein yang normal. Asupan
kalsium harus ditingkatkan hingga 1200 mg/hari. Kalsium diperlukan untuk
perkembangan gigi dan tulang, kontraksi otot, dan penggumpalan darah janin.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Ibu yang mengalami penurunan asupan nutrisi terutama
protein dapat menimbulkan gejala patologis pada janin. Gejala patologis
biasanya berupa mual muntah yang berlebihan, perdarahan pervagina.Mual muntah
pada ibu hamil dapat menimbulkan resiko kekurangan nutrisi yang bisa
mempengaruhi kondisi kesehatan ibu dan janin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mual muntah yang berlebihan disebabkan pembesaran uterus yang abnormal
lebih dari pembesaran uterus saat kehamilan normal sehingga menyebabkan
distensi abdomen. Biasanya pembesaran yang menunjukkan gejala patologis saat
ibu hamil berada pada trimester 1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Selain itu, produksi hCG<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yanng
meningkat dapat menyebabkan mual muntah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo49; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko infeksi berhubungan dengan perdarahan pervagina
yang abnormal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko terhadap infeksi adalah suatu
kondisi dimana individu beresiko terkena agen oportunis atau patogenesis
(virus, jamur, bakteri, protozoa dan parasit lain) dari berbagai sumber dari
dalam atau dari luar tubuh (Lynda Juall C, 1997). Faktor yang berhubungan
dengan risiko infeksi adalah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ba</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">gai mas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lah atau
kondisi kesehatan yang dapat meningkatkan berkembangnya infeksi (Lynda Juall C,
1997). Menurut Marilyn E. Doengoes (1999) faktor infeksi meliputi pertahanan
sekunder tidak adekuat misal : penurunan haemoglobin, leucopenia atau penurunan
granulosit (respon inflamasi tutukan).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diagnosa ini penulis rumuskan karena
penulis menemukan adanya data : ada perdarahan pervagina yang abnormal<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">, Hb : 11,20 gr%, leukosit : 8,50
ribu/mmk, S : 37 oC, TSH < 0,05 vtv/ml.</span> Dari data tersebut sudah
dapat diangkat diagnosa risiko tinggi infeksi berhubungan dengan pengeluaran
darah pervagina yang abnormal. Apabila masalah ini tidak diatasi maka akan
terjadi infeksi pada kandungannya apabila tidak segera dikeluarkan.<br />
Diagnosa risiko infeksi penulis prioritaskan pada masalah keperawatan kedua
karena merupakan keadaan yang kemungkinan bisa muncul dan menjadi suatu
permasalahan dan apabila hal ini tidak dicegah maka risiko dapat menjadi
aktual.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selanjutnya untuk mengatasi masalah
tersebut penulis membuat perencanaan dengan tujuan agar infeksi tidak terjadi
dalam jangka waktu 2 x 24 jam dengan kriteria hasil tanda-tanda infeksi tidak
ada (dolor, color, rubor, tumor dan fungtio leasa), tanda-tanda vital dalam
batas normal. Adapun perencanaan yang telah penulis buat adalah : catat suhu,
catat jumlah bau, warna darah pervagina rasional kehilangan darah berlebihan
dengan penurunan hemoglobin, meningkatkan risiko klien untuk terkena infeksi,
pantau respon merugikan pada pemberian produk darah. Rasional : pengenalan dan
intervensi dini dapat mencegah situasi yang mengancam hidup, berikan informasi
tentang risiko penerimaan produk darah, rasional : komplikasi seperti hepatitis
dan (HIV / AIDS) dapat tidak bermanifestasi selama perawatan di rumah sakit,
Kolaborasi pemberian antibiotik rasional : untuk mencegah infeksi dan
meminimalkan infeksi, anjurkan ganti pembalut bila basah habis BAK, karena
basah merupakan media kuman untuk berkembang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo49; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kurang pengetahuan berhubungan dengan kurang pemahaman
dan tidak mengenal sumber informasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kurangnya
pengetahuan adalah : suatu keadaan dimana seorang individu atau kelompok
mengalami defisiensi pengetahuan kognitif atau ketrampilan psikomotorik
berkenaan dengan kondisi atau rencana pengobatan (Lynda Juall C,1997).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Batasan
karakteristik mayor : mengungkapkan kurang pengetahuan atau
keterampilan-keterampilan / permintaan informasi, mengeskpresikan suatu
ketidakakuratan persepsi status kesehatan, melakukan dengan tidak tepat
perilaku kesehatan dengan dianjurkan atau diinginan.<br />
Batasan karakteristik minor : kurang integritas tentang rencana pengobatan ke
dalam aktifitas sehari-hari, memperlihatkana atau mengekspresikan perubahan
psikologis (misalnya anietas, depresi) mengakibatkan kesalahan informasi atau
kuranginformasi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diagnasa
kurangnya pengetahuan berhubungan dengan tidak mengenal sumber informasi
tentang penyait dan penatalaksanannya penulis tegakkan dengan problem kurangnya
pengetahuan pasien tentang penyakit dan penatalaksanannya karena pada saat
pengkajian ditemukan data : klien mengatakan belum tahu tentang penyakit yang
dideritanya saat ini.<br />
Diagnosa kurangnya pengetahuan berhubungan dengan kurang pemahaman dan tidak
mengenal sumber informasi, penulis tetapkan sebagai prioritas ketiga sesuai
teori “triage konsep”, dimana kurang pengetahuan merupakan masalah yang
berkembang lambat dan dapat ditolerir pasien. Walaupun ditemukan masalah
masalah ini harus diatasi dan perlu tindakan yang tepat apabila pasien tidak
tahu tentang penyakitnya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk
mengatasi masalah kurang pengetahuan berhubungan dengan kurang pemahaman dan
tidak mengenal sumber informasi penulis menetapkan intervensi : jelaskan
tindakan dan rasional yang ditentukan unduk kondisi haemoradi (curettage)
rasional : memberikan informasi dapat memperjelas kesalahan konsep dan dapat
membantu menurunkan stress yang berhubungan, beri kesempatan bagi pasien untuk
mengajukan pertanyaan rasional : memberikan klarifikasi dari konsep yang salah
dari kesempatan untuk mengembangkan keterampilan koping, kaji ulang pengetahuan
pasien tentang pengetahuan rasional : untuk mengetahui seberapa jauh
pengetahuan pasien tentang penyakitnya. Motivasi pasien untuk menerima
keadaannya rasional : penerimaan tentang keadaan dapat mengurangi stress
pskologisnya, libatkan keluarga untuk memberi dukungan moril maupun spiritual
pada pasien rasional : memberikan support membantu untuk pemulihan kesembuhan
pasien.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB V</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PENUTUP</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A. Kesimpulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada wanita yang mengalami Mola hidatidosa sering
mengalami mual muntah akibat produksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hcg yang tinggi. Produksi ini meningkat disebabkan pembesaran uterus
yang abnormal lebih besar daripada pembesaran uterus biasanya. Sehingga
menyebabkan distensi rahim yang bisa menyebabkan mual muntah pada penderita
Mola hidatidosa. Selain itu perdarahan yang abnormal saat usia kehamilan masih
muda, dapat menyebabkan resiko tinggi infeksi. Resiko infeksi harus segera
diatasi untuk menghindari gejala infeksi yaang dapat membahayakan bagi
keselamatan wanita tersebut. Perlu pengetahuan ibu tentang beberapa gejala
penyakit yang dapat menyerang ibu hamil saat berada pada usia kehamilannya yang
masih baru tau berada pada Trimester 1. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">B. Saran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penulis memberikan saran untuk ibu yang sedang hamil agar
intensif dalam melakukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemeriksaan
kandungannya. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui ada atau tidak adanya gejala
patologis yang sering terjadi saat sedang mengandung. Apabila terjadi gejala
patologis, ibu harus cepat melaporkan kepada pelaku medis agar tidak terjadi
komplikasi lain pada kandungannya. Pelaku medis khususnya perawat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>harus memiliki sikap profesionalisme dalam
bekerja dan mampu melakukan asuhan keperawatan secara tepat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kepada ibu yang terdeteksi adanya kelainan seperti
penderita Mola hidatidosa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mansjoer, Arif, dkk. 2005<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. Kapita
Selekta Kedokteran.</i> Jakarta : Media Aesbulapius Fakultas UI.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wiknjosartro, Hanifa. 2005. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu
Kandungan</i>. Jakarta : Yaysan Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawirohardjo.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sastrawinata, Sulaiman. 2004. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu
Kesehatan Reproduksi Edisi 2.</i> Jakarta : EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Underwood, J.CE. 1999. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Patologi Umum
dan Sistematik Edisi 2 Volume 2.</i> Jakarta: EGC</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 198.45pt;">
<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18228973511970840301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8551244121244247931.post-1576233826543810882012-04-16T11:14:00.000+07:002012-04-16T11:14:10.068+07:00Asuhan Keperawatan Gagal Ginjal Kronik ( Askep GGK )<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="Section1">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Latar
belakang</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
Gagal
ginjal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau penyakit ginjal tahap akhir
(PGTA) adalah gangguan fungsi ginjal yang progresif dan irreversibel dimana
kemampuan tubuh gagal untuk mempertahankan metabolisme dan keseimbangan cairan
dan elektrolit yang dapat menyebabkan uremia yaitu retensi cairan dan natrium
dan sampah nitrogen lain dalam darah. (Smeltzer, 2002).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">Di negara maju, angka penderita gangguan
ginjal tergolong cukup tinggi. Di Amerika Serikat misalnya, angka kejadian
gagal ginjal meningkat dalam 10 tahun. Pada 1990, terjadi 166 ribu kasus GGT
(gagal ginjal tahap akhir) dan pada 2000 menjadi 372 ribu kasus. Angka tersebut
diperkirakan terus naik. Pada 2010, jumlahnya diestimasi lebih dari 650
ribu.Selain data tersebut, 6 juta-20 juta individu di AS diperkirakan mengalami
GGK (gagal ginjal kronis) fase awal (Djoko, 2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">Hal yang sama terjadi di Jepang. Di Negeri
Sakura itu, pada akhir 1996, ada 167 ribu penderita yang menerima terapi
pengganti ginjal. Menurut data 2000, terjadi peningkatan menjadi lebih dari 200
ribu penderita. Berkat fasilitas yang tersedia dan berkat kepedulian pemerintah
yang sangat tinggi, usia harapan hidup pasien dengan GGK di Jepang bisa
bertahan hingga bertahun-tahun.Bahkan, dalam beberapa kasus, pasien bisa
bertahan hingga umur lebih dari 80 tahun. </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Angka kematian akibat GGK pun bisa ditekan menjadi
10 per 1.000 penderita. </span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">Hal
tersebut sangat tidak mengejutkan karena para penderita di Jepang mendapatkan
pelayanan cuci darah yang baik serta memadai (Djoko, 2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">Di indonesia GGK menjadi penyumbang
terbesar untuk kematian, sehingga penyakit GGK pada 1997 berada di posisi
kedelapan. Data terbaru dari US NCHS 2007 menunjukkan, penyakit ginjal masih
menduduki peringkat 10 besar sebagai penyebab kematian terbanyak.Faktor penyulit
lainnya di Indonesia bagi pasien ginjal, terutama GGK, adalah terbatasnya
dokter spesialis ginjal. Sampai saat ini, jumlah ahli ginjal di Indonesia tak
lebih dari 80 orang. Itu pun sebagian besar hanya terdapat di kota-kota besar
yang memiliki fakultas kedokteran.Maka, tidaklah mengherankan jika dalam
pengobatan kerap faktor penyulit GGK terabaikan. Melihat situasi yang banyak
terbatas itu, tiada lain yang harus kita lakukan, kecuali menjaga kesehatan
ginjal.Jadi, alangkah lebih baiknya kita jangan sampai sakit ginjal. Mari
memulai pola hidup sehat. Di antaranya, berlatih fisik secara rutin, berhenti
merokok, periksa kadar kolesterol, jagalah berat badan, periksa fisik tiap
tahun, makan dengan komposisi berimbang, turunkan tekanan darah, serta kurangi
makan garam. Pertahankan kadar gula darah yang normal bila menderita diabetes,
hindari memakai obat antinyeri nonsteroid, makan protein dalam jumlah sedang,
mengurangi minum jamu-jamuan, dan menghindari minuman beralkohol. </span>Minum
air putih yang cukup (dalam sehari 2-2,5 liter).<span style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"> <span lang="IT">(Djoko, 2008).</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitle" style="margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitle" style="margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN"><span>B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Tujuan penulisan</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitle" style="margin-left: 28.05pt; mso-list: l23 level2 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan umum</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitle" style="margin-left: 28.05pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mampu menerapkan
asuhan keperawatan kepada pasien dengan GGK</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitle" style="margin-left: 28.05pt; mso-list: l23 level2 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan khusus</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitle" style="margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l23 level3 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -.35in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mampu melakukan pengkajian pada pasien GGK</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitle" style="margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l23 level3 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -.35in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mampu memprioritaskan masalah dan menegakkan
diagnosa keperawatan pada pasien GGK</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitle" style="margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l23 level3 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -.35in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mampu menyusun rencana rencana tindakan keperawatan
pada pasien dengan GGK</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitle" style="margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l23 level3 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -.35in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mampu menerapkan rencana tindakan keperawatan dalam
tindakan nyata yang sesuai dengan masalah yang diprioritaskan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitle" style="margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l23 level3 lfo1; text-align: left; text-indent: -.35in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mampu melakukan evaluasi keperawatan </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitle" style="margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.35in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoTitle" style="margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.35in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">TINJAUAN
TEORITIS</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pengertian</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Gagal ginjal
kronik adalah gangguan fungsi yang progresif dan ireversibel dimana kemampuan
tubuh gagal untuk mempertahankan metabolisme keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit
sehingga menyebabkan uremia ( retensi urea dan sampah nitrogen dalam darah)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Gagal ginjal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau penyakit ginjal tahap akhir (PGTA)
adalah gangguan fungsi ginjal yang progresif dan irreversibel dimana kemampuan
tubuh gagal untuk mempertahankan metabolisme dan keseimbangan cairan dan
elektrolit yang dapat menyebabkan uremia yaitu retensi cairan dan natrium dan
sampah nitrogen lain dalam darah. (Smeltzer, 2002).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Gagal ginjal
kronik adalah penrurunan fungsi ginjal yang bersifat persisten dan ireversibel
(Arif, 1999).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Etiologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Glomerulonefritis, nefropati analgesik, nefropati
refluks, ginjal polikistik, nefropati diabetik, penyebab lain seperti
hipertensi, obstruksi, GOUT, dan tidak diketahui. Pada lanjut usia, penyebab
gagal ginjal kronik yang tersering adalah <i>progressive renal sclerosis </i>dan
pielonefritis kronis (Arif, 1999).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Patofisiologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penurunan fungsi renal
menyebabkan penimbunan produk akhir metabolisme tertimbun dalam darah sehingga
terjadi uremia. Selain itu penurunan dari filtrasi glomeruli juga dapat
menyebabkan klirens kreatinin menurun dan kadar kreatinin serum meningkat.
Ginjal tidak mampu untuk mengkonsentrasikan dan mengencerkan urin secara
normal, akibatnya terjadi retensi cairan dan natrium yamg meningkatkan
terjadinya edema.</span><span lang="SV" style="color: white; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penurunan dari fungsi ginjal juga menyebabkan produksi eritropoetin tidak
adekuat menstimulasi sum-sum tulang untuk menghasilkan sel darah merah dan
menyebabkan anemia yang disertai keletihan, angina, sesak napas, defisiemsi
nutrisi dan kecenderungan untuk terjadi perdarahan gastrointestinal. Selain itu
juga menurunkan kadar serum kalsium dan meningkatkan kadar fosfat serum.
Penurunan kadar kalsium serum menyebabkan sekresi dari parathormon dan kelenjar
parathiroid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adanya gagal ginjal tubuh tidak berespon terhadap peningkatan parathormon
akibatnya kalsium ditulang menurun menyebabkan perubahan pada tulang dan
penyakit tulang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Manifestasi klinis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Karena pada gagal ginjal
kronis setiap sistem tubuh dipengaruhi oleh kondisi uremia, maka pasien akan
memperlihatkan tanda dan gejala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala kardiovaskuler</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada gagal ginjal kronis mencakup hipertensi (
akibat retensi cairan dan natrium dari aktivitas sytem renin
angiotensin-aldosteron) dan perikardirtis (iritasi pada lapisan pericardial
oleh toksik uremik).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala Dermatologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Yang sering terjadi mencakup rasa gatsl yang parah
(pruritus), warna kulit abu-abu mengkilat, kulit kering dan bersisik, kuku
tipis dan rapuh, butran uremik, suatu penumpukan kristal urea dikulit, saat ini
jarang terjadi akibat penanganan yang dini dan agresif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala gastro intestinal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sering terjadi dan mencakup : anoreksia, mual dan
muntah, nafas bau amonia, ulserasi dan perdarahan pada mulut, konstipasi dan
diare, perdarahan gastro intestinal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Respirasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Edema paru, efusi pleura, pleuritis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Neuromuskular</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lemah, gangguan tidur, sakit kepala, letargi,
gangguan muskular, neuropati perifer, bingung, koma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">hematologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Anemia, perdarahan meningkat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pemeriksaan diagnostik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Urin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
a.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Volume urin<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
oliguri atau anuria</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l21 level3 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Warna
urin<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: keruh </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l21 level3 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BJ urin <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
kurang 1,015</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l21 level3 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Osmolalitas
urin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l21 level3 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Klirens kreatinin menurun</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l21 level3 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Natrium meningkat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l21 level3 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Proteinuria</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Darah
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BUN/ kreatinin meningkat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Ht
dan Hb</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Natrium serum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penatalaksanan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Mengoptimalkan
dan mempertahankan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pengawasan
terhadap berat badan, cairan dan urin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Mencegah dan tatalaksana penyakit tulang
ginjal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mencegah
dan mengatasi komplikasi<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengkajian </span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">1. Aktifitas </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala</span></b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> : Kelelahan ekstrem, kalemahan,
malaise</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gangguan tidur (insomnia /
gelisah atau somnolen)</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tanda </span></b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">: Kelemahan otot, kehi</span><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">langan tonus, penurunan
rentang gerak.</span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">2. Sirkulasi</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Gejala</span></b><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> : Adanya riwayat hipertensi
lama atau berat</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">palpatasi, nyeri dada
(angina)</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Tanda</span></b><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> : Hipertensi, DUJ, nadi
kuat, edema jaringan umum dan pitting pada kaki, telapak , tangan.</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Nadi lemah, hipotensi
ortostatikmenunjukkan hipovolemia, yang jarang pada penyakit tahap akhir.</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pucat, kulit coklat
kehijauan, kuning.</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kecenderungan perdarahan</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3. Integritas
Ego</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala</span></b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> : Faktor stress, contoh
finansial, hubungan dan sebagainya.</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Perasaan tak berdaya, tak
ada harapan, tak ada kekuatan.</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Tanda</span></b><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> : Menolak, ansietas, takut,
marah, mudah terangsang, perubahan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kepribadian.</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">4. Eliminasi</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Gejala</span></b><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> : Penurunan frekuensi
urine, oliguria, anuria (pada gagal ginjal tahap lanjut)</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Abdomen kembung, diare, atau
konstipasi</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tanda</span></b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> : Perubahan warna urine,
contoh kuning pekat, merah, coklat, oliguria.</span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">5. Makanan /
cairan</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala</span></b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> : Peningkatan berat badan
cepat (oedema), penurunan berat badan (malnutrisi).</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Anoreksia, nyeri ulu hati,
mual/muntah, rasa metalik tak sedap pada mulut (pernapasan amonia)</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Penggunaan diurotik</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Tanda</span></b><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> : Distensi abdomen/asites,
pembesaran hati (tahap akhir)</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Perubahan turgor
kulit/kelembaban</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Edema (umum, targantung)</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Ulserasi gusi, pendarahan
gusi/lidah.</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Penurunan otot, penurunan
lemak subkutan, penampilan tak bertenaga</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">6. Neurosensori</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Gejala </span></b><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">: Sakit kepala, penglihatan
kabur</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kram otot / kejang, syndrome
“kaki gelisah”, rasa terbakar pada telapak kaki, kesemutan dan kelemahan,
khususnya ekstremiras bawah.</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Tanda</span></b><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> : Gangguan status mental,
contah penurunan lapang perhatian, ketidakmampuan berkonsentrasi, kehilangan
memori, kacau, penurunan tingkat kesadaran, stupor.</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kejang, fasikulasi otot,
aktivitas kejang.</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Rambut tipis, kuku rapuh dan
tipis</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">7. Nyeri /
kenyamanan </span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Gejala</span></b><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> : Nyeri panggul, sakit
kepala, kram otot/ nyeri kaki</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Tanda</span></b><span lang="IT" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> : Perilaku berhati-hati /
distraksi, gelisah</span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">8. Pernapasan</span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IT" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Gejala</span></b><span lang="IT" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> : Napas pendek, dispnea,
batuk dengan / tanpa sputum kental dan banyak </span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Tanda</span></b><span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> : Takipnea, dispnea,
peningkatan frekuensi / kedalaman.</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Batuk dengan sputum encer
(edema paru)</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">9. Keamanan</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala</span></b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> : Kulit gatal</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ada / berulangnya infeksi</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tanda</span></b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> : Pruritis</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Demam (sepsis, dehidrasi),
normotermia dapat secara aktual terjadi peningkatan pada pasien yang mengalami
suhu tubuh lebih rendah dari normal</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ptekie, area ekimosis pada
kulit</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Fraktur tulang, keterbatasan gerak sendi</span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">10. Seksualitas</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala</span></b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> : Penurunan libido,
amenorea, infertilitas</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">11. Interaksi
sosial</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala</span></b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> : Kesulitan menentukan
kondisi, contoh tak mampu bekerja, mempertahankan fungsi peran biasanya dalam
keluarga.</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">12. Penyuluhan
/ Pembelajaran</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala</span></b><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> : Riwayat DM (resiko tinggi
untuk gagal ginjal), penyakit polikistik, nefritis heredeter, kalkulus
urenaria, maliganansi.</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Riwayat terpejan pada toksin, contoh obat,
racun lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="normal1" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Diagnosa keperawatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Kemungkinan diagnosa
keperawatan dengan kegagalan ginjal kronis adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Kelebihan volume cairan
berhubungan dengan penurunan haluaran urine, diet berlebih dan retensi cairan
serta natrium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Perubahan nutrisi : kurang
dari kebutuhan tubuh berhubungan dengan anoreksia, mual dan muntah, pembatasan
diet, dan perubahan membrane mukosa mulut.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Intoleran aktivitas
berhubungan dengan keletihan, anemia, retensi, produk sampah.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Resiko tinggi terhadap
penururnan curah jantung berhubungan dengan ketidakseimbangan cairan
mempengaruhi volume sirkulasi, kerja miokardial, dan tahanan vaskular sistemik.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Resiko tinggi terhadap
kerusakan integritas kulit berhubungan dengan akumulasi toksin dalam kulit.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Ansietas berhubungan dengan
kurang pengetahuan tentang kondisi, pemeriksaan diagnostik, rencana tindakan
dan prognosis</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Intervensi keperawatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Kelebihan volume cairan berhubungan dengan penurunan haluaran urine, diet
berlebih dan retensi cairan</span><span lang="ES" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES;"> serta natrium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l8 level5 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kaji
status cairan : Timbang BB/H, distensi vena jugularis, balance cairan, vital
sign</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l8 level5 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Batasi intake cairan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l8 level5 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jelaskan
mengenai pembatasan cairan pada pasien & keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l8 level5 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tingkatkan oral higine</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perubahan nutrisi : kurang
dari kebutuhan tubuh berhubungan dengan anoreksia, mual dan muntah, pembatasan
diet, dan perubahan membrane mukosa mulut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l8 level5 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kaji status nutrisi: Perubahan BB, protein
,kadar besi,BUN, elektrolit serum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l8 level5 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kaji pola diet : riwayat
diet, makan kesukaan, hitung kalori</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l8 level5 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kaji
faktor yg mempengaruhi masukan nutrisi : anoreksia, mual muntah, depresi,
stomatitis, makanan yg tidak menyenangkan, pengetahuan manfaat makan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l8 level4 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Intoleran aktivitas
berhubungan dengan keletihan, anemia, retensi, produk sampah.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l8 level5 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kaji
faktor yg menyebabkan keletihan : anemia, ketidakseimbangan cairan &
elektrolit, retensi produk sampah, depresi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l8 level5 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tingkatkan kemandirian dalam aktivitas
perawatan diri yg dapat ditoleransi, bantu jikan keletihan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anjurkan istirahat setelah dialisis.</span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">TINJAUAN KASUS</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kelompok mulai melakukan pengkajian pada tanggal
9-11 juni 2008 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENGKAJIAN</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><br /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Identitas Pasien</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
Nama<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Tn.A</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
Umur<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: 37 tahun</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
Tanggal Lahir<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 23 maret 1971</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jenis
Kelamin<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: laki-laki</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pendidikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: SMU</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suku
Bangsa<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: melayu</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tanggal
Masuk<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 9 juni 2008</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Waktu<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: 14.00 WIB</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rujukan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: bukan rujukan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penanggung
jawab <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: pasien menggunakan ASKESKIN</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>DX
media<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Gagal ginjal
kronis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>No
MR<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 57 55 58</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>RIWAYAT KESEHATAN MASA LALU </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pasien mengatakan tidak pernah mengalami
penyakit keturunan serta penyakit yang lainnya seperti yang diderita saat. Pasien
mengatakan penyakitnya ini di deritanya sejak 3 bulan yang lalu dan telah
melakukan hemodialisa 2 kali seminggu sejak dia sakit. </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pasien mengatakan sebelum menderita penyakit ini
kepalanya selalu pusing apabila melakukan kegiatan yang berat. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>RIWAYAT KESEHATAN SEKARANG</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pasien
mengeluhkan nyeri didaerah kepala. Pasien mengatakan pusing apabila melakukan
aktivitas seperti berjalan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">AKTIVITAS /ISTIRAHAT</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala (Data Subjektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pasien seorang karyawan swasta. Saat ini pasien
mengeluh susah untuk beraktivitas karena pusing dan nyeri kepala </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tanda (Data Objektif) </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">TD <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 110/80
mmHg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">RR<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 20
x/menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">N<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>84 x/menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Status mental compos mentis,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>postur simetris, tidak ada terjadi
deformitas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="21" width="261"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td><img height="62" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="2" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 166.0pt;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 198px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 115px; z-index: 251657728;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="115" /></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kekuatan otot<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>555<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>555</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">555<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>555</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">SIRKULASI</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Gejala </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">(Data Subjektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pasien tidak ada riwayat nyeri dada,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan tidak ada palpitasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tanda (Data Objektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bunyi jantung normal (lub-dub), irama teratur,
tidak ada mur-mur, pengisian kapiler kurang dari 2 detik, tidak ada varises di
daerah tangan dan kaki.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">TD : 110/80 mmHg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nadi:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>84 x/i</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">RR: 20 x/i </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">INTEGRITAS EGO</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala (Data Subjektif )</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Klien selalu memikirkan kondisinya saat ini. Bila
mengalami masalah biasanya klien bercerita dengan istrinya dan selalu berserah
diri pada Allah SWT. Dalam menjalankan kehidupan sehari-hari klien mengalami
kesulitan keuangan dan biaya perawatan ditanggung oleh ASKESKIN. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Tanda (Data Objektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Klien tampak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tenang dalam menghadapi penyakitnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">ELIMINASI</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala (Data Subjektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">BAB<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1
x/hari, konsistensi lunak, warna kuning dan tidak ada menggunakan laksatif.
BAK<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4-5 x/hari namun keluar sedikit lebih
kurang 100-200 cc/hari, warna urin merah pekat, menggunakan diuretik (lasix). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tanda (Data Objektif )</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bising usus
terdengar aktif pada keempat kuadran abdomen (7 x/menit). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">MAKANAN/CAIRAN</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala (Data Subjektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Diit yang didapat MB (Makanan Biasa) 3 x/hari,
habis 1 porsi setiap kali makan.. Klien minum </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">±</span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> 500-700 cc/hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tanda (Data Objektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bentuk tubuh tampak sedang dengan tinggi badan 164
cm. Turgor kulit baik membran mukosa lembab. Gigi lengkap</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">HIGIENE</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala (Data Subjektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Aktivitas sehari-hari klien dibantu (minimal
care), mobilitas terbatas dan hanya berbaring di tempat tidur. Klien makan sendiri
dan mandi serta berpakaian. Kebutuhan eliminasi dibantu oleh istrinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tanda (Data Objektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penampilan umum klen rapi, cara berpakaian rapi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">NEUROSENSORI</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala (Data Subjektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pasien mengalami nyeri kepala. Pasien
mengatakan tidak ada rasa kesemutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tanda (Data Objektif)</span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mata: normal (isokor)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Telinga: pendengaran pasien normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hidung : penciuman pasien normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="height: 62px; left: 0px; margin-left: 261px; margin-top: 52px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251656704;"><img height="62" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="2" /></span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Kesadaran komposmentis, GCS: E4 M6 V5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>orientasi pasien baik terhadap orang, waktu dan tempat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 166.0pt;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 198px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 115px; z-index: 251655680;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="115" /></span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Kekuatan otot<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>555<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>555</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>555<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>555</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">NYERI/KETIDAKNYAMANAN</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Gejala (Data Subjektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Nyeri pada kepala<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(skala 3). Pasien mengatakan nyeri yang dirasakan berat bila digerakkan atau
melakukan aktivitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Tanda (Data Objuektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Klien tampak meringis bila bergerak, klien tampak
berhati-hati dan memegang area kepala yang terasa nyeri. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">PERNAPASAN</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala (Data Subjektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Klien tidak ada mengeluh adanya masalah pada
pernapasan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tanda (Gejala Objektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hantaran udara terdengar diseluruh area paru-paru,
bunyi napas vesikuler.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">RR: 20x/i </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">KEAMANAN</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala (Data Subjektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pasien tidak memilki riwayat alergi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">Tanda (Data Objektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">Suhu tubuh 36 o celcius</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">SEKSUALITAS</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala (Data Subjektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Klien tidak ada mengalami masalah pada organ
genitalia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tanda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Data Objektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Klien tidak bersedia dilakukan pemeriksaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">INTERAKSI SOSIAL</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala (Data Subjektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Klien sudah menikah dan memiliki 2 orang anak. </span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Keluarga (istri)selalu mendukung dan
memotivasi klien untuk tetap sabar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Tanda (Data Objektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Klien dapat berkomunikasi dengan baik, bicara
jelas dan dapat dimengerti. Interaksi dengan keluarga baik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">PENYULUHAN /PEMBELAJARAN</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gejala (Data Subjektif)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tingkat pendidikan klien SMU. Klien tidak
mengetahui cara mengurangi nyeri yang dirasakan. Klien memilih berobat ke
pelayanan kesehatan semenjak sakit yang dirasakan. Keluarga pasien tidak ada
yang mempunyai riwayat penyakit keturunan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">PROGRAM DOKTER</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">saat ini pasien hanya mendapatkan obat oral yaitu captopril
12,5 mg (2x1) dan injeksi lasix (1x1 amp).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pemeriksaan labor terakhir dilakukan pada tanggal
10 juni 2008 dengan hasil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt;">
<u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">DARAH</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hemoglobin<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 11,3 gr%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Leucocyt<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 14.200/mm3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Trombocyt<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 493.000/mm3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">B.S.R<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 43/Jam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hematocryt<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 33 vol%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.5pt;">
<u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">SERUM</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Glukosa<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:117 mg/dl (70-125)</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Cholesterol<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:180 mg/dl (0-200)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">D Bil<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 0,1 mg/dl (0,0 - 0,2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">T Bil<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 0,8 mg/dl (0,2 – 1,0 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">BUN<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 55 mg/dl ( 7-18 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Crea <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 16,0 mg/dl ( 0,6 – 1,3 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Uric<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 10,2 mg/dl ( 2,3 – 7,5 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">AST<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 21 iu/l ( 14-50 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">ALP <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 195 iu/l ( 80 - 302)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">TP<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: 7,7 g/l ( 6,7 – 8,7 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">ALT<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 24 iu/l ( 11 – 60 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Indirect
bili<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 0,7</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ureum<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 117,7 mg/dl ( 10 -50 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.5pt;">
<u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">URINE</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Protein
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: +3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Urobilinogen<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berat
jenis<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 1020</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kejernihan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: agak keruh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Warna<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: kuning</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Erytrocyt<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- 4</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Leucocyt<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 12-15 /lbp</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Eph
cell<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 6-8 / lbp</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bakteri<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: +</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-indent: -17.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">B. Analisa data</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; width: 524px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 19.65pt;" valign="top" width="26">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt; text-align: center;">
No</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.95pt;" valign="top" width="172">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt; text-align: center;">
Data</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.2pt;" valign="top" width="200">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt; text-align: center;">
Kemungkinan
penyebab</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.05pt;" valign="top" width="125">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt; text-align: center;">
Masalah</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 19.65pt;" valign="top" width="26">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
1</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.95pt;" valign="top" width="172">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
DS:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>mengatakan nyeri pada kepala</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>skala nyeri ringan (3)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">DO:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">- <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TD :
110/80 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mmHg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">- <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>N <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 84 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x/menit </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">- <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>R<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 20 x/menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.2pt;" valign="top" width="200">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<a href="" name="OLE_LINK2"></a><a href="" name="OLE_LINK1"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Pasokan oksigen ke jaringan otak tidak
adequat</span></span></a><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.05pt;" valign="top" width="125">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
Gangguan rasa nyaman nyeri</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 19.65pt;" valign="top" width="26">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
2</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.95pt;" valign="top" width="172">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
DS:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pasien mengatakan badannya terasa lemah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pasien
mengatakan bila beraktivitas kepalanya pusing</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
DO:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -13.95pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>kebutuhan klien dibantu oleh istrinya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.2pt;" valign="top" width="200">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: list 39.9pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">penurunan
produksi energi metabolic, prosedur dialisa</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.05pt;" valign="top" width="125">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
Intoleran aktivitas<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 19.65pt;" valign="top" width="26">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
3</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.95pt;" valign="top" width="172">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">DS:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">pasien
mengatakan urinnya keluar sedikit dan menetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">mengatakan
urin yang keluar kira-kira 3 sendok makan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">DO:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.75pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -17.75pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">BUN:55
mg/dl </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 8.4pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( 7 - 18
mg/dl )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.75pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Crea
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 16,0 mg/dl </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.95pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(
0,6 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>– 1,3mg/dl <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.75pt; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Uric<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 10,2 mg/dl <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.95pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(
2,3 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>– <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,5 mg/dl )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Obat
captopril 12,5 mg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">TD
110/80 mmHg</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.2pt;" valign="top" width="200">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 9.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">ketidakseimbangan cairan, kerja
miokardial, dan tahanan vaskular sistemik.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.05pt;" valign="top" width="125">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Resiko tinggi terhadap penurunan
curah jantung</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="Section2">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">C. Rencana Keperawatan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 881px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.8pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">No DX</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 187.35pt;" valign="top" width="250">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Data</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 158.2pt;" valign="top" width="211">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Tujuan
dan KH</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.75pt;" valign="top" width="176">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">In</span>tervensi</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.8pt;" valign="top" width="176">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
rasional</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.8pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
1</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 187.35pt;" valign="top" width="250">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
Nyeri berhubungan
dengan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pasokan oksigen ke jaringan
otak tidak adequat ditandai dengan:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
DS:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>mengatakan nyeri pada kepala</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>skla nyeri ringan (3)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">DO:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">- TD : 110/80 mmHg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">- N : 84 x/m </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">- RR: 20x/i</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">- pasien tampak memegang kepalanya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 158.2pt;" valign="top" width="211">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama
3x24 jam gangguan rasa nyaman nyeri dapat teratasi dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
KH:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>TTV dalam batas normal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
TD: 120/80mmHg</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
N: 60-80x/i</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
RR: 16-20x/i</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pasien rileks</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Skala nyeri 1</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.75pt;" valign="top" width="176">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 16.5pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kaji karakteristik nyeri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 16.5pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ukur tanda-tanda vital</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 16.5pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ajarkan teknik relaksasi nafas dalam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 16.5pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>kolaborasi dalam pemberikan analgetik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -1.5pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 16.5pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kolaborasi
dalam perencanaan tindakan medik (operasi)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.8pt;" valign="top" width="176">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 15.65pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>memberikan dasar untuk mengkaji perubahan pada
tingkat nyeri dan mengevaluasi intervensi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 15.65pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>sebagai indikator untuk mengetahui tingkat nyeri dan
intervensi yang tepat selanjutnya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 15.65pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">untuk merelaksasikan otot-otot sehingga
mengurangi rasa nyeri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 15.65pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">analgetik cenderung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lebih efektif ketika diberikan secara dini
pada nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 15.65pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">mempercepat proses penyembuhan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.8pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
2</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 187.35pt;" valign="top" width="250">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
Intoleransi
aktifitas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fisik berhubungan dengan <span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penurunan produksi energi metabolic,
keletihan</span><span lang="FI"> </span>ditandai dengan:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
DS:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pasien mengatakan badannya terasa lemah dan lelah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pasien
mengatakan bila beraktivitas (berjalan) kepalanya pusing dan nyeri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
DO:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -13.95pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo11; text-indent: -.3in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">kebutuhan
klien dibantu oleh istri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 158.2pt;" valign="top" width="211">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
Setelah dilakukan
tindakan keperawatan selama 3x24 jam intoleransi aktivitas dapat teratasi
dengan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
KH:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>klien dapat beraktivitas secara minimal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>keluarga terlibat dalam aktivitas klien</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>kebutuhan dasar pasien terpenuhi seperti elliminasi,
makan/minum, berpakaian, kebersihan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.75pt;" valign="top" width="176">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.05pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 14.05pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kaji
tingkat aktivitas klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.05pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 14.05pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Dekatkan
kebutuhan yang diperlukan oleh klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.05pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 14.05pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berikan
kesempatan pada klien melakukan aktivitas mandiri.</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.05pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 14.05pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Libatkan
keluarga dalam perawatan mobilitas fisik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -3.95pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.05pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 14.05pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bantu
ambulasi secara bertahap.<br />
</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><br />
<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.8pt;" valign="top" width="176">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 15.65pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 15.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">mengetahui
tingkat kemampuan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan ADL pedoman untuk intervensi
selanjutnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 15.65pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 15.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">memudahkan
klien untuk melakukan aktivitas sehari-hari secara mandiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 15.65pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 15.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">untuk
mengetahui kemajuan yang dirasakan oleh klien </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 15.65pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 15.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">partisipasi
keluarga dapat membantu klien dalam memenuhi kebutuhan mobilitasnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 15.65pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 15.65pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">ambulasi
yang tidak bertahap dapat menyebabkan kelelahan dan ambulasi bertahap dapat
mencegah terjadinya cedera krisis situasi (kanker).</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 35.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.8pt;" valign="top" width="69">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 187.35pt;" valign="top" width="250">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 39.9pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Resiko tinggi terhadap penurunan
curah jantung berhubungan dengan ketidakseimbangan cairan mempengaruhi volume
sirkulasi, kerja miokardial, dan tahanan vaskular sistemik</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 158.2pt;" valign="top" width="211">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan selama 2 x 24 jam masalah </span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">resiko penurunan curah jantung</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dapat teratasi dengan KH:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">TD dalam batas normal</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Frekuensi jantung dalam batas normal</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nadi perifer kuat</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.75pt;" valign="top" width="176">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">auskultasi bunyi jantung dan paru</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">kaji adanya hipertensi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">kaji tingkat aktivitas</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">awasi pemeriksaan laboratorium</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">berikan obat anti hipertensi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">siapkan dialisis</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.8pt;" valign="top" width="176">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">S3 atau S4 menunjukkan ketidaknormalan,
adnya distensi jugularis menunjukkan GGK</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">hipertensi bermakna dapat terjadi karena
gangguan pada sistem aldosteron renin-angiotensin</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">kelelahan dapat menyertai GGK juga anemia</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">ketidakseimbangan dapat mengganggu konduksi
elektrikal dan fungsi jantung</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">menurunkan tahanan vaskuler sistemik atau
pengeluran renin</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">penurunan ureum toksik dan memperbaiki
ketidakseimbangan elektrolit </span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span><br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB V</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 18.7pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Setelah kelompok melakukan asuhan keperawatan pada
TN A dengan GGK di ruang Murai I RSUD Arifin Achmad Pekanbaru, maka kelompok
dapat mengambil kesimpulan sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo25; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengkajian yang dilakukan tidak banyak
berbeda dengan pengkajian pada konsep berfokus pada masalah yang dihadapi
pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo25; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengatasi masalah yang ditemuka pada
pasien perlu direncanakan beberapa tindakan keperawatan dengan menentukan
tujuan yang hendak dicapai sesuai dengan prorioritas masalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo25; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Diagnosa medis dapat saja berubah sejalan
dengan waktu sehingga selain terapi diberikan, pemeriksaan penunjang lainnya
harus tetap dikolaborasikan untuk menentukan dan mengatasi masalah lain yang
muncul pada pasien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo25; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bagi perawat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada pengkajian diharapkan perawat benar-benar
bisa melaksanakan secara tepat dan benar, sehinggga dalam menegakkan diagnosa
bisa lebih akurat dan penangananya lebih cepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bagi pasien dan keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">diharapkan pasien dan keluarga dapat menerima
anjuran selain terapi dan pengobatan serta menjaga keeimbangan aktivitas, diit,
istirahat yang tepat selama dirawat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bagi mahasiswa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 37.4pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Diharapkan makalah ini dapat menambah wawasan
mahasiswa sehingga mahasiswa lebih peka terhadap kebutuhan pasien, serta
memberikan asuhan keperawatan yang sesuai dengan teori yang didapatkan di
perkuliahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Arif, mansjoer (1999). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kapita selekta
kedokteran</i>. Jakarta: EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Brunner & Sudarth. ( 2002 ) Buku <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ajar
Keperawatan Medikal Bedah.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.4pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Edisi, 8. Jilid 2</span></i><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Jakarta: EGC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 37.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 74.8pt; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Doenges (2000). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rencana asuhan keperawatan; pedoman untuk perencanaan dan
pendokumentasian perawatan pasien</i>. Jakarta: EGC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 74.8pt; text-indent: -.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -34.6pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Price, Sylvia (1995). Patofisiologi: konsep klinis
proses-proses penyakit. Jakarta: EGC</span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18228973511970840301noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8551244121244247931.post-34539324932150929592012-04-15T23:51:00.001+07:002012-04-27T22:49:43.682+07:00Laporan Pendahuluan : Angina Pektoris<br />
<div class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><b>ANGINA
PEKTORIS</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">PENGERTIAN</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Angina pektoris adalah nyeri dada
yang ditimbukan karena iskemik miokard dan bersifat sementara atau
reversibel. (Dasar-dasar keperawatan
kardiotorasik, 1993)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
Angina pektoris adalah suatu sindroma kronis dimana
klien mendapat serangan sakit dada yang khas yaitu seperti ditekan, atau terasa
berat di dada yang seringkali menjalar ke lengan sebelah kiri yang timbul pada
waktu aktifitas dan segera hilang bila aktifitas berhenti. (Prof. Dr. H.M. Sjaifoellah Noer, 1996)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
Angina pektoris adalah suatu istilah yang digunakan
untuk menggambarkan jenis rasa tidak nyaman yang biasanya terletak dalam daerah
retrosternum. (Penuntun Praktis Kardiovaskuler)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">ETIOLOGI</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Ateriosklerosis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Spasme arteri koroner</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Anemia berat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Artritis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Aorta Insufisiensi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">FAKTOR-FAKTOR RESIKO</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Dapat Diubah (dimodifikasi)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Diet (hiperlipidemia)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Rokok</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Hipertensi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Stress</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Obesitas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Kurang aktifitas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Diabetes Mellitus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
h.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Pemakaian kontrasepsi oral</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Tidak dapat diubah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Usia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Jenis Kelamin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Ras</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Herediter</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Kepribadian tipe A</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">FAKTOR PENCETUS SERANGAN</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Faktor pencetus yang dapat menimbulkan serangan antara
lain :</div>
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1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Emosi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Stress</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Kerja fisik terlalu berat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Hawa terlalu panas dan lembab</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Terlalu kenyang</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Banyak merokok</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">GAMBARAN KLINIS</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Nyeri dada substernal ataru retrosternal menjalar ke
leher, tenggorokan daerah inter skapula atau lengan kiri.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Kualitas nyeri seperti tertekan benda berat, seperti
diperas, terasa panas, kadang-kadang hanya perasaan tidak enak di dada (chest
discomfort).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Durasi nyeri berlangsung 1 sampai 5 menit, tidak lebih
daari 30 menit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Nyeri hilang (berkurang) bila istirahat atau pemberian
nitrogliserin.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Gejala penyerta : sesak nafas, perasaan lelah, kadang
muncul keringat dingin, palpitasi, dizzines.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Gambaran EKG : depresi segmen ST, terlihat gelombang T
terbalik.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Gambaran EKG seringkali normal pada waktu tidak timbul
serangan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="6" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">TIPE SERANGAN </li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Angina Pektoris Stabil</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Awitan
secara klasik berkaitan dengan latihan atau aktifitas yang meningkatkan
kebutuhan oksigen niokard.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Nyeri
segera hilang dengan istirahat atau penghentian aktifitas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Durasi
nyeri 3 – 15 menit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Angina Pektoris Tidak Stabil</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sifat,
tempat dan penyebaran nyeri dada dapat mirip dengan angina pektoris stabil.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Adurasi
serangan dapat timbul lebih lama dari angina pektoris stabil.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pencetus
dapat terjadi pada keadaan istirahat atau pada tigkat aktifitas ringan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Kurang
responsif terhadap nitrat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Lebih
sering ditemukan depresisegmen ST.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Dapat
disebabkan oleh ruptur plak aterosklerosis, spasmus, trombus atau trombosit
yang beragregasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Angina Prinzmental (Angina Varian).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sakit
dada atau nyeri timbul pada waktu istirahat, seringkali pagi hari.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Nyeri
disebabkan karena spasmus pembuluh koroneraterosklerotik.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>EKG
menunjukkan elevaasi segmen ST.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Cenderung
berkembang menjadi infaark miokard akut.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Dapat
terjadi aritmia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="7" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">PATOFISIOLOGI</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mekanisme timbulnya angina pektoris didasarkan pada
ketidakadekuatan suply oksigen ke sel-sel miokardium yang diakibatkan karena
kekauan arteri dan penyempitan lumen arteri koroner (ateriosklerosis
koroner). Tidak diketahui secara pasti
apa penyebab ateriosklerosis, namun jelas bahwa tidak ada faktor tunggal yang
bertanggungjawab atas perkembangan ateriosklerosis. Ateriosklerosis merupakan penyakir arteri
koroner yang paling sering ditemukan.
Sewaktu beban kerja suatu jaringan meningkat, maka kebutuhan oksigen
juga meningkat. Apabila kebutuhan
meningkat pada jantung yang sehat maka artei koroner berdilatasi dan megalirkan
lebih banyak darah dan oksigen keotot jantung. Namun apabila arteri koroner
mengalami kekauan atau menyempit akibat ateriosklerosis dan tidak dapat
berdilatasi sebagai respon terhadap peningkatan kebutuhan akan oksigen, maka
terjadi iskemik (kekurangan suplai darah) miokardium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adanya endotel yang cedera mengakibatkan hilangnya
produksi No (nitrat Oksid0 yang berfungsi untuk menghambat berbagai zat yang
reaktif. Dengan tidak adanya fungsi ini
dapat menyababkan otot polos berkontraksi dan timbul spasmus koroner yang
memperberat penyempitan lumen karena suplai oksigen ke miokard berkurang. Penyempitan atau blok ini belum menimbulkan
gejala yang begitu nampak bila belum mencapai 75 %. Bila penyempitan lebih dari 75 % serta dipicu
dengan aktifitas berlebihan maka suplai darah ke koroner akan berkurang. Sel-sel miokardium menggunakan glikogen
anaerob untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi mereka.
Metabolisme ini menghasilkan asam laktat yang menurunkan pH miokardium
dan menimbulkan nyeri. Apabila kenutuhan
energi sel-sel jantung berkurang, maka suplai oksigen menjadi adekuat dan
sel-sel otot kembali fosforilasi oksidatif untuk membentuk energi. Proses ini tidak menghasilkan asam
laktat. Dengan hilangnya asam laktat
nyeri akan reda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="8" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">DIAGNOSA KEPERAWATAN YANG MUNGKIN MUNCUL</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Nyeri akut berhubungan dengan iskemik miokard.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Intoleransi aktifitas berhubungan dengan berkurangnya
curah jantung.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Ansietas berhubungan dengan rasa takut akan ancaman
kematian yang tiba-tiba.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Kurang pengetahuan (kebutuhan belajar) mengenai kodisi,
kebutuhan pengobatan berhubungan dengan kurangnya informasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="9" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">FOKUS INTERVENSI</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Nyeri akut berhubungan dengan iskemik miokard.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
Intervensi :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Kaji
gambaran dan faktor-faktor yang memperburuk nyeri.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Letakkan
klien pada istirahat total selama episode angina (24-30 jam pertama) dengan
posisi semi fowler.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Observasi
tanda vital tiap 5 menit setiap serangan angina.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Ciptakanlingkunan
yang tenang, batasi pengunjung bila perlu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Berikan
makanan lembut dan biarkan klien istirahat 1 jam setelah makan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Tinggal
dengan klien yang mengalami nyeri atau tampak cemas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Ajarkan
tehnik distraksi dan relaksasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Kolaborasi
pengobatan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Intoleransi aktifitas berhubungan dengan kurangnya
curah jantung.</div>
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Intervensi :</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pertahankan
tirah baring pada posisi yang nyaman.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Berikan
periode istirahat adekuat, bantu dalam pemenuhan aktifitas perawatan diri
sesuai indikasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Catat
warna kulit dan kualittas nadi.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Tingkatkan
katifitas klien secara teratur.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pantau
EKG dengan sering.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Ansietas berhubungan dengan rasa takut akan ancaman
kematian yang tiba-tiba.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
Intervensi :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Jelaskan
semua prosedur tindakan.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Tingkatkan
ekspresi perasaan dan takut.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Dorong
keluarga dan teman utnuk menganggap klien seperti sebelumnya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Beritahu
klien program medis yang telah dibuat untuk menurunkan/membatasi serangan akan
datang dan meningkatkan stabilitas jantung.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Kolaborasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Kurang pengetahuan (kebutuhan belajar) mengenai kodisi,
kebutuhan pengobatan berhubungan dengan kurangnya informasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .75in;">
Intervensi :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Tekankan
perlunya mencegah serangan angina.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Dorong
untuk menghindari faktor/situasi yang sebagai pencetus episode angina.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Kaji
pentingnya kontrol berat badan, menghentikan kebiasaan merokok, perubahan diet
dan olah raga.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Tunjukkan/
dorong klien untuk memantau nadi sendiri selama aktifitas, hindari tegangan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Diskusikan
langkah yang diambil bila terjadi serangan angina.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">q<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Dorong
klien untuk mengikuti program yang telah ditentukan.</div>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Corwin,
Elizabeth, <i>Buku Saku Patofisiologi</i>, Jakarta, EGC, 2000.</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Chung,
EK, <i> Penuntun Praktis Penyakit
Kardiovaskuler, </i>Jakarta, EGC, 1996</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Doenges,
Marylinn E, <i>Rencana Asuhan Keperawatan,</i> Jakarta, EGC, 1998</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Engram,
Barbara,<i> Rencana Asuhan Keperawatan Medikal Bedah volume 2, </i>Jakarta,
EGC, 1998</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Long,
C, Barbara,<i> Perawatan Medikal Bedah 2, </i> Bandung, IAPK, 1996</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="6" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Noer,
Sjaifoellah,<i> Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, </i>Jakarta, FKUI, 1996</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="7" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Price,
Sylvia Anderson, <i>Patofisiologi Buku I</i> Jakarta, EGC, 1994</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="8" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">……., <i>Dasar-dasar
Keperawatan Kardiotorasik (Kumpulan Bahan Kuliah edisi ketiga),</i>Jakarta
: RS Jantung Harapan Kita, 1993.</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="9" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Tucker,
Susan Martin, <i> Standar Perawatan
Pasien Volume I, </i> Jakarta, EGC,
1998</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="10" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal">Underwood,
J C E, <i>Pathologi Volume 1 , </i>Jakarta, EGC, 1999</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18228973511970840301noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8551244121244247931.post-52772206232911931872012-04-15T23:36:00.002+07:002012-04-15T23:39:19.712+07:00LAPORAN PENDAHULUAN : EFUSI PLEURA<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>EFUSI PLEURA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<b>A.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b>Definisi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Efusi pleural adalah penumpukan cairan di dalam ruang
pleural, proses penyakit primer jarang terjadi namun biasanya terjadi sekunder
akibat penyakit lain. Efusi dapat berupa cairan jernih, yang mungkin merupakan
transudat, eksudat, atau dapat berupa darah atau pus (Baughman C Diane, 2000)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Efusi pleural adalah pengumpulan cairan dalam ruang
pleura yang terletak diantara permukaan visceral dan parietal, proses penyakit
primer jarang terjadi tetapi biasanya merupakan penyakit sekunder terhadap
penyakit lain. Secara normal, ruang pleural mengandung sejumlah kecil cairan (5
sampai 15ml) berfungsi sebagai pelumas yang memungkinkan permukaan pleural
bergerak tanpa adanya friksi (Smeltzer C Suzanne, 2002).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Efusi pleura adalah istilah yang digunakan bagi
penimbunan cairan dalam rongga pleura. (Price C Sylvia, 1995)</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>B.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b>Etiologi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Hambatan resorbsi cairan dari rongga pleura, karena
adanya bendungan seperti pada dekompensasi kordis, penyakit ginjal, tumor
mediatinum, sindroma meig (tumor ovarium) dan sindroma vena kava superior.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Pembentukan cairan yang berlebihan, karena radang
(tuberculosis, pneumonia, virus), bronkiektasis, abses amuba subfrenik
yang menembus ke rongga pleura, karena tumor dimana masuk cairan berdarah
dan karena trauma. Di Indonesia 80% karena tuberculosis.</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
Kelebihan cairan rongga pleura dapat terkumpul pada proses penyakit
neoplastik, tromboembolik, kardiovaskuler, dan infeksi. Ini disebabkan oleh
sedikitnya satu dari empat mekanisme dasar :</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Peningkatan tekanan kapiler subpleural atau
limfatik</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Penurunan tekanan osmotic koloid darah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -46.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Peningkatan tekanan negative intrapleural</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -46.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Adanya inflamasi atau neoplastik pleura</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>C.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b>Tanda dan Gejala<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Adanya timbunan cairan mengakibatkan perasaan
sakit karena pergesekan, setelah cairan cukup banyak rasa sakit hilang. Bila
cairan banyak, penderita akan sesak napas.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Adanya gejala-gejala penyakit penyebab seperti
demam, menggigil, dan nyeri dada pleuritis (pneumonia), panas tinggi (kokus),
subfebril (tuberkulosisi), banyak keringat, batuk, banyak riak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Deviasi trachea menjauhi tempat yang sakit dapat
terjadi jika terjadi penumpukan cairan pleural yang signifikan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Pemeriksaan fisik dalam keadaan berbaring dan
duduk akan berlainan, karena cairan akan berpindah tempat. Bagian yang sakit
akan kurang bergerak dalam pernapasan, fremitus melemah (raba dan vocal), pada
perkusi didapati daerah pekak, dalam keadaan duduk permukaan cairan membentuk
garis melengkung (garis Ellis Damoiseu).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Didapati segitiga <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Garland</st1:place></st1:city>, yaitu daerah yang pada perkusi redup
timpani dibagian atas garis Ellis Domiseu. Segitiga Grocco-Rochfusz, yaitu
daerah pekak karena cairan mendorong mediastinum kesisi lain, pada auskultasi
daerah ini didapati vesikuler melemah dengan ronki. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Pada permulaan dan akhir penyakit terdengar
krepitasi pleura.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b>D.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b>Patofisiologi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Didalam rongga pleura terdapat <u>+</u> 5ml cairan yang
cukup untuk membasahi seluruh permukaan pleura parietalis dan pleura viseralis.
Cairan ini dihasilkan oleh kapiler pleura parietalis karena adanya tekanan
hodrostatik, tekanan koloid dan daya tarik elastis. Sebagian cairan ini diserap
kembali oleh kapiler paru dan pleura viseralis, sebagian kecil lainnya (10-20%)
mengalir kedalam pembuluh limfe sehingga pasase cairan disini mencapai 1 liter
seharinya. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Terkumpulnya cairan di rongga pleura disebut efusi
pleura, ini terjadi bila keseimbangan antara produksi dan absorbsi terganggu
misalnya pada hyperemia akibat inflamasi, perubahan tekanan osmotic
(hipoalbuminemia), peningkatan tekanan vena (gagal jantung). Atas dasar kejadiannya
efusi dapat dibedakan atas transudat dan eksudat pleura. Transudat misalnya
terjadi pada gagal jantung karena bendungan vena disertai peningkatan tekanan
hidrostatik, dan sirosis hepatic karena tekanan osmotic koloid yang menurun.
Eksudat dapat disebabkan antara lain oleh keganasan dan infeksi. Cairan keluar
langsung dari kapiler sehingga kaya akan protein dan berat jenisnya tinggi. Cairan
ini juga mengandung banyak sel darah putih. Sebaliknya transudat kadar
proteinnya rendah sekali atau nihil sehingga berat jenisnya rendah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b>E.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b>Pemeriksaan Diagnostik<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Pemeriksaan radiologik (Rontgen dada), pada
permulaan didapati menghilangnya sudut kostofrenik. Bila cairan lebih 300ml,
akan tampak cairan dengan permukaan melengkung. Mungkin terdapat pergeseran di
mediatinum.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Ultrasonografi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Torakosentesis / pungsi pleura untuk mengetahui
kejernihan, warna, biakan tampilan, sitologi, berat jenis. Pungsi pleura
diantara linea aksilaris anterior dan posterior, pada sela iga ke-8. Didapati
cairan yang mungkin serosa (serotorak), berdarah (hemotoraks), pus (piotoraks)
atau kilus (kilotoraks). Bila cairan serosa mungkin berupa transudat (hasil
bendungan) atau eksudat (hasil radang).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Cairan pleural dianalisis dengan kultur bakteri,
pewarnaan gram, basil tahan asam (untuk TBC), hitung sel darah merah dan putih,
pemeriksaan kimiawi (glukosa, amylase, laktat dehidrogenase (LDH), protein),
analisis sitologi untuk sel-sel malignan, dan pH.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Biopsi pleura mungkin juga dilakukan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b>F.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Penatalaksanaan medis</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">q<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Tujuan pengobatan adalah untuk menemukan
penyebab dasar, untuk mencegah penumpukan kembali cairan, dan untuk
menghilangkan ketidaknyamanan serta dispneu. Pengobatan spesifik ditujukan pada
penyebab dasar (co; gagal jantung kongestif, pneumonia, sirosis).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">q<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span> Torasentesis dilakukan untuk membuang cairan,
untuk mendapatkan specimen guna keperluan analisis dan untuk menghilangkan
disneu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">q<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Bila penyebab dasar malignansi, efusi dapat
terjadi kembali dalam beberapa hari tatau minggu, torasentesis berulang
mengakibatkan nyeri, penipisan protein dan elektrolit, dan kadang pneumothoraks.
Dalam keadaan ini kadang diatasi dengan pemasangan selang dada dengan drainase
yang dihubungkan ke system drainase <i>water-seal</i>
atau pengisapan untuk mengevaluasiruang pleura dan pengembangan paru.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">q<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Agen yang secara kimiawi mengiritasi, seperti
tetrasiklin dimasukkan kedalam ruang pleura untuk mengobliterasi ruang pleural
dan mencegah akumulasi cairan lebih lanjut.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">q<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Pengobatan lainnya untuk efusi pleura malignan termasuk
radiasi dinding dada, bedah plerektomi, dan terapi diuretic.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b>G.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b>Water Seal Drainase (WSD)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Pengertian</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
WSD
adalah suatu unit yang bekerja sebagai drain untuk mengeluarkan udara dan
cairan melalui selang dada.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Indikasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 143.05pt; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -107.05pt;">
a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Pneumothoraks karena rupture bleb, luka tusuk tembus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Hemothoraks karena robekan pleura, kelebihan anti
koagulan, pasca bedah toraks</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 143.05pt; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -107.05pt;">
c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Torakotomi </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 143.05pt; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -107.05pt;">
d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Efusi pleura</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 143.05pt; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -107.05pt;">
e.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Empiema karena penyakit paru serius dan kondisi
inflamasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Tujuan Pemasangan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo4; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Untuk mengeluarkan udara, cairan atau darah dari
rongga pleura</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo4; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Untuk mengembalikan tekanan negative pada rongga
pleura</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo4; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Untuk mengembangkan kembali paru yang kolap dan
kolap sebagian</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-list: l1 level5 lfo4; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Untuk mencegah reflux drainase kembali ke dalam
rongga dada.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Tempat pemasangan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 143.05pt; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -107.05pt;">
a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Apikal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0in; mso-list: l1 level6 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Letak selang pada interkosta III mid klavikula</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0in; mso-list: l1 level6 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Dimasukkan secara antero lateral</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0in; mso-list: l1 level6 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Fungsi untuk mengeluarkan udara dari rongga
pleura</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 143.05pt; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -107.05pt;">
b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Basal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0in; mso-list: l1 level6 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Letak selang pada interkostal V-VI atau
interkostal VIII-IX mid aksiller</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0in; mso-list: l1 level6 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Fungsi : untuk mengeluarkan cairan dari rongga
pleura</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Jenis WSD</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.5in; mso-list: l1 level7 lfo4; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Sistem satu botol</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
Sistem drainase ini paling sederhana dan sering digunakan
pada pasien dengan simple pneumotoraks</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.5in; mso-list: l1 level7 lfo4; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Sistem dua botol</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
Pada system ini, botol pertama mengumpulkan
cairan/drainase dan botol kedua adalah botol water seal. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.5in; mso-list: l1 level7 lfo4; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>System tiga botol</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
Sistem tiga botol, botol penghisap control ditambahkan ke
system dua botol. System tiga botol ini paling aman untuk mengatur jumlah
penghisapan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b>H.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b>Pengkajian<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Aktifitas/istirahat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Gejala
: dispneu dengan aktifitas ataupun istirahat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Sirkulasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Tanda
: Takikardi, disritmia, irama jantung gallop, hipertensi/hipotensi, DVJ</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Integritas ego</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Tanda
: ketakutan, gelisah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Makanan / cairan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Adanya
pemasangan IV vena sentral/ infus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>nyeri/kenyamanan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Gejala
tergantung ukuran/area terlibat : Nyeri yang diperberat oleh napas dalam,
kemungkinan menyebar ke leher, bahu, abdomen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Tanda
: Berhati-hati pada area yang sakit, perilaku distraksi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Pernapasan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Gejala
: Kesulitan bernapas, Batuk, riwayat bedah dada/trauma, </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Tanda
: Takipnea, penggunaan otot aksesori pernapasan pada dada, retraksi
interkostal, Bunyi napas menurun dan fremitus menurun (pada sisi terlibat), Perkusi
dada : hiperresonan diarea terisi udara dan bunyi pekak diarea terisi cairan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Observasi
dan palpasi dada : gerakan dada tidak sama (paradoksik) bila trauma atau kemps,
penurunan pengembangan (area sakit). Kulit : pucat, sianosis,berkeringat,
krepitasi subkutan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b>I.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b>Diagnosa Keperawatan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Pola napas tidak efektif b.d penurunan ekspansi paru
(akumulasi udara/cairan), gangguan musculoskeletal, nyeri/ansietas, proses
inflamasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Kemungkinan
dibuktikan oleh : dispneu, takipneu, perubahan kedalaman pernapasan, penggunaan
otot aksesori, gangguan pengembangan dada, sianosis, GDA taknormal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Tujuan
: pola nafas efektif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Kriteria
hasil : </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level5 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Menunjukkan pola napas normal/efektif dng GDA normal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level5 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Bebas sianosis dan tanda gejala hipoksia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Intervensi
:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level6 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Identifikasi etiologi atau factor pencetus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level6 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Evaluasi fungsi pernapasan (napas cepat,
sianosis, perubahan tanda vital)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level6 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Auskultasi bunyi napas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level6 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Catat pengembangan dada dan posisi trakea, kaji
fremitus.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level6 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Pertahankan posisi nyaman biasanya peninggian
kepala tempat tidur</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level6 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Bila selang dada dipasang : </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>periksa pengontrol penghisap, batas cairan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Observasi gelembung udara botol penampung</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Klem selang pada bagian bawah unit drainase bila
terjadi kebocoran</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Awasi pasang surutnya air penampung</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level7 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
e.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Catat karakter/jumlah drainase selang dada.</div>
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</span></span>Berikan oksigen melalui kanul/masker</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Nyeri dada b.d factor-faktor biologis (trauma jaringan)
dan factor-faktor fisik (pemasangan selang dada)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Tujuan
: Nyeri hilang atau berkurang</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Kriteria
hasil :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level8 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Pasien mengatakan nyeri berkurang atau dapat dikontrol</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level8 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Pasien tampak tenang</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Intervensi
:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 333.0pt; mso-list: l6 level9 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -297.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Kaji terhadap adanya nyeri, skala dan intensitas
nyeri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 333.0pt; mso-list: l6 level9 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -297.0pt;">
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</span></span>Ajarkan pada klien tentang manajemen nyeri
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 333.0pt; mso-list: l6 level9 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -297.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Amankan selang dada untuk membatasi gerakan dan
menghindari iritasi</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Kaji keefektifan tindakan penurunan rasa nyeri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 333.0pt; mso-list: l6 level9 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -297.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Berikan analgetik sesuai indikasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Resiko tinggi trauma/henti napas b.d proses cidera,
system drainase dada, kurang pendidikan keamanan/pencegahan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Tujuan
: tidak terjadi trauma atau henti napas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Kriteria
hasil :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level5 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Mengenal kebutuhan/mencari bantuan untuk mencegah komplikasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level5 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Memperbaiki/menghindari lingkungan dan bahaya fisik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Intervensi
:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 82.35pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -46.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Kaji dengan pasien tujuan/fungsi unit drainase,
catat gambaran keamanan</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Amankan unit drainase pada tempat tidur dengan
area lalu lintas rendah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Awasi sisi lubang pemasangan selang, catat
kondisi kulit, ganti ulang kasa penutup steril sesuai kebutuhan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Anjurkan pasien menghindari berbaring/menarik
selang</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Observasi tanda distress pernapasan bila kateter
torak lepas/tercabut.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Kurang pengetahuan mengenai kondisi dan aturan
pengobatan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Tujuan
: Mengetahui tentang kondisinya dan aturan pengobatan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Kriteria
hasil :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 179.0pt; mso-list: l6 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -143.0pt;">
-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Menyatakan pemahaman tentang masalahnya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
-<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>Mengikuti program pengobatan dan menunjukkan perubahan
pola hidup untuk mencegah terulangnya masalah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Intervensi
:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 82.35pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -46.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Kaji pemahaman klien tentang masalahnya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 82.35pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -46.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Identifikasi
kemungkinan kambuh/komplikasi jangka panjang</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 82.35pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -46.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Kaji ulang praktik kesehatan yang baik, nutrisi,
istirahat, latihan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 82.35pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -46.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Berikan informasi tentang apa yang ditanyakan
klien</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 82.35pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -46.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">*<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span>Berikan reinforcement atas usaha yang telah
dilakukan klien .</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Baughman C Diane, <i>Keperawatan
medical bedah</i>, Jakrta, EGC, 2000.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Doenges E Mailyn, <i>Rencana
Asuhan Keperawatan : Pedoman untuk perencanaan</i> <i>dan pendokumentasian perawatan pasien</i>. Ed3. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>, EGC. 1999</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Hudak,Carolyn M. <i>Keperawatan
kritis : pendekatan holistic</i>. Vol.1, Jakarta.EGC. 1997</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Purnawan J. dkk, <i>Kapita
Selekta Kedokteran</i>, Ed2. Media Aesculapius. FKUI.1982.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Price, Sylvia A, <i>Patofisiologi
: Konsep klinis proses-pross penyakit</i>, Ed4. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>. EGC. 1995.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Smeltzer c Suzanne, <i>Buku Ajar Keperawatan medical Bedah</i>, Brunner and Suddarth’s,
Ed8. Vol.1, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>,
EGC, 2002.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Syamsuhidayat, Wim de Jong, <i>Buku Ajar Ilmu Bedah</i>, Edisi Revisi, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>, EGC, 1997.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Susan Martin Tucker, <i>Standar perawatan Pasien: proses keperawatan, diagnosis, dan
evaluasi</i>. Ed5. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>
EGC. 1998.</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18228973511970840301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8551244121244247931.post-75806294870776733012012-04-15T21:29:00.000+07:002012-04-15T21:29:48.396+07:00Asuhan Keperawatan Anak : Demam Rematik<!--[if !mso]>
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<h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<a href="" name="_Toc275380903"></a><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="_Toc275373329"><span><span lang="IN">BAB
I</span></span></a></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 115%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="_Toc275380904"><span lang="IN"><span>A.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Latar belakang</span></a></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Demam rematik atau demam rematik akut adalah penyakit
inflamasi yang mengenai jantung, sendi, sistem saraf pusat, dan jaringan
subkutan. Akibat paling signifikan dari demam rematik adalah penyakit jantung
rematik (PJR) (Wong, dkk, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Saat ini diperkirakan insiden demam reumatik di Amerika
Serikat adalah 0,6 per 100.000 penduduk pada kelompok usia 5 sampai 19 tahun.
Insidens yang hampir sama dilaporkan di negara Eropa Barat. Angka tersebut
menggambarkan penurunan tajam apabila dibandingkan angka yang dilaporkan pada
awal abad ini, yaitu 100-200 per 100.000 penduduk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebaliknya insidens demam reumatik masih tinggi di negara berkembang. Data
dari negara berkembang menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi demam reumatik masih amat
tinggi sedang mortalitas penyakit jantung reumatik sekurangnya 10 kali lebih
tinggi daripada di negara maju. Di Srilangka insidens demam reumatik pada tahun
1976 dilaporkan lebih kurang 100-150 kasus per 100.000 penduduk. Di India,
prevalensi demam reumatik dan penyakit jantung reumatik pada tahun 1980
diperkirakan antara 6-11 per 1000 anak. Di Yemen, masalah demam reumatik dan
penyakit jantung reumatik sangat besar dan merupakan penyakit kardiovaskular
pertama yang menyerang anak-anak dan menyebabkan morbiditas dan mortalitas yang
tinggi. Di Yogyakarta pasien dengan demam reumatik dan penyakit jantung
reumatik yang diobati di Unit Penyakit Anak dalam periode 1980-1989 sekitar
25-35 per tahun, sedangkan di Unit Penyakit Anak RS. Cipto Mangunkusumo
tercatat rata-rata 60-80 kasus baru per tahun.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Insidens penyakit ini di negara maju telah menurun dengan tajam selama 6
dekade terakhir, meskipun begitu dalam 10 tahun terakhir ini telah terjadi
peningkatan kasus demam reumatik yang mencolok di beberapa negara bagian
Amerika Serikat. Hal tersebut mengingatkan kita bahwa demam reumatik belum
seluruhnya dapat ditangani, dan selalu terdapat kemungkinan untuk menimbulkan
masalah kesehatan masyarakat baik di negara berkembang maupun negara maju.</span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="_Toc275380905"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><span>B.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Rumusan masalah</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Apakah Defenisi demam rematik?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana Etiologi demam rematik?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana Patofisiologi demam rematik?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana manifestasi klinis demam rematik?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa kriteria diagnostik yang menunjukkan terjadinya demam
rematik?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa Komplikasi demam rematik?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana Pencegahan demam rematik?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagiamana Pengobatan pada klien dengan demam rematik?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana asuhan keperawatan untuk klien dengan demam rematik?</span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="_Toc275380906"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 115%;"><span>C.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 115%;">Tujuan penulisan</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui defenisi demam rematik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui etiologi dari demam rematik </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui patofisiologi demam rematik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">untuk mengidentifikasi manifestasi klinis dari demam rematik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui kriteria diagnostik demam rematik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui komplikasi demam rematik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui pencegahan demam rematik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui pengobatan demam rematik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui asuhan keperawatan pada klien dengan demam
rematik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="_Toc275380907"><span lang="IN">BAB II</span></a></span></h1>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 115%;">ISI</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="_Toc275380908"><span lang="IN"><span>A.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Definisi</span></a></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Demam rematik atau demam rematik akut, adalah
penyakit inflamasi autoimun yang mengenai jantung, sendi, sistem saraf pusat,
dan jaringan subkutan, tulang. Akibat paling signifikan dari demam rematik
adalah penyakit jantung rematik (PJR) (Wong, dkk, 2008; Suriadi & Yulianni,
2006).</span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="_Toc275380909"><span lang="IN"><span>B.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Etiologi</span></a></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Secara
pasti etiologi dari demam rematik ini belum diketahui. Namun Streptococcus
B-hemolitik grup A diyakini sebagai agen pencetus yang menyebabkan terjadinya
demam rematik akut (Behrman, Kliegman & Arvin, 1999; Suriadi &
Yulianni, 2006).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Faktor
predisposisi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Herediter: dikatakan bahwa kembar
monozigot beresiko lebih besar mengalami demam rematik dibandingkan dengan yang
heterozigot</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Umur: lebih sering terjadi di
rentang usia 5-15 tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Keadaan sosial ekonomi rendah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Musim: terjadi di musim dingin dan
permulaan musim semi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Serangan dahulu: penderita yang
pernah diserang streptococcus memiliki peluang terkena demam rematik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">(wahab,
2003)</span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="_Toc275380910"><span lang="IN"><span><span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span></span><span lang="IN"></span></a></span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="_Toc275380911"><span lang="IN"><span>C. <span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Manifestasi klinis</span></a></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Manifestasi
klinis mayor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Karditis: Karditis biasanya terjadi pada 3 minggu pertama dan
terdapat pada 50% kasus. Diagnosis karditis memerlukan 1 dari 4 kriteria
dibawah ini:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bising jantung organik. Pemeriksaan ekokardiografi yang
menunjukkan adanya AI atau MI saja tanpa adanya bising jantung organik tidak dapat
disebut sebagai karditis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Perikarditis( friction rib, efusi perikardium, nyeri dada,
perubahan EKG)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kardiomegali pada foto toraks</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Gagal jantung kongestif (Madiyono, Rahayuningsih, &
Sukardi, 2005).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Artritis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Merupakan manifestasi mayor yang paling sering tetapi paling tidak
spesifik serta sering menyebabkan kessalahan dalam menegakkan diagnosis demam
rematik. Gejala artritis adalah nyeri, bengkak, merah dan panas. Nyeri sendi
kadang-kadang sangat parah sehingga gerakan sendi sangat terhambat dan tampak
seperti pseudoparalisis. Artritis berbeda dengan artralgia, karena pada
artralgia nyerinya ringan dan tidak disertai tanda-tanda bengkak maupun merah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada umumnya artritis mengenai sendi-sendi besar, seperti lutut, pergelangan
kaki, siku dan pergelangan tangan. Sendi-sendi kecil perifer jarang terkena.
Yang khas artritis pada demam rematik adalah asimetri dan berpindah-pindah.
Sebagian besar penderita artritis sembuh dalam 1 minggu dan biasanya tidak
menetap lebih lama dari 2 atau 3 minggu. Artritis ini mempunyai respon yang
lebih cepat dengan pemberian salisilat, bahkan pada dosis rendah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Korea syidenham</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Penderita dengan korea ini menunjukkan gerakan-gerakan yang tidak
terkoordinasi pada wajah, lengan dan tungkai dan tidak bertujuan serta emosi
yang labil (Suriadi & Yulianni, 2006). Manifestasi ini lebih nyata bila
penderita bangun dan dalam keadaan tertekan. Tanpa pengobatan gejala-gejala
korea ini menghilang dalam 1 sampai 2 minggu. Pada kasus yang berat meskipun
dengan terapi gejala ini dapat menetap selama 3 sampai 4 minggu dan bahkan sampai
2 tahun, walaupun jarang terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Eritema marginatum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Merupakan ruam yang khas pada demam rematik, berupa ruam yang tidak
gatal, makular dan tepi eritema yang menjalar dari bagian satu ke bagian lain
mengelilingi kulit yang tampak normal, terjadi pada 5% kasus. Lesi ini
berdiameter 2,5 cm dan paling sering ditemukan pada tubuh, tungkai proksimal
dan tidak melibatkan muka. Pada penderita kulit hitam sukar ditemukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nodul subkutan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Frekuensinya kurang dari 5%. Nodulus ini biasanya terletak pada permukaan
ekstensor sendi, terutama ruas jari, lutut dan persendian kaki. Kadang-kadang
nodulus ini ditemukan pada kulit kepala dan diatas kolumna vertebralis. Ukuran
bervariasi dari 0,5 – 2 cm serta tidak nyeri dan dapat digerakkan secara bebas,
biasanya lebih kecil dari nodulus artritis rhematoid dan menghilang lebih
cepat. Kulit yang menutupi tidak pucat atau meradang. Nodulus ini kebanyakan
hanya ditemukan pada penderita karditis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Manifestasi
klinis minor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Demam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Artralgia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nyeri sendi tanpa disertai tanda-tanda objektif pada sendi.
Artralgia biasanya mengenai sendi-sendi besar. Kadang-kadang nyerinya sangat
berat sehingga tidak mampu bergerak (Madiyono, Rahayuningsih & Sukardi,
2005).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stadium perjalanan klinis penyakit demam reumatik/penyakit
jantung reumatik:</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stadium I</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stadium ini berupa infeksi saluran napas bagian atas oleh kuman
beta-Streptococcus hemolyticus grup A. Keluhan biasanya berupa demam, batuk,
rasa sakit waktu menelan, tidak jarang disertai muntah dan bahkan pada anak
kecil dapat terjadi diare. </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada pemeriksaan fisik sering didapatkan eksudat di
tonsil yang menyertai tanda-tanda peradangan lainnya. Kelenjar getah bening
submandibular seringkali membesar. Infeksi ini biasanya berlangsung 2-4 hari
dan dapat sembuh sendiri tanpa pengobatan. </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Para peneliti mencatat 50-90% riwayat infeksi saluran napas bagian atas
pada penderita demam reumatik/penyakit jantung reumatik, yang biasanya terjadi
10-14 hari sebelum manifestasi pertama demam reumatik/penyakit jantung
reumatik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stadium II</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stadium ini disebut juga periode laten, ialah masa antara infeksi
Streptococcus dengan permulaan gejala demam reumatik, biasanya periode ini
berlangsung 1-3 minggu, kecuali korea yang dapat timbul 6 minggu atau bahkan
berbulan-bulan kemudian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stadium III</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merupakan fase akut demam reumatik, saat timbulnya berbagai manifestasi
klinik demam reumatik/penyakit jantung reumatik. </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manifestasi klinik tersebut dapat
digolongkan dalam gejala peradangan umum (gejala minor) dan manifestasi
spesifik (gejala mayor) demam reumatik/penyakit jantung reumatik.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stadium IV</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Disebut juga stadium inaktif. Pada stadium ini penderita demam reumatik
tanpa kelainan jantung atau penderita penyakit jantung reumatik tanpa gejala
sisa katup tidak menunjukkan gejala apa-apa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada penderita penyakit jantung reumatik dengan gejala sisa kelainan katup
jantung, gejala yang timbul sesuai dengan jenis serta beratnya kelainan. Pada
fase ini baik penderita demam reumatik maupun penyakit jantung reumatik sewaktu-waktu
dapat mengalami reaktivasi penyakitnya.</span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="_Toc275380912"><span lang="IN"><span>D.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Komplikasi</span></a></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Menurut
Suriadi & Yulianni (2006), komplikasi dari demam rematik antara lain:
Karditis, Penyakit jantung rematik, Gagal jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="_Toc275380913"><span lang="IN"><span>E.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Pemeriksaan laboratorium</span></a></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Uji untuk diagnosis infeksi streptococus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bukti adanya faringitis akibat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">streptococus
beta hemolyticus group A</i> ( SGA ) sebelumnya, diperlukan untuk konfirmasi
diagnosis demam rematik akut. Diagnosis infeksi selama masa akut biasanya
dilakukan dengan biakan, tetapi pada 2/3 kasus biakan menunjukkan hasil yang
negatif, sehingga analisis antibodi terhadap antigen streptococus dalam serum
penderita merupakan metode yang lebih dapat dipercaya untuk mendapatkan bukti
adanya infeksi sebelumnya. Uji yang paling sering digunakan adalah uji
antistreptolisin O (ASTO) dan uji ini secara umum dipakai untuk uji antibodi
terhadap sterptococus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Reaksi fase akut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Uji yang sering digunakan adalah leukosit darah perifer, laju endap darah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( LED) dan protein C reaktif ( CRP ).
Ketiga uji ini merupakan indikator adanya radang nonspesifik jaringan. Uji ini
abnormal selama fase akut demam rematik, juga abnormal pada beberapa infeksi
bakteri dan penyakit kolagen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bukti adanya keterlibatan jantung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambaran radiologis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Berguna untuk menilai besar jantung. Tetapi gambaran radiologis normal
tidak mengesampingkan adanya karditis. Pemeriksaan radiologis secara seri
berguna untuk menentukan prognosis dan kemungkinan adanya perikarditis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambaran elektrokardiografi: Hioertropi atrium kanan atau
kiri (ataupun keduanya), interval PR memanjang (akan kembali normal dengan
pemberian atropin), T rata atau T inversi, elevasi ST (Wahab, 2003).</span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="_Toc275380914"><span lang="IN"><span>F.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Pencegahan</span></a></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Profilaksis primer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Merujuk pada pengobatan antibiotik infeksi
streptococus pernapasan atas untuk mencegah serangan awal demam rematik.
Diagnosis yang tepat dan terapi antibiotik yang cukup dengan pemberantasan
streptococus grup A saluran pernapasan atas mengurangi resiko berkembangnya
demam rematik sampai mendekati nol. Terapi antibiotik yang dimulai sampai
sekitar 1 minggu sesudah mulai nyeri tenggorokan dapat mencegah demam rematik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Profilaksis sekunder</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Merujuk pada pencegahan kolonisasi atau infeksi
saluran pernapasan atas dengan streptococus beta hemolitikus grup A pada
orang-orang yang telah menderita serangan akut demam rematik sebelumnya.
Penderita yang mendapatantibiotik terus-menerus dan tidak mendearita infeksi
streprococus grup A tidak menderita demam rematik kumat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(Behrman, Klieman, & Arvin, 1999
) </span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="_Toc275380915"><span lang="IN"><span>G.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Penatalaksanaan terapetik</span></a></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Pemberian antibiotik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Mengobati gejala peradangan, gagal
jantung dan chorea</span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="" name="_Toc275380916"><span lang="IN"><span>H.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Studi kasus</span></a></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Richard, teman Siti juga praktek di ruangan anak. Richard
merawat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An. S dengan diagnosa medis
penyakit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jantung. Didapat : demam
rematik. Richard hanya mendapat informasi ringkas kasus dari rekam medis yaitu
An.S dirawat dengan PJ rematik, stadium III, gejala mayor +, gejala minor +.
Besok anak tersebut menjadi klien kelolaannya. Apakah info yang penting
diketahui Richard dalam merawat An.S ? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Penatalaksanaan perawatan
secara umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengkajian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Riwayat penyakit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Monitor komplikasi jantung (CHF dan aritmia) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Auskultasi jantung; bunyi jantung melemah dengan irama derap
diastole</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">TTV</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kaji adanya nyeri, peradangan sendi, dan lesi pada kulit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Diagnosa Keperawatan (umum) </span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hipertermia berhubungan dengan penyakit atau peradangan
penyakit</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ketidakseimbangan nutrisi; kurang dari kebutuhan
berhubungan dengan ketidakmampuan mencerna makanan karena anoreksia,
metabolisme meningkat dan chorea</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kelemahan mobilitas fisik berhubungan dengan nyeri dan
ketidaknyamanan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Resiko tinggi infeksi berhubungan dengan kekambuhan
kronik dari penyakit</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(Luxner,
2005)</span></div>
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nyeri berhubungan dengan poliartritis</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Resiko injuri berhubungan dengan infeksi streptokokus</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(Suriadi
& Yulianni, 2006)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dasar
diagnosis demam rematik menurut Jones antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Highly probable (sangat mungkin): jika terdapat 2 mayor atau
1 mayor + 2 minor dan disertai bukti infeksi streptococcus B hemolitik grup A,
ASTO meningkat dan kultur (+).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Doubtful diagnosis (meragukan): jika terdapat 2 mayor, atau 1
mayor + 2 minor dan tidak terdapat bukti infeksi streptococcus B hemolitik grup
A, ASTO meningkat dan kultur (+).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Exception (perkecualian): Diagnosis demam rematik dapat
ditegakkan apabila hanya ditemukan chorea saja atau karditis indolen saja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(Madiyono,
Rahayuningsih, & Sukardi, 2005)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Intervensi
Keperawatan</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hipertermia
(peningkatan suhu tubuh) berhubungan dengan penyakit atau peradangan
penyakit</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tujuan : Suhu tubuh normal (36 – 37’ C)</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 26.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1152;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 204.35pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Intervensi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.9pt;" valign="top" width="295">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rasional</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">a. Kaji saat timbulnya demam</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Observasi
tanda-tanda vital : <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suhu, nadi, TD, pernafasan setiap 3
jam</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">c. Berikan
penjelasan tentang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penyebab demam atau peningkatan suhu tubuh</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">d. Berikan
penjelasan pada klien dan keluarga tentang hal-hal yang dilakukan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">e. Jelaskan
pentingnya tirah baring bagi klien dan akibatnya jika hal tersebut tidak
dilakukan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">f. Anjurkan klien
untuk banyak minum kurang lebih 2,5 – 3 liter/hari dan jelaskan manfaatnya</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">g. Berikan kompres
hangat dan anjurkan memakai pakaian tipis</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">h. Berikan
antipiretik sesuai dengan instruksi</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1) Dapat
diidentifikasi pola/tingkat demam</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2) Tanda-tanda
vital merupakan acuan untuk mengetahui keadan umum</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Klien</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3) Penjelasan
tentang kondisi yang dilami klien dapat membantu</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">mengurangi
kecemasan klien dan keluarga</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4) Untuk mengatasi
demam dan menganjurkan klien dan keluarga untuk</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">lebih kooperatif</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">5) Keterlibatan
keluarga sangat berarti dalam proses penyembuhan klien</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">di RS</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">6) Peningkatan
suhu tubuh mengakibatkan penguapan cairan tubuh</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">meningkat sehingga
perlu diimbangi dengan asupan cairan yang</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">banyak</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">7) Kompres akan
dapat membantu menurunkan suhu tubuh, pakaian tipis</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">akan dapat
membantu meningkatkan penguapan panas tubuh</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">8) Antipiretika
yang mempunyai reseptor di hypothalamus dapat</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">meregulasi suhu
tubuh sehingga suhu tubuh diupayakan mendekati</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">suhu normal</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ketidakseimbangan
nutrisi; kurang dari kebutuhan berhubungan dengan ketidakmampuan mencerna
makanan karena anoreksia, metabolisme meningkat dan chorea</span></li>
</ol>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tujuan : Kebutuhan nutrisi klien terpenuhi, klien
mampu menghabiskan makanan yang telah disediakan.</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Intervensi</span></div>
</td>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rasional</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1) Kaji
faktor-faktor penyebab</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2) Jelaskan
pentingnya nutrisi yang cukup</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3) Anjurkan klien
untuk makan dalam porsi kecil dan sering, jika tidak</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">muntah teruskan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4) Lakukan
perawatan mulut yang baik setelah muntah</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">5) Ukur BB setiap
hari</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">6) Catat jumlah
porsi yang dihabiskan klien</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1) Penentuan
factor penyebab, akan menentukan intervensi/ tindakan Selanjutnya</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2) Meningkatkan pengetahuan klien dan keluarga sehingga
klien</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">termotivasi untuk
mengkonsumsi makanan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3) Menghindari
mual dan muntah dan distensi perut yang berlebihan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4) Bau yang tidak
enak pada mulut meningkatkan kemungkinan muntah</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">5) BB merupakan
indikator terpenuhi tidaknya kebutuhan nutrisi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">6) Mengetahui
jumlah asupan / pemenuhan nutrisi klien</span></div>
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</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<h1 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="IN">BAB III</span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="IN">PENUTUP</span></span></h1>
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<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="IN"><span>A.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Kesimpulan </span></span></h2>
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<span lang="IN">Demam rematik atau demam rematik akut, adalah penyakit inflamasi
autoimun yang mengenai jantung, sendi, sistem saraf pusat, dan jaringan
subkutan, tulang. Akibat paling signifikan dari demam rematik adalah penyakit
jantung rematik (PJR) (Wong, dkk, 2008; Suriadi & Yulianni, 2006)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Secara pasti etiologi dari demam rematik ini belum diketahui, Faktor
predisposisi yang berperan penting yaitu, Herediter: dikatakan bahwa kembar
monozigot beresiko lebih besar mengalami demam rematik dibandingkan dengan yang
heterozigot, Umur: lebih sering terjadi di rentang usia 5-15 tahun, Keadaan
sosial ekonomi rendah, Musim: terjadi di musim dingin dan permulaan musim semi,
Serangan dahulu: penderita yang pernah diserang streptococcus memiliki peluang
terkena demam rematik(wahab, 2003).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Wahab, S. (2003). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penyakit jantung anak</i>. (Ed 3). Jakarta:
EGC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Luxner, K.L. (2005). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Delmar’s pediatric nursing care plans</i>.
(3<sup>rd</sup>). Thomson: USA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Suriadi & Yulianni, R.
(2006). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asuhan keperawatan pada anak</i>.
(Ed 2). Jakarta: Sagung Seto</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Robbins & Kumar. (1995).
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku ajar patologi II.</i> (Ed 4).
Jakarta: EGC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Madiyono,
B., Rahayuningsih, S.E., & Sukardi, R. (2005). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penanganan penyakit jantung pada bayi dan anak</i>. Jakarta: FKUI</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Behrman, Kliegman &
Arvin. (1999). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu kesehatan anak</i>.
(Ed 15). (vol 2). Jakarta: EGC</span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18228973511970840301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8551244121244247931.post-78232301562545682182012-04-15T21:22:00.002+07:002012-04-27T22:51:03.894+07:00Laporan Pendahuluan Penyakit Jantung Rematik ( LP PJR )<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">LATAR BELAKANG</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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Kejadian demam rematik / penyakit jantung
rematik rendah di Amerika Serikat dan negara-negara maju paling lainnya. Namun,
terus menjadi penyebab utama kematian kardiovaskular selama lima dekade pertama
kehidupan di negara berkembang. <span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">I</span>nsidensi dan prevalensi
penyakit jantung rematik pada 8 Rumah Sakit pendidikan Indonesia t<span lang="IN">a</span>h<span lang="IN">u</span>n <span lang="IN">19</span>83-<span lang="IN">19</span>85: kasus demam rematik dan jantung rematik rata<span lang="IN">-rata</span> 3,44% d<span lang="IN">a</span>r<span lang="IN">i</span> seluruh jumlah penderita
y<span lang="IN">an</span>g dirawat. WHO
memperkirakan demam rematik dan jantung rematik 25-40% d<span lang="IN">a</span>r<span lang="IN">i</span> semua penderita peny<span lang="IN">akit</span>
jantung y<span lang="IN">an</span>g dirawat di negara
berkembang. Sedangkan menurut data RSUP dr. Sardjito tahun 1993: penyakit jantung
rematik 8,3% dari seluruh kelainan jantung<span lang="IN">.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB II</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DEFENISI</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit jantung rematik (PJR) atau
dalam bahasa medisnya rheumatic heart disease (RHD) adalah suatu kondisi dimana
terjadi kerusakan pada katup jantung yang bisa berupa penyempitan atau
kebocoran, terutama katup mitral sebagai akibat adanya gejala sisa dari demam
rematik.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Demam
rematik merupakan suatu penyakit sistemik yang dapat bersifat akut, subakut,
kronik, atau fulminan, dan dapat terjadi setelah infeksi Streptococcus beta
hemolyticus group A pada saluran pernafasan bagian atas. Demam reumatik akut ditandai
oleh demam berkepanjangan, jantung berdebar keras, kadang cepat lelah. Puncak
insiden demam rematik terdapat pada kelompok usia 5-15 tahun, penyakit ini
jarang dijumpai pada anak dibawah usia 4 tahun dan penduduk di atas 50 tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rheumatic fever adalah suatu penyakit
inflamasi akut yang diakibatkan oleh infeksi streptococcus β hemolytic group A
pada tenggorokan (faringitis), tetapi tanpa disertai infeksi lain atau tidak
ada infeksi streptococcus di tempat lain seperti di kulit. Karakteristik rheumatic
fever cenderung berulang (recurrence) (Udjianti, 2010).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rheumatic fever terdiri atas beberapa
manifestasi klinis 1) arthritis (paling sering) 2) carditis (paling serius) 3)
chorea (paling jarang dan tidak berkaitan) 4) subcutaneous nodule 5) erythema marginatum
(Udjianti, 2010).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seseorang
yang mengalami demam rematik apabila tidak ditangani secara adekuat, Maka
sangat mungkin sekali mengalami serangan penyakit jantung rematik. Infeksi oleh
kuman Streptococcus Beta Hemolyticus group A yang menyebabkan seseorang
mengalami demam rematik dimana diawali terjadinya peradangan pada saluran
tenggorokan, dikarenakan penatalaksanaan dan pengobatannya yang kurang terarah
menyebabkan racun/toxin dari kuman ini menyebar melalui sirkulasi darah dan
mengakibatkan peradangan katup jantung. Akibatnya daun-daun katup mengalami
perlengketan sehingga menyempit, atau menebal dan mengkerut sehingga kalau
menutup tidak sempurna lagi dan terjadi kebocoran.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ETIOLOGI</span></b></div>
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Penyebab terjadinya penyakit jantung
reumatik diperkirakan adalah reaksi autoimun (kekebalan tubuh) yang disebabkan
oleh demam reumatik. Infeksi <i>streptococcus</i> <i>β</i> hemolitikus grup
A pada tenggorok selalu mendahului terjadinya demam reumatik baik demam
reumatik serangan pertama maupun demam reumatik serangan ulang.<span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Infeksi Streptococcus beta-hemolyticus
grup A pada tenggorok selalu mendahului terjadinya demam rematik, baik pada
serangan pertama maupun serangan ulang.<br />
Telah diketahui bahwa dalam hal terjadi demam rematik terdapat beberapa
predisposisi antara lain :<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Terdapat
riwayat demam rematik dalam keluarga<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Umur<br />
D<span lang="IN">emam rematik</span> sering terjadi
antara umur 5 – 15 tahun dan jarang pada umur kurang dari 2 tahun.<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span> Kedaan sosial<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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Sering terjadi pada keluarga dengan keadaan sosial ekonomi
kurang, perumahan buruk dengan penghuni yang padat serta udara yang lembab, dan
gizi serta kesehatan yang kurang baik.<span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Musim<br />
Di Negara-negara dengan 4 musim, terdapat insiden yang tinggi pada akhir musim
dingin dan permulaan semi (Maret-Mei) sedangkan insiden paling rendah pada
bulan Agustus – September.<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>D<span lang="IN">i</span>stribusi daerah<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Serangan
demam rematik sebelumnya.<span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Serangan ulang demam
rematik sesudah adanya reinfeksi dengan Streptococcus beta-hemolyticus grup A
adalah sering pada anak yang sebelumnya pernah mendapat demam rematik.</div>
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</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PATOFISIOLOGI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut hipotesa Kaplan dkk (1960) dan
Zabriskie (1966), demam rematik terjadi karena terdapatnya proses autoimun atau
antigenic similarity antara jaringan tubuh manusia dan antigen somatic
streptococcus. Apabila tubuh terinfeksi oleh Streptococcus beta-hemolyticus
grup A maka terhadap antigen asing ini segera terbentuk reaksi imunologik yaitu
antibody. Karena sifat antigen ini sama maka antibody tersebut akan menyerang
juga komponen jaringan tubuh dalam hal ini sarcolemma myocardial dengan akibat
terdapatnya antibody terhadap jaringan jantung dalam serum penderia </span><span lang="IN">demam rematik</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan jaringan myocard yang rusak.
Salah satu toxin yang mungkin berperanan dalam kejadian </span><span lang="IN">demam
rematik</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> ialah stretolysin titer 0, suatu produk
extraseluler Streptococcus beta-hemolyticus grup A yang dikenal bersifat toxik
terhadap jaringan myocard. Beberapa di antara berbagai antigen somatic
streptococcal menetap untuk waktu singkat dan yang lain lagi untuk waktu yang
cukup lama. Serum imunologlobulin akan meningkat pada penderita sesudah
mendapat radang streptococcal terutama Ig G dan A.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MANIFESTASI
KLINIS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penderita umumnya mengalami sesak
nafas yang disebabkan jantungnya sudah mengalami gangguan, nyeri sendi yang
berpindah- pindah, bercak kemerahan di kulit yang berbatas, gerakan tangan yang
tak beraturan dan tak terkendali (korea), atau benjolan kecil-kecil dibawah
kulit. Selain itu tanda yang juga turut menyertainya adalah nyeri perut,
kehilangan berat badan, cepat lelah dan tentu saja demam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Demam
reumatik merupakan kumpulan sejumlah gejala dan tanda klinik. Demam reumatik
merupakan penyakit pada banyak sistem, mengenai terutama jantung, sendi, otak
dan jaringan kulit. Tanda dan gejala akut demam reumatik bervariasi tergantung
organ yang terlibat dan derajat keterlibatannya. Biasanya gejala-gejala ini
berlangsung satu sampai enam minggu setelah infeksi oleh <i>Streptococcus</i>.
Gejala klinis pada penyakit jantung reumatik bisa berupa gejala kardiak
(jantung) dan non kardiak. Gejalanya antara lain:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi kardiak
dari demam reumatik </span></div>
<ul type="disc"><ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(infeksi
dan peradangan jantung) adalah komplikasi paling serius dan kedua paling
umum dari demam reumatik (sekitar 50 %). Pada kasus-kasus yang lebih
lanjut, pasien dapat mengeluh sesak nafas, dada terasa tidak nyaman,
nyeri dada, edema (bengkak), batuk atau ortopneu (sesak saat berbaring)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
pemeriksaan fisik, karditis (peradangan pada jantung) umumnya dideteksi
dengan ditemukannya bising jantung (gangguan bunyi jantung) atau
takikardia (jantung berdetak > 100x/menit) diluar terjadinya demam</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi
kardiak lain adalah gagal jantung kongestif dan perikarditis (radang
selaput jantung)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien
dengan diagnosis demam reumatik akut harus dikontrol sesering mungkin
karena progresifitas penyakitnya</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Murmur (bising jantung)
baru atau perubahan bunyi murmur. Murmur yang didengar pada demam reumatik akut
biasanya disebabkan oleh insufisiensi katup (gangguan katup).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gagal jantung kongestif
</span></div>
<ul type="disc"><ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gagal
jantung dapat terjadi sekunder akibat insufisiensi katup yang berat atau
miokarditis (radang pada sel otot jantung)</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perikarditis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala umum non kardiak
dan manifestasi lain dari demam rematik akut antara lain: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Poliartritis</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (peradangan
pada banyak sendi) adalah gejala umum dan merupakan manifestasi awal dari demam
reumatik (70 – 75 %). Umumnya artritis (radang sendi) dimulai pada sendi-sendi
besar di ekstremitas bawah (lutut dan engkel) lalu bermigrasi ke sendi-sendi
besar lain di ekstremitas atas atau bawah (siku dan pergelangan tangan). Sendi
yang terkena akan terasa sakit, bengkak, terasa hangat, eritem dan pergerakan
terbatas. Bengkak dan lunak pada persendian, nyeri yang berpindah-pindah.
Jaccoud’s arthritis (cronic post rheumatic fever arthropathy) yaitu deformitas
jari tangan dan kaki berupa ulnar deviasi, fleksi sendi metacarpofalangeal,
hiperekstensi sendi proksimal interfalangeal. Gejala artritis mencapai
puncaknya pada waktu 12 – 24 jam dan bertahan dalam waktu 2 – 6 hari (jarang
terjadi lebih dari 3 minggu) dan berespon sangat baik dengan pemberian aspirin.
Poliartritis lebih umum dijumpai pada remaja dan orang dewasa muda dibandingkan
pada anak-anak.</span></div>
<ul type="disc"><ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Khorea Sydenham,</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
khorea minor atau St. <i>Vance, dance</i> mengenai hampir 15% penderita
demam reumatik. Manifestasi ini mencerminkan keterlibatan sistem syaraf
sentral pada proses radang. Penderita dengan khorea ini datang dengan
gerakan-gerakan yang tidak terkoordinasi dan tidak bertujuan dan emosi
labil. Manifestasi ini lebih nyata bila penderita bangun dan dalam
keadaan stres. Penderita tampak selalu gugup dan seringkali menyeringai.
Bicaranya tertahan-tahan dan meledak-ledak. Koordinasi otot-otot halus
sukar. Tulisan tangannya jelek dan ditandai oleh coretan ke atas yang
tidak mantap dengan garis yang ragu-ragu. Pada saat puncak gejalanya
tulisannya tidak dapat dibaca sama sekali.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Erithema marginatum</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
merupakan ruam yang khas untuk demam reumatik dan jarang ditemukan pada
penyakit lain. Karena kekhasannya tanda ini dimasukkan dalam manifestasi
minor. Kelainan ini berupa ruam tidak gatal, makuler dengan tepi erithema
(kemerahan) yang menjalar dari bagian satu ke bagian lain mengelilingi
kulit yang tampak normal, terjadi pada 5% penderita. Gangguan ini
berdiameter 2,5 cm dan paling sering ditemukan pada batang tubuh dan
tungkai bagian atas, tidak melibatkan muka. Erithema ini timbul
sewaktu-waktu selama sakit, meskipun yang tersering adalah pada stadium
awal, dan biasanya terjadi hanya pada penderita demam reumatik dengan
karditis.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nodul subkutan.</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
Frekuensi manifestasi ini menurun sejak beberapa dekade terakhir, dan
kini hanya ditemukan pada penderita penyakit jantung reumatik khronik.
Frekuensinya kurang dari 5%, namun pada penjangkitan di Utah nodulus
subkutan ditemukan pada sampai 10% penderita. Nodulus (benjolan) ini
biasanya terletak pada permukaan sendi, terutama ruas jari, lutut, dan
persendian kaki. Kadang-kadangg nodulus ini ditemukan pada kulit kepala
dan di atas tulang belakang. Ukurannya bervariasi dari 0,5 sampai dengan
2 cm serta tidak nyeri dan dapat digerakkan secara bebas; biasanya kecil
dan menghilang lebih cepat. Kulit yang menutupi tidak pucat atau
meradang. Nodulus ini muncul hanya sesudah beberapa minggu sakit dan kebanyakan
hanya ditemukan pada penderita dengan karditis.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi
lain dari demam reumatik antara lain nyeri perut, epistaksis (mimisan),
demam dengan suhu di atas 39 °C dengan pola yang tidak karakteristik,
pneumonia reumatik yang gejalanya mirip dengan pneumonia karena infeksi.</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tromboemboli (sumbatan
di pembuluh darah) bisa terjadi sebagai komplikasi dari stenosis mitral
(gangguan katup).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia hemolitik
kardiak bisa terjadi akibat pecahnya sel darah merah karena bergesekan dengan
katup yang terinfeksi. Peningkatan penghancuran trombosit bisa juga terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aritmia atrium
(gangguan irama jantung) biasanya terjadi karena pembesaran atrium kiri karena
gangguan pada katup mitral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi
Klinik menurut Jones (1982)</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" width="308"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mayor</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" width="308"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Minor</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Carditis</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 2.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Fever</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Poliarthritis</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 2.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Arthralgia</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Chorea</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 2.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Pernah mengalami gagal ginjal</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.
Erythema marginatum</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 2.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. LED tinggi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Nodul
Subcutaneous</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 2.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5. C-Reactive Protein/CRP (+)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 2.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Leukositosis</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 2.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Interval PR memanjang</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosis RHD menurut
Udjianti (2010) ditetapkan berdasarkan didapatkannya hal-hal sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2 manifestasi mayor</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1 manifestasi mayor dan
2 manifestasi minor</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENCEGAHAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika kita lihat diatas bahwa
penyakit jantung rematik sangat mungkin terjadi dengan adanya kejadian awal
yaitu demam rematik (DR). Pencegahan yang terbaik adalah bagaimana upaya kita
jangan sampai mengalami demam rematik (DR) (terserang infeksi kuman
Streptococcus beta hemolyticus).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada beberapa faktor yang dapat
mendukung seseorang terserang kuman tersebut, diantaranya faktor lingkungan
seperti kondisi kehidupan yang jelek, kondisi tinggal yang berdesakan dan akses
kesehatan yang kurang merupakan determinan yang signifikan dalam distribusi
penyakit ini. Variasi cuaca juga mempunyai peran yang besar dalam terjadinya
infeksi streptokokkus untuk terjadi DR.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seseorang yang terinfeksi kuman
Streptococcus beta hemolyticus dan mengalami demam rematik, harus diberikan
therapy yang maksimal dengan antibiotiknya. Hal ini untuk menghindarkan
kemungkinan serangan kedua kalinya atau bahkan menyebabkan Penyakit Jantung
Rematik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">F.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENATALAKSANAAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan
demam reumatik aktif atau reaktivasi kembali diantaranya adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tirah baring dan
mobilisasi (kembali keaktivitas normal) secara bertahap</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberantasan terhadap
kuman streptokokkus dengan pemberian antibiotic penisilin atau eritromisin.
Untuk profilaksis atau pencegahan dapat diberikan antibiotic penisilin benzatin
atau sulfadiazine</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Antiinflamasi
(antiperadangan). Antiperadangan seperti salisilat dapat dipakai pada demam
reumatik tanpa karditis (peradangan pada jantung)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena
demam rematik berhubungan erat dengan radang Streptococcus beta-hemolyticus
grup A, maka pemberantasan dan pencegahan ditujukan pada radang tersebut. Ini
dapat berupa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eradikasi
kuman Streptococcus beta-hemolyticus grup A</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengobatan adekuat
harus dimulai secepatnya pada DR dan dilanjutkan dengan pencegahan.
Erythromycin diberikan kepada mereka yang alergi terhadap penicillin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat
anti rematik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Baik cortocisteroid
maupun salisilat diketahui sebagai obat yang berguna untuk
mengurangi/menghilangkan gejala-gejala radang akut pada DR</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diet<br />
Makanan yang cukup kalori, protein dan vitamin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Istirahat<br />
Istirahat dianjurkan sampai tanda-tanda inflamasi hilang dan bentuk jantung
mengecil pada kasus-kasus kardiomegali. Biasanya 7-14 hari pada kasus DR minus
carditis. Pada kasus plus carditis, lama istirahat rata-rata 3 minggu – 3 bulan
tergantung pada berat ringannya kelainan yang ada serta kemajuan perjalanan
penyakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obat
Lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diberikan sesuai dengan
kebutuhan. Pada kasus dengan dekompensasi kordis diberikan digitalis, diuretika
dan sedative. Bila ada chorea diberikan largactil dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">G.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMERIKSAAN
DIAGNOSTIK/PENUNJANG</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> LED tinggi sekali</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lekositosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai hemoglobin dapat
rendah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
bakteriologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -16.85pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Biakan hapus tenggorokan untuk membuktikan
adanya streptococcus.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan serologi.
Diukur titer ASTO, astistreptokinase, anti hyaluronidase.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan radiologi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Elektrokardoigrafi
dan ekokardiografi untuk menilai adanya kelainan jantung.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KOMPLIKASI</span></b></div>
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Komplikasi yang sering
terjadi pada Penyakit Jantung Reumatik (PJR) diantaranya adalah gagal jantung,
pankarditis (infeksi dan peradangan di seluruh bagian jantung), pneumonitis
reumatik (infeksi paru), emboli atau sumbatan pada paru, kelainan katup
jantung, dan infark (kematian sel jantung).<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Dekompensasi Cordis</div>
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Peristiwa dekompensasi cordis pada bayi
dan anak menggambarkan terdapatnya sindroma klinik akibat myocardium tidak
mampu memenuhi keperluan metabolic termasuk pertumbuhan. Keadaan ini timbul
karena kerja otot jantung yang berlebihan, biasanya karena kelainan struktur
jantung, kelainan otot jantung sendiri seperti proses inflamasi atau gabungan
kedua faktor tersebut.<span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 293.25pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Pada umumnya payah jantung pada anak
diobati secara klasik yaitu dengan digitalis dan obat-obat diuretika. Tujuan
pengobatan ialah menghilangkan gejala (simptomatik) dan yang paling penting
mengobati penyakit primer.<span lang="IN"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pericarditis<br />
Peradangan pada pericard visceralis dan parietalis yang bervariasi dari reaksi
radang yang ringan sampai tertimbunnnya cairan dalam cavum pericard.<br />
<br />
<span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 293.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"> </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">REFERENSI</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 293.25pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN">Udjianti, Wajan
Juni. 2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Keperawatan Kardiovaskuler</i>.
Jakarta: Salemba Medika</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 293.25pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://www.infopenyakit.com/2008/08/penyakit-jantung-rematik-pjr.html">http://www.infopenyakit.com/2008/08/penyakit-jantung-rematik-pjr.html</a><span lang="IN"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 293.25pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://jantung.klikdokter.com/">http://jantung.klikdokter.com/</a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"></span></b></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18228973511970840301noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8551244121244247931.post-39371244512057312492012-04-15T19:14:00.000+07:002012-04-15T21:31:03.983+07:00Asuhan Keperawatan Kanker Kulit ( Askep Ca Kulit )<br />
<div class="Section1">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A. Latar Belakang </span></b></div>
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<span class="a"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Kanker kulit
ialah suatu penyakit yang ditandai dengan pertumbuhan sel-sel kulit yangtidak
terkendali, dapat merusak jaringan di sekitarnya dan mampu menyebar ke bagian
tubuhyang lain. Karena kulit terdiri atas beberapa jenis sel, maka kanker kulit
juga bermacam-macamsesuai dengan jenis sel yang terkena.Akan tetapi yang paling
sering terdapat adalah karsinomasel basal (KSB), karsinoma sel skuamosa (KSS)
dan melanoma maligna (MM).Karsinomasel basal</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"> </span></span><span class="a"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">dan karsinoma sel skuam</span></span><span class="l6"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">osa seringkali digolongkan ke dalam kanker kulit
non melanoma.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab sebenarnya kanker kulit tidak diketahui
secara pasti, namun faktor lingkungan dan sinar UV serta kebersihan diri dan
lingkungan merupakan faktor utama penyebab kanker kulit.Angka kejadian kanker
kulit lebih banyak terdapat pada orang dengan pola hidup yang tidak bersih dan
sering terpajan sinar matahari.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0in;"></span></span></div>
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<span class="a"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">Kanker kulit nonmalenoma adalah kanker yang
tersering ditemukan di Amerika Serikat,dengan perkiraan insidensi setiap
tahunnya</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"> </span></span><span class="a"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">lebih dari 600.000 kasus. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diantara
beberapa jenis kanker di Indonesia, saat ini kanker kulit merupakan salah satu
jenis kanker yang menunjukkan angka kejadian yang meningkat dari tahun ke
tahun. Prevalensi kejadian kanker kulit
pada tahun 2008 diperkirakan dibawah 5.000 kasus<span class="l6"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0in;">. </span></span><span class="a"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0in;">Karsinoma Sel Basal (KSB) merupakan 70 ± 80% dari
semua kanker kulit non malenoma.Karsinoma Sel Skuamosa (KSS) walaupun hanya
merupakan 20% dari semua kanker kulit non malenoma, namun lebih bermakna karena
kemampuan metastasinya.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tingginya
insidensi kanker kulit membuat penulis tertarik untuk membahas tentang kanker
kulit.Selain itu penulis juga berkeinginan membahas tentang peran perawat dalam
kasus kanker kulit.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B. <span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar penulisan makalah ini tidak menyimpang dari
tujuan, maka penulis membatasi masalah pada:</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
yang dimaksud dengan kanker kulit?</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
etiologi dari kanker kulit?</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
manifestasi klinis kanker kulit?</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
saja klasifikasi kanker kulit dan manifistasi klinisnya?</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
penatalaksanaan kanker kulit secara medis dan keperawatan?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
asuhan keperawatan pada klien dengan kanker kulit ?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Adapun
tujuan dari penulisan makalah ini yaitu sebagai proses pembelajaran mahasiswa
dalam memahami penyakit kulit khusunya kanker kulit serta prenatal ksanaannya.
Tujuan khusus dari pembuatan makalah ini yaitu untuk memahami defenisi,
etiologi, manifestasi klinis, klassifikasi, penatalaksanaan medis dan
keperawatan serta asuhan keperawatan kanker kulit.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8551244121244247931" name="_GoBack"></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KANKER
KULIT</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DEFINISI
KANKER KULIT</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kanker kulit adalah penyakit dimana kulit kehilangan
kemampuannya untuk generasi dan tumbuh secara normal.Sel-sel kulit yang sehat
secara normal dapat membelah diri secara teratur untuk menggantikan sel-sel
kulit mati dan tumbuh kembali (tiro. 2010).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kanker kulit
adalah jenis kanker yang terletak
dipermukaan kulit,sehingga mudah dikenali. Namun karena gejala awal yang ditimbul dirasakan tidak begitu
menganggu,sehingga penderita terlambat melakukan pengobatan (Mangan,2005).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kanker kulit
dapat menyerang siapa saja, baik pria maupun wanita. Daerah yang sering terjadi seranganya biasanya permukaan
yang sering terkena terpaparan sinar matahari, seperti wajah,tangan dan tungkai
bawah (Mangan,2005).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ETIOLOGI</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab pasti
dari kanker kulit belum ditemukan secara pasti, namun ada beberapa factor
resiko yang dapat menyebabkan timbulnya
kanker kulit yaitu:</span></div>
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1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Paparan
Sinar Ultraviolet (UV)</div>
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Penyebab yang paling
sering adalah paparan sinar UV baik dari matahari maupun dari sumber yang
lain. Lama paparan, intensitas sinar UV, serta ada tidaknya pelindung
kulit baik dengan pakaian atau krim anti matahari, semuanya berpengaruh
terhadap terjadinya <b>kanker
kulit</b>.</div>
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2.
Kulit Putih</div>
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Orang yang memiliki
kulit putih lebih rentan terkena <b>kanker
kulit</b> daripada orang yang memiliki kulit lebih gelap.Hal ini
dikarenakan jumlah pigmen melanin pada orang kulit putih lebih
sedikit. Kadar melanin yang tinggi bisa melindungi kulit dari paparan
berbahaya sinar matahari, sehingga mengurangi risiko terkena <b>kanker kulit</b>. Namun,
orang-orang yang memiliki kulit gelap juga bisa terkena <b>kanker kulit</b> meskipun
jumlahnya cenderung lebih kecil.</div>
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3.
Paparan Karsinogen</div>
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Bahan kimia tertentu
seperti arsenik, nikotin, tar, dan minyak diyakini dapat meningkatkan risiko
terkena <b>kanker kulit</b>.Namun,
dalam banyak kasus paparan dalam jangka panjanglah yang
biasanya menyebabkan <b>kanker
kulit</b>.<span lang="SV">Gen pembawa
kanker atau tumor sudah dimiliki hampir seluruh orang sejak lahir. Namun dengan
‘bantuan’ zat atau bahan karsinogen terjadi mutasi sel dan menimbulkan kanker
atau tumor. Akhir-akhir ini, para peneliti di University of Pittsburg Cancer
Institute di Amerika telah memukan virus-virus yang dapat menyebabkan kanker
kulit diantaranya adalah human papilloma virus/ HPV (Isselbacher, et al, 2002).</span></div>
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4.
Genetik/Faktor Keturunan</div>
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Susunan genetik
dalam keluarga bisa berpengaruh juga terhadap munculnya <b>kanker kulit</b>. Jika ada salah
satu anggota keluarga yang terkena <b>kanker kulit</b>, maka risiko terkena <b>kanker kulit</b> pada anggota
keluarga yang lain juga akan meningkat.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">MANIFESTASI
KLINIS</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada beberapa kelainan kulit yang
harus dicurigai sebagai kanker kulit yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Benjolan kecil yang membesar </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Benjolan
terdapat diwajah, berwarna pucat seperti lilin,permukaannya mengkilap, tidak
terasa sakit atau gatal, dan yang semula kecil makin lama makin membesar.
Apabila diraba, benjolan terasa keras kenyal.Kadang –kadang benjolan menjadi
hitam atau kebiruan, bagian tengah mencekung dan tertutup kerak atau keropeng
yang mudah berdarah dila dangkat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Benjolan yang permukaannya tidak
rata dan mudah berdarah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Benjolan
ini membasah dan tertutup keropeng, teraba keras kenyal, dan mudah berdarah
bila disentuh.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahi lalat yang berubah warna</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahi
lalat menjadi lebih hitam, gatal, sekitarnya berwarna kemerahan dan mudah
berdarah.Tahi lalat ini bertambah besar dan kadang-kadang di sektarnya timbul
bintik-bintik.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Koreng atau borok dan luka yang
tidak mau sembuh</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Koreng
dan luka yang sudah lama, tidak pernah sembuh walaupun sudah diobati, koreng
ini pinggirnya meninggi dan teraba keras serta mudah berdarah, adanya koreng
karena terjadi benturan, bekas luka ang sudah lama atau terinfeksi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bercak kecoklatan pada orang tua</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bercak
ini banyak ditemukan pada muka dan lengan, bercak ini makin lama permukaannya
makin kasar,bergerigi,tetapi tidak rapuh,tidak gatal, dan tidak sakit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bercak hitam ysng menebal pada
telapak kaki dan tangan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bercak
ini ditemukan pada kulit yang berwarna pucat seperti ditelapak kaki dan telapak
tangan. Bercak ini mula-mula dangkal, berwarna hitam keabuan,batas kabur,tepi
tidak teraba, tidak sakit maupun gatal. Kemudian bercak cepat berubah menjadi
lebih hitam, menonjol diatas permukaan kulit , dan tumbuh ke dalam kulit serta
mudah berdarah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Dalimartha,
2005)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KLASIFIKASI KANKER KULIT</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kanker kulit secara umum dibagiatas dua golongan besar
yaitu, malenoma maligna dan non malenoma maligna. Non malenoma maligna terbagi
menjadi dua yaitu karsinoma sel basal (KSB) dan karsinoma sel skuamosa (KSS) (dalimartha,setiawan,2005).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Non
malenoma maligna</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karsinoma
sel basal (KSB)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Basalioma
atau karsinoma sel basal (KSB) merupakan kanker kulit yang timbul dari lapisan
sel basal epidermis atau folikel rambut.<b>Kanker kulit</b> jenis ini tidak mengalami penyebaran
(metastasis) ke bagian tubuh lainnya, tetapi sel kanker dapat berkembang dan
menyebabkan kerusakan jaringan kulit sekitarnya. Karsinoma sel basal merupakan kanker kulit yang paling sering
ditemukan (Brunner and Suddarth, 2002).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi
klinis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian
tubuh yang terserang Kanker Sel Basal biasanya
diwajah) dan leher. Meskipun jarang dapat pula dijumpai pada lengan,
tangan, badan, kaki dan kulit kepala (Marwali, 2002).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit
ini dimulai dengan papula kecil, warna kuning abu – abu mengkilat, meninggi di
atas permukaan kulit, jika kena trauma mudah berdarah.Papula makin lama makin
membesar menjadi makula dan bagian tengah dapat timbul ulkus atau tidak ada
ulkus (Siregar, 2005).</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut (Marwali, 2000) gambaran klinis Karsinoma Sel
Basal ini bervariasi, yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 94.5pt 121.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe Nodulo-ulseratif</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Merupakan jenis yang paling sering
dijumpai.Lesi biasanya tampak sebagai lesi tunggal.Paling sering mengenai
wajah, terutama pipi, lipartan nasolabial, dahi dan tepi kelopak mata.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada awalnya tampak nodul kecil, transparan seperti
mutiara, berdiameter kurang dari 2 cm, dengan tepi meninggi. Kemudian lesi
membesar secara perlahan dan suatu saat bagian tengah lesi cekung, meninggalkan
tepi yang meninggi dan keras. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe Berpigmen</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Gambaran
klinisnya sama dengan tipe nodule-ulseratf. Bedanya pada jenis ini berwarna
coklet atau hitam berbintik-bintik atau homogeny yang secara klinis dapat
menyerupai melanoma.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe Morfea/Fibrosing/Sklerosing</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Biasanya terjadi pada kepala dan
leher.Lesi tampak sebagai plak sklerotik yang cekung, berwarna putih
kekuningan.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 94.5pt 139.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe Superfisial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 94.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Lesi biasanya multiple, mengenai
badan.Secara klinis tampak sebagai plak transparan, eritematosa sampai
berpigmen terang, berbentuk ovale sampai ireguler dengan tepi berbatas tegas,
sedikit meninggi, seperti kawat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 94.5pt 139.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe Fibroepitelial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 94.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Paling
sering terjadi pada punggung bawah. Secara klinis, lesi berupa nodul kecil yang
tidak bertangkai atau bertangkai pendek dengan permukaan halus atau noduler
dengan warna yang bervariasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 135.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 94.5pt left 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karsinoma sel skuamosa </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Defnisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karsinoma sel skuamosa merupakan proliferasi maligna yang
timbul dari dalam epidermis.Meskipun biasanya muncul pada kulit yang rusak
karena sinar matahari, karsinoma ini dapat pula timbul dar kulit yang normal
atau lesi yang sudah ada sebelumnya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Brunner and Suddarth,
2002)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kanker ini merupakan permasalahan yang lebih gawat karena
sifatnya invasive dengan mengadakan metastase lewat system limfatik atau darah.Metastase
menyebabkan 75% kematian akibat dari karsinoma sel skuamosa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Brunner
and Suddarth, 2002).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi klinis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian tubuh
yang terserang Kanker Sel Skuamosa biasanya pada daerah kulit yang terpapar
sinar matahari dan membran mukosa, namun dapat pula terjadi pada setiap bagian
tubuh.Pada orang kulit putih lebih sering dijumpai pada daerah muka dan
ekstremitas, sedangkan pada orang kulit berwarna gelap di daerah tropik lebih
banyak pada ekstremitas bawah, badan dan dapat pula dijumpai pada bibir bawah
serta punggung tangan (Marwali, 2002).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit ini dimulai dengan nodula berwarna kulit normal,
atau ulkus dengan tepi yang tidak teratur. Permukaan nodula berbenjol
menyerupai kembang kol, pada perabaan keras dan mudah berdarah yang berasal
dari ulkus, permukaan dan tepi meninggi, warna kekuningan. Tumor menyebar
melalui saluran getah bening ke ala-alat lain (Siregar, 2005).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Marwali (2002) gambaran klinis Karsinoma Sel
Skuamosa bervariasi, dapat berupa :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 121.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nodul
berwarna seperti kulit normal, permukaannya halus tanpa krusta atau ulkus
dengan tepi yang berbatas kurang jelas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 121.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ulkus
yang menyerupai kembang kol. Tumor ini menonjol diatas permukaan kulit, tidak
rata, berbenjol-benjol seperti kembang kol, berwarna merah atau pucat, membasah
atau berdarah dan berbau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 121.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ulkus
dengan krusta pada permukaannya, tepi meninggi, berwarna kuning kemerahan.
Dalam perjalanan penyakitnya lesi akan meluas dan mengadakan metastasis ke
kelnjar limfe regional atau ke organ-organ dalam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 121.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karsinoma Sel Skuamosa yang timbul dari kulit normal
lebih sering mengadakan invasi yang cepat dan terjadi metastasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 121.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melanoma maligna</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo60; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi
Melanoma Maligna</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Melanoma
maligna merupakan neoplasma maligna dengan terdapatnya melanosit (sel-sel
pigmen) dalam lapisan epidermis maupun dermis (dan kadang-kadang sel subkutan)
(Brunner and Suddarth, 2002)..</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Melanoma
Maligna merupakan suatu jenis sel kanker kulit yang paling ganas dan berasal
dari system melanositik kulit. Biasanya menyebabkan metastasis yang luas dalam
waktu yang singkat, tidak saja melalui aliran limfe ke kelenjar regional,
tetapi juga menyebar melalui aliran darah kealat-alat dalam serta dapat
menyebakan kematian (Marwali, 2000).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Melanoma
Maligna adalah tumor ganas kulit yang berasal dari melanosit dengan gambaran
berupa lesi kehitam-hitaman pada kulit (Siregar, 2005).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo60; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manifestasi
klinis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: .5in 58.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Kunci penyembuhan melanoma maligna adalah
penemuan dini sehingga diagnosis melanoma harus ditingkatkan bila penderita
melaporkan adanya lesi berpigmen baru atau adanya tahi lalat atau tanda lahir
(tompel) yang berubah seperti:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo56; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
dalam warna</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo56; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
dalam ukuran (terutama pertumbuhan yang cepat)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo56; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Timbulnya
gejala (gatal, rasa terbakar atau sakit)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo56; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terjadi
peninggian pada lesi yang sebelumnya datar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo56; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
pada permukaan atau perubahan pada konsistensi lesi berpigmen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tahi lalat walaupun hanya satu dan kecil kadang dapat
juga berubah menjadi ganas, dan dapat terjadi pada tahi lalat di bagian tubuh
mana saja, walaupun yang sering adalah terutama di telapak kaki, kepala/wajah,
leher, pinggang. Selain itu pada tahi lalat, yang mulai sering terasa gatal,
mudah berdarah,ada borok atau luka yang sukar sembuh, harus juga lebih curiga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yang harus diwaspadai apabila suatu tahi lalat curiga
menjadi ganas adalah bila pada tahi lalat tersebut ditemukan tanda
"ABCD" melanoma maligna, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> A= Asimetrik,
bentuknya tak beraturan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> B= Border atau
pinggirannya juga tidak rata. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">C= Color atau warnanya yang
bervariasi dari satu area ke area lainnya. Bisa kecoklatan sampai hitam. Bahkan
dalam kasus tertentu ditemukan berwarna putih, merah dan biru. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">D=
Diameternya lebih besar dari 6 mm </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Marwali,
2000).</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo60; tab-stops: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi
melanoma maligna</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melanoma superfisial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melanoma
dengan penyebaran superfisial terjadi pada setiap bagian tubuh dan merupakan bentuk melanoma yang paling
sering ditemukan. Melanoma ini sering ditemukan serta ektremitas bawah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melanoma lentigo-maligna</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melanoma
lentigo-maligna merupakan lesi berpigment yang tumbuh dengan lambat pada daerah kulit yang terbuka,khususnya
permukaan dorsal tangan,kepala dan leher
pada orang yang berusia lanjut. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melanoma noduler</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melanoma
noduler merupakan noul yang berbentuk sferis yang menyerupai blueberry dengan
permukaan yang relatife licin seta berwarna biru hitam yang seragam.
Melanoma noduler akan menginvasi langsung kedalam lapisan dermis didekatnya
(pertumbuhan vertikel) dan dengan demikian memiliki prognosis yang buruk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melanoma akral-lentigonosa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melanoma
akral-lentigonosa merupakan bentuk melanoma yang terdapat didaerah yang terlalu
terpajan sinar mataharidan tidak terdapat difolikel rambut. Jenis melanoma ini
sering terdapat ditelapak kaki,telapak tangan, dasar kuku dan membrane mukosa
yang berkulit gelap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Berdasarkan
tingkat penyebaran, Siregar (2005) membedakan melanoma maligna dalam 5 stadium
yaitu:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium
I</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel Melanoma hanya terdapat
intraepidemal (Melanoma in situ)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium
II</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel Melanoma sampai papilla dermis
bagian atas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium
III</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel
Melanoma sampai mengisi papilla dermis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium
IV</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel
Melanoma sampai ke dalam jaringan ikat kolagen dermis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium
V</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel Melanoma sampai jaringan lemak
dan subkutan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo58; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium
VI</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel Melanoma tampak berbentuk
epiteloid atau kumparan, pleomorfi dengan kromatin kasar.Setiap sel mengandung
butir melanin.Sel berkelompok atau bergerombol. Pada dermis ditemukan
infiltrate limfosit atau makrofag yang mengandung melanin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain itu </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sampai saat ini klasifikasi standar melanoma maligna yang
digunakan dalam stadium klinik (dengan beberapa modifikasi), yaitu sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo57; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium
I</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melanoma
maligna lokal terbatas pada kulit tanpa metastasis jauh atau ke kelenjar limfe
regional. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo57; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium
II</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sudah
terjadi metastasis yang terbatas pada kelenjar limfe regional</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo57; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium
III</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melanoma
disseminata, dimana sudah terjadi metastasis jauh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Marwali,
2000).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo60; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengobatan
melanoma maligna</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adapun
pengobatan berdasarkan stadium Melanoma Maligna yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tindakan yang dilakukan pada penderita kanker
melanoma maligna ini adalah pengangkatan secara komplit jaringan kanker dengan
jalan pembedahan, apabila telah diketahui terjadi penyebaran maka dibutuhkan
operasi lanjutan untuk mengangkat jaringan di sekitarnya. Untuk pengobatan
secara medikomentosa dengan kemoterapi (obat-obat anti kanker) yang
dikelompokkan menjadi beberapa kategori yaitu: alkylating agents,
antimetabolit, alkaloid tanaman, antibiotik antitumor, enzim, hormon dan
pengubah respon biologis. Dan pengobatan secara nonmedikomentosa meliputi
radioterapi, pembedahan dan terapi fisik.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 22.5pt 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br />
Pembagian terapi berdasarkan stadium melanoma:</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo62; tab-stops: 22.5pt 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium Klinik I Melanoma Malign.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 22.5pt 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sampai
saat ini metode pembedahan dengan eksisi luas masih tetap merupakan cara pengobatan
melanoma maligna yang terbaik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 22.5pt 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium
Klinik II Melanoma Maligna</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 22.5pt 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Eksisi luas disertai pengangkatan kelenjar
limfe regional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 22.5pt 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium Klinik III Melanoma Maligna</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kemoterapeutik sistemik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Agen kemoterapeutik tradisional yang
terbaik yaitu Dacarbazine/Dimetil Triazeno Imidazole Carboxamide (DTIC).Dapat
diberikan tersendiri atau dikombinasi dengan obat kemoterapeutik sistemik
lainnya.Respon pengobatan dengan DTIC terjadi pada 20-25% penderita.
Kemoterapeutik sistemik yang direkomendasikan adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
DTIC: 200-300 mg/m2 (intravena) selama 5 hari, diulang tiap 3-4
minggu.Nitrosourea: 200 mg/m2 dosis tunggal (oral), diulang tiap 6 minggu.Atau
kombinasi DTIC dan nitrosourea</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Imunoterapi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> BCG' merupakan imunoterapi aktif non
spesifik, terutama digunakan untuk pengobatan melanoma maligna yang mengadakan
metastasis ke kulit.Diberikan secara intralesi dan memberikan pengaruh yang
cukup bermanfaat. Hasilnya tidak menentu, tergantung pada sistem imunitas
penderita.Akhir-akhir ini dilakukan imunoterapi adoptif, dengan memakai
leukaferesis untuk mendapatkan limfosit dari kanker pasien, kemudian sel itu
diinkubasi dengan interleukin-2, untuk membentuk sel pembunuh yang mengaktifkan
limfokin (LAK), dan kemudian sel-sel LAK diinfuskan kembali bersama pemberian
interleukin-2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">E.
PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG</b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Laboratorium
test dan Cuci darah. </div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Test
lab dan pemeriksaan darah membantu mendiagnosa kanker. Sebagian malignasi dapat
merubah komposisi atau status hematologic.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Biopsy jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Hasil biopsy memastikan diagnosis melanoma. Spesimen</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> biopsy yang diperoleh dengan cara </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">eksisimengungkapkan
informasi histologik mengenai tipe, taraf invas dan ketebalan lesi. Biopsy insisi harus dilakukan
jika lesi yang dicurigai terlalu luas untuk dapat diangkat dengan aman tanpa
pembentukan sikatriks yang berlebihan
(Runkle & Zalonznik, 1994). Specimen biopsy yang diperoleh dengan
pemangkasan, kuratasee atau aspirasi jarum dianggap bukan bukti histologik
penyakit yang dapat diandalkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
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<span class="a">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>pemeriksaan
darah, pemeriksaan sinar x, dan atau CT scan. <span class="a"></span></div>
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Untuk
melanoma yang lebih dalam, pemeriksaan mungkin diindikasikan untuk menemukan
adanya metastase penyakit.Ini meliputi pemeriksaan darah, pemeriksaan sinar x,
dan atau CT scan.</div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">F. Diagnosa
keperawatan</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gangguan
integritas kulit berhubungan dengan efek
radiasi, proses malignansi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ansietas berhubungan dengan krisis
situasi </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan harga diri berhubungan
dengan kecacatan bedah,efek samping kemoterapi atau radioterapi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri akut berhubungan berhubungan dengan proses
penyakit (kompresi/destruksi jaringan saraf,infiltrasi saraf atau suplai
vaskularnya,obstruksi jaringan saraf,inflamasi.). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan nutrisi kurang dari
kebutuhan berhubungan dengan konsekuensi kemoterapi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan vulome cairan berhubungan dengan kerusakan kulit. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko tinggi terhadap infeksi
berhubungan dengan malnutrisi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurangnya pengetahuan berhubungan
dengan keterbatasan kognitif.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
Intervensi keperawatan </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Ansietas berhubungan dengan krisis situasi </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinjau ulang pengalaman pasien /
orang terdekat sebelum nya dengan kanker. Tentukan apakah dokter telah
mengatakan pada pasien dan apakah kesimpulan pasien telah dicapai.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional :
Membantu dalam identifikasi rasa takut dan kesalahan konsep berdasarkan pada
pengalaman dengan kanker.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong pasien untuk mengungkapkan
pikiran dan perasaan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional : Memberikan kesempatan
untuk memeriksa rasa takut realitas serta kesalahan konsep tentang dignosis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peratahan kan kontak sering dengan
pasien.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan keyakinan bahwa pasien
tidak sendiri atau di tolak; berikan respek penerimaan individu, mengembangkan
rasa kepercayaaan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bantu
pasien/ orang terdekat dalam mengenali dan mengklasifikasi rasa takut untuk
memulai mengembangkan strategi koping untuk menghadapi rasa takut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional :Keterampilan koping sering
rusak setelah diagnosis dan selama fase pengobatan yang berbeda. Dukungan dan
konseling sering perlu untuk memungkin kanindividu mengenal dan menghadapi rasa
takut dan untuk meyakini bahwa strategi kontrol/ koping tersedia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkatkan rasa tenang dan
lingkungan tenang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional : Memudahkan istirahat,
menghemat energi, dan meningkatkan kemampuan koping.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2. Gangguan harga diri berhubungan dengan
kecacatan bedah,efek samping kemoterapi atau radioterapi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diskusikan
dengan pasien/ orang terdekat bagaimana diagnosis dan pengobatan yang
mempengaruhi kehidupan pribadi pasien/ rumah dan aktivitas kerja.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional : Membantu dalam memastikan
masalah untuk memulai proses pemecahan masalah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong
diskusi tentang/ pecahkan masalah tentang efek kanker/ pengobatan pada peran
sebagai ibu rumah tangga, orang tua, dan sebagai nya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional :Dapat membantu menurunkan
masalah yang mempengaruhi penerimaan pengobatan atau merangsang kemnajuan
penyakit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
dukungan emosi untuk pasien/ orang terdekat selama tes diagnostik dan fase
pengobatan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun beberapa pasien mampu
beradaptasi/menyesuaikan dengan efek kanker atau efek samping terapi banyak
memerlukan dukungan tambahan selama periode ini.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gunakan
sentuhan selama interaksi , bila dapat diterima pada pasien dan mempertahankan
kontak mata.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional :Pemastian individualitas
dan penerimaan penting dalam menurunkan perasaan pasien tentang ketidakamanan
dan keraguan diri.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Nyeri
akut berhubungan berhubungan dengan
proses penyakit (kompresi/destruksi jaringan saraf,infiltrasi saraf atau suplai
vaskularnya,obstruksi jaringan saraf,inflamasi.). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentukan
riwayat nyeri misal lokasi nyeri, frekuensi, durasi, dan intensitas (skala 0 – 10 ) dan
tindakan penghilang yang di gunakan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional : Informasi memberikan data
dasar untuk mengevaluasi kebutuhan/ keefektifan intervensi. Catatan :
pengalaman nyeri adalah individual yang di gabungkan dengan baik respons fisik
dan emosional.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi/sadari
terapi tertentumisalkan pembedahan, radiasi, kemotrapi, bioterapi. Ajarkan pasien/ orang terdekat apa yang diharapkan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional : Ketidak nyamanan rentang
luas adalah umum misalkan nyeri insisi, kulit terbakar, nyeri punggung bawah,
sakit kepala tergantung pada prosedur/ agen yang digunakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
tindkan kenyamanan dasar misal reposisi, gosokan punggung dan aktifitas hiburan
misal musik dan televisi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional :Meningkatkan relaksasi dan membantu memfokuskan
kembali perhatian.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong
penggunaan keterampilan manajemen nyeri misalkan teknik relaksasi,visualisasi,
bimbingan imajinasi, tertawa, musik dan sentuhan teraupetik .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional :Memungkin kan pasien untuk
berpartisipasi secara aktif dan meningkat kan rasa kontrol.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi
penghilang nyeri/ kontrol. Nilai aturan pengobatan bila perlu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional :Tujuan nya adalah kontrol
nyeri maksimum dengan pengaruh minimum pada AKS.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Perubahan
nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan berhubungan dengan konsekuensi kemoterapi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantau masukan makan setiap hari, biarkan pasien menyimpan
buku harian tentang makanan sesuai indikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional :Mengidentifikasi kekuatan/
defisiensi nutrisi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukur
tinggi, berat badan dan ketebalan lipatan kulit trisep.pastikan jumlah
penurunan berat badan saat ini. Timbang berat badan setiap hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional :Membantu dan
mengidentifikasi malnutrisi protein kalori, khusus nya bila berat badan dan
pengukuran antropometrik kurang dari normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong pasien untuk makan diet
tinggi kalori kaya nutrien, dengan masukan cairan adekuat. Dorong penggunaan
suplemen dan makan sering/ lebih sedikit yang di bagi – bagi selama sehari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional :Kebutuhan jaringan
metabolik ditingkatkan begitu juga cairan ( untuk menghilangkan produk sisa).
Sumplemen dapat memainkan peran penting dalam mempertahan kan masukan kalori
dan protein adekuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciptakan
suasana makan malam yang menyenangkan, dorong pasien untuk berbagi makanan
dengan keluarga/ teman</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional : Membuat waktu makan lebih
menyenangkan yang dapat meningkat kan masukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong
penggunaan teknik relaksasi, visualisasi, bimbingan imajinas, latihan sedang
sebelum makan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional : Dapat mencegah awitan
atau menurunkan berat nya mual, penurunan anoreksia, dan memungkinkan pasien
meningkatkan masukan oral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 342.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Resiko
tinggi terhadap infeksi berhubungan dengan malnutrisi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkatkan prosedur mencuci tangan
yang baik dengan staf dan pengunjung. Batasi
pengunjung yang mengalami infeksi. Tempatkan pada isolasi sesuai
indikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional : Lindungi pasien dari
sumber – sumber infeksi, seperti pengunjung dan staf yangmengalami ISK.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekankan
higene personal </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional
:Membantu potensial sumber infeksi atau pertumbuhan sekunder.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Patau
suhu </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional : Peningkatan suhu terjadi
bila tidak tertutup oleh obat kortikostreoid atau anti inflamsi karena berbagai
faktor misal efek samping terapi kemoterapi, proses penyakit atau infeksi.
Identifikasi dini proses infeksi memungkinkan terapi yang tepat untuk di mulai
dengan segera.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari/
batasi prosedur invasif. Taati teknik aseptik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional : Menurunkan resiko
kontaminasi, membatasi entri portal terhadap agen infeksius.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gangguan
integritas kulit b/d efek radiasi, proses malignansi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Kaji kulit dengan sering terhadap
efek samping terapi kanker; perhatikan kerusakan/ pelambatan penyembuhan luka.
Tekan kan pentingnya melaporkan area terbuka pada pemberi perawatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional :
Efek kemerahan dan kulit samak ( reaksi radiasi) dapat terjadi dalam area
radiasi. Deskuaminasi kering ( kekeringan dan pruritus), deskuamasi lembab (
lepuh) ulserasi, kehilangan rambut, kehilangan dermis, dan kelenjar keringat
juga dapat terlihat. Selain itu reaksi kulit dapat terjadi pada bebebrapa agen
kemoterapi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Mandikan dengan air hangat dan sabun ringan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Rasional:Mempertahankan kebersihan tanpa
mengiritasi kulit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong pasien untuk menghindari
menggaruk dan menepuk kulit yang kering dari pada menggaruk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional
:Membantu mencegah friksi/ trauma kulit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan pasien untuk menghindari
krim kulit apapun, salep, dan bedak kecuali di izinkan dokter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional
:Dapat meningkatkan iritasi/ reaksi secara nyata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinjau protokol perawatan kulit
untuk pasien yang mendapat terapi radiasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional ;
Dilakukan untuk meinimalkan trauma pada area terapi radiasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari menggaruk atau menggunakan
sabun, losion, atau deodoran pada area; hindari memberikan panas atau
mengusahakan mencuci tanda/ tato yang ada di kulit sebagai identifikasi area
iradiasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional :
Dapat menimbulkan atau bahkan mempengaruhi pemberian radiasi.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">G.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENATALAKSANAAN
MEDIS DAN KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan
medis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembedahan
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ahli
bedah biasanya akan mengangkat lesi ditambah batas-batas jaringan normal
sekitarnya untuk mencegah berkembangnya kembali tumor tersebut. Satu margin 1-2
cm sekeliling melanoma dipertimbangkan secara adekuat untuk melanoma dengan
ketebalan kurang dari 3 mm lesi-lesi dengan kedalaman lebih dari 1 mm tetapi
kurang dari 3 mm ditangani melalui pembedahan dengan kesembuhan kira-kira 70-80
%lesi dalam lebih dari 3 mm kemungkinan akan mengalami kekambuhan sekitar 40-50
%. Batas- batas reseksi sekeliling melanoma yang dalam ini biasanya
direkomendasikan menjadi paling sedikit 2-3 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemoterapi
<br />
kemoterapi dapat diberikan dengan berbagai cara salah satunya adalah secara
topical, dimana agen-agen tersebut diberikan secara langsung pada lesi.
Agen-agen yang digunakan meliputi 5 flourourasil atau psorelen. Obat-obat yang
paling umum digunakan untuk ini meliputi melpalan, dakarbazasin (DTIC), dan
sisplatin. Cara yang dilakukan dalam memberikan kemoterapi adalah secara
sistemik. Saat ini kemoterapi sistemik belum dapat membuktikan efektivitasnya
dalam mencegah kambuhnya penyakit pada pasien dengan jenis kanker fase dini.
Tapi biasanya digunakan pada orang dengan penyakit yang menyebar secara luas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terapi
biologis </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terapi
biologis juga disebut bioterapi atau immunoterapi, bekerja baik secara langsung
ataupun tidak langsung melawan kanker dengan mengubah cara-cara tubuh untuk
bereaksi terhadap kanker.Bentuk umum dari bioterapi dibawah penyelidikan untuk
melanoma meliputi vaksin, injeksi bacterium yang diketahui sebgaai BSG (Basilus
Calmeete Guerin) dan penggunaan interferon, interleukin, dan antibiotic
monoklanal.Vaksinasi tersebut dibuat dari melanoma yang diradiasi dan
dinon-aktifkan. Diharapkan vaksin-vaksin tersebut akan mensintesis system imun
untuk mengenal melanoma dan oleh karenanya akan meningkatkan kemampuan system
untuk menghancurkan melanoma tersebut. Injeksi BSG mempengaruhi stimulasi non-spesifik
dari system imun dan sedang dipelajari sebagai terapi untuk pasien-pasien fase
awal.Diharapkan bahwa injeksi BSG secara langsung kedalam metastase nodul-nodul
subkutan dapat menyebabkan regresi lesi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terapi
radiasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terapi radiasi
merupakan bentuk pengobatan lainnya. Dengan penggunaan energy sinar X dosis
tinggi, kobalt, electron, atau sumber-sumber radiasi lainnya untuk
menghancurkan atau membunuh sel-sel melanoma</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan
karsinoma ini bergantung pada lokasi tumor, tipe sel (lokasi kedalaman),
sifat-sifat yang invasive atau tidak invasive dan tidak adanya kelenjar limfe
yang mengalami metastase, tindakannya adalah :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eksisi
bedah : tujuannya untuk mengangkat keseluruhan tumor</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembedahan
mikrografik moh : merupakan metode untuk mengangkat lesi kulit yang malignan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bedah
elektro : merupakan teknik penghancuran atau penghilangan jaringan dengan
menggunakan energy listrik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bedah
beku : tujuannya menghancurkan tumor dengan cara de freezing (alat jarum
termokopel). Dilakukan setelah kemoterapi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terapi
radiasi : terapi ini sering dilakukan untuk kanker kelopak mata, ujung hidung
dan daerah didekat struktur yang vital </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan
keperawatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena banyak kanker kulit yang diangkat
dengan tindakan eksisi, peran perawat adalah :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meredakan
nyeri dan ketidaknyamanan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian
analgetik tepat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meredakan
ansietas</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan
pasien dan pertimbangan perawatan di rumah. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN KASUS</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kasus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tn.
B (62 tahun), seorang buruh bangunan
memiliki tahi lalat di sebelah hidung bagian kiri berwarna hitam
kehijau-hijauan, sering gatal dan dilakukan garukan yang mengakibatkan luka dan
berair. Dibawa ke rumah Sakit, ternyata di diagnosa kanker kulit.Luka semakin
lama semakin besar, pipi, hidung, dan bibir bawah juga menjadi luka.Kondisi
luka sebagian kuning kehijauan dan berbau. Klien mengatakan nyeri dibagian yang
luka Keluarga klien mengatakan bahwa nafsu makan ny B berkurang sehingga berat
badannya menjadi turun. Keluarga klien mengatakan bahwa ny B hanya berdiam diri
di rumah saja karena merasa malu kepada orang lain dengan keadaannya
sekarang. Sekarang ny B hanya
dibersihkan dengan Nacl 0,9%. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">HR:
110 , RR: 24, TD: 150/90 MmHg, T: 38<sup>0</sup>C</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian
</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Data demografi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama :
Tn. B</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level2 lfo43; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Umur :
62 tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level2 lfo43; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis kelamin :
laki-laki</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pekerjaan ;
buruh bangunan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat
penyakit sekarang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tn B dibawa kerumah sakit dengan keluhan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">memiliki
tahi lalat di sebelah hidung bagian kiri berwarna hitam kehijau-hijauan, sering
gatal dan dilakukan garukan yang mengakibatkan luka dan berair.Luka semakin
lama semakin besar, pipi, hidung, dan bibir bawah juga menjadi luka. Kondisi
luka sebagian kuning kehijauan dan berbau</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian fisik </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kanker
kulit sangat bervariasi jenisnya dan penyebarannya, walaupun sebagian besar
dari lesi kanker terjadi pada area yang terpapar matahari.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inspeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat
tahi lalat di sebelah hidung bagian kiri berwarna hitam kehijau-hijauan, sering
gatal dan dilakukan garukan yang mengakibatkan luka dan berair</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Luka
berair semakin lama semakin besar. pipi,
hidung, dan bibir bawah juga menjadi luka. Kondisi luka sebagian kuning
kehijauan dan berbau</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisa
Data</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: -51.3pt; width: 737px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Data Subjektif</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 233.85pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Data Objektif</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien mengatakan tahi lalat
sering gatal dan dilakukan garukan yang mengakibatkan luka dan berair.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 233.85pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ny.
B (62 tahun) memiliki tahi lalat di sebelah hidung bagian kiri berwarna hitam
kehijau-hijauan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Luka semakin lama semakin besar
dan pipi, hidung, dan bibir bawah juga menjadi luka. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi luka sebagian kuning
kehijauan dan berbau</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .2in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
integritas kulit b/d efek radiasi, proses malignansi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 233.85pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Luka
klien terlihat kemerahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teraba
panas didaerah luka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terlihat
bengkak didaerah luka</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Resti penyebaran </b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">klien mengatakan nyeri dibagian
luka</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 233.85pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 9.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien
tampak meringis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 9.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">HR,RR,TD meningkat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
rasa nyaman nyeri</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Luka semakin lama semakin besar,
pipi, hidung, dan bibir bawah juga menjadi luka. Kondisi luka sebagian kuning
kehijauan dan berbau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keluarga klien mengatakan bahwa
ny B hanya berdiam diri di rumah saja karena merasa malu kepada orang lain
dengan keadaannya sekarang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keluarga klien mengatakan saat
ini klien mudah tersinggung</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 233.85pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ny.
B (62 tahun) memiliki tahi lalat di sebelah hidung bagian kiri berwarna hitam
kehijau-hijauan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Luka semakin lama semakin besar
dan pipi, hidung, dan mata juga menjadi luka. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi luka sebagian kuning
kehijauan dan berbau</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien terlihat tidak berdaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .2in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Perubahan citra tubuh</b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keluarga klien mengatakan klien susah untuk makan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keluarga klien mengatakan berat badan klien menurun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 233.85pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien tidak menghabiskan makanannya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien terlihat lebih kurus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko pemunahan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b>
<br />
<div class="Section2">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rencana
Asuhan Keperawatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; width: 886px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 48.1pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 48.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 48.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.6pt;" width="145"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diagnosa</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keperawatan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 48.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" width="249"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan dan</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria Hasil</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 48.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.15pt;" width="219"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi
Keperawatan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 48.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 176.8pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasional</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 134.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 134.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 134.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.6pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan integritas kulit b/d efek radiasi, proses
malignansi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 134.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="top" width="249"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
dilakukan intervensi keperawatan selama 3x24 jam, gangguan integritas kulit
bisa diatasi dengan kriteria hasil:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Luka
tidak berair</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Luka
tidak bau</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 134.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.15pt;" valign="top" width="219"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji kulit dengan sering terhadap
efek samping terapi kanker; perhatikan kerusakan/ pelambatan penyembuhan
luka. Tekan kan pentingnya melaporkan area terbuka pada pemberi perawatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mandikan dengan air hangat dan
sabun ringan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong pasien untuk menghindari
menggaruk dan menepuk kulit yang kering dari pada menggaruk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjurkan pasien untuk menghindari
krim kulit apapun, salep, dan bedak kecuali di izinkan dokter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinjau protokol perawatan kulit
untuk pasien yang mendapat terapi radiasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 20.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari menggaruk atau
menggunakan sabun, losion, atau deodoran pada area; hindari memberikan panas
atau mengusahakan mencuci tanda/ tato yang ada di kulit sebagai identifikasi
area iradiasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolaborasi:
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
kultur pus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian
obat topikal </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjadwalan
terapi selanjutnya: Kemoterapi atau bedah.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 134.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 176.8pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek
kemerahan dan kulit samak ( reaksi radiasi) dapat terjadi dalam area radiasi.
Deskuaminasi kering ( kekeringan dan pruritus), deskuamasi lembab ( lepuh)
ulserasi, kehilangan rambut, kehilangan dermis, dan kelenjar keringat juga
dapat terlihat. Selain itu reaksi kulit dapat terjadi pada bebebrapa agen
kemoterapi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memertahankan
kebersihan tanpa mengiritasi kulit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 10.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membantu
mencegah friksi/ trauma kulit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 10.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
meningkatkan iritasi/ reaksi secara nyata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilakukan
untuk meinimalkan trauma pada area terapi radiasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
menimbulkan atau bahkan mempengaruhi pemberian radiasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .3in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .3in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 10.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
kultur pus untuk mengetahui perkembangan penyakit, apakah terjadi infeksi
atau tidak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 10.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengurangi
bau tidak sedap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 10.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kanker
klien sudah stadium 3, diperlukan terapi lanjutan seperti kemoterapi untuk
mengontrol sel- sel kanker atau tahap pembedahan untuk membuang sel kanker.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.6pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Resiko
tinggi penyebaran infeksi berhubungan dengan malnutrisi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="top" width="249"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
dilakukan intervensi keperawatan selama 3x24 jam, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">infeksi tidak
menyebar kearea yang lain dengan kreteria hasil:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Luka tidak terdapat kemerahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Luka tidak teraba panas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.15pt;" valign="top" width="219"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 10.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkatkan prosedur mencuci
tangan yang baik dengan staf dan pengunjung. Batasi pengunjung yang mengalami infeksi.
Tempatkan pada isolasi sesuai indikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 10.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 10.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekankan higene personal </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 10.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 10.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 10.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Patau suhu </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 10.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 10.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 10.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 10.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 10.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 10.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 10.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari/ batasi prosedur invasif.
Taati teknik aseptik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 176.8pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 8.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lindungi
pasien dari sumber – sumber infeksi, seperti pengunjung dan staf
yangmengalami ISK</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 8.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 8.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 8.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membantu
potensial sumber infeksi atau pertumbuhan sekunder.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 8.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 8.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan
suhu terjadi bila tidak tertutup oleh obat kortikostreoid atau anti inflamsi
karena berbagai faktor misal efek samping terapi kemoterapi, proses penyakit
atau infeksi. Identifikasi dini proses infeksi memungkinkan terapi yang tepat
untuk di mulai dengan segera.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 8.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurunkan
resiko kontaminasi, membatasi entri portal terhadap agen infeksius.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.6pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.1in; text-indent: .1in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri
akut berhubungan berhubungan dengan
proses penyakit (kompresi/destruksi jaringan saraf,infiltrasi saraf atau
suplai vaskularnya,obstruksi jaringan saraf,inflamasi.). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="top" width="249"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
dilakukan intervensi keperawatan selama 3x24 jam, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nyeri bisa berkurang dengan kreteria hasil:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien tidak terlihat meringis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri klien berkurang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.15pt;" valign="top" width="219"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo49; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentukan
riwayat nyeri misal lokasi nyeri, frekuensi, durasi, dan intensitas (skala 0 – 10 ) dan
tindakan penghilang yang di gunakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo49; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi/sadari
terapi tertentumisalkan pembedahan, radiasi, kemotrapi, bioterapi.
Ajarkan pasien/ orang terdekat apa
yang diharapkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo49; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
tindkan kenyamanan dasar misal reposisi, gosokan punggung dan aktifitas
hiburan misal musik dan televisi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo49; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong
penggunaan keterampilan manajemen nyeri misalkan teknik
relaksasi,visualisasi, bimbingan imajinasi, tertawa, musik dan sentuhan
teraupetik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 6.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo49; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi
penghilang nyeri/ kontrol. Nilai aturan pengobatan bila perlu.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 176.8pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo50; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nformasi memberikan data dasar untuk
mengevaluasi kebutuhan/ keefektifan intervensi. Catatan : pengalaman nyeri
adalah individual yang di gabungkan dengan baik respons fisik dan emosional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo50; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidak
nyamanan rentang luas adalah umum misalkan nyeri insisi, kulit terbakar,
nyeri punggung bawah, sakit kepala tergantung pada prosedur/ agen yang
digunakan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo50; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan
relaksasi dan membantu memfokuskan kembali perhatian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo50; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memungkin
kan pasien untuk berpartisipasi secara aktif dan meningkat kan rasa kontrol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo50; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
nya adalah kontrol nyeri maksimum dengan pengaruh minimum pada AKS.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.6pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.1in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan berhubungan dengan konsekuensi kemoterapi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.1in; text-indent: .1in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="top" width="249"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
dilakukan intervensi keperawatan selama </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">x24 jam, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">klien bisa menghabiskan makananya dengan kreteria hasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">l</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien menghabiskan makanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BB tidak turun</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.15pt;" valign="top" width="219"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo51; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pantau
masukan makan setiap hari, biarkan pasien menyimpan buku harian tentang
makanan sesuai indikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo51; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukur
tinggi, berat badan dan ketebalan lipatan kulit trisep.pastikan jumlah
penurunan berat badan saat ini. Timbang berat badan setiap hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo51; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong
pasien untuk makan diet tinggi kalori kaya nutrien, dengan masukan cairan
adekuat. Dorong penggunaan suplemen dan makan sering/ lebih sedikit yang di
bagi – bagi selama sehari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo51; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciptakan
suasana makan malam yang menyenangkan, dorong pasien untuk berbagi makanan
dengan keluarga/ teman</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo51; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong
penggunaan teknik relaksasi, visualisasi, bimbingan imajinas, latihan sedang
sebelum makan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 176.8pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo52; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengidentifikasi
kekuatan/ defisiensi nutrisi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo52; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membantu
dan mengidentifikasi malnutrisi protein kalori, khusus nya bila berat badan
dan pengukuran antropometrik kurang dari norma</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo52; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebutuhan
jaringan metabolik ditingkatkan begitu juga cairan ( untuk menghilangkan
produk sisa). Sumplemen dapat memainkan peran penting dalam mempertahan kan
masukan kalori dan protein adekuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo52; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat
waktu makan lebih menyenangkan yang dapat meningkat kan masukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo52; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
mencegah awitan atau menurunkan berat nya mual, penurunan anoreksia, dan
memungkinkan pasien meningkatkan masukan oral</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.6pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
harga diri berhubungan dengan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">proses penyakit, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kecacatan bedah,efek samping
kemoterapi atau radioterapi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="top" width="249"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
dilakukan intervensi keperawatan selama 3x24 jam, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nyeri bisa berkurang dengan kreteria hasil:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klien tidak terlihat meringis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 100.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri klien berkurang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.15pt;" valign="top" width="219"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 16.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo53; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diskusikan
dengan pasien/ orang terdekat bagaimana diagnosis dan pengobatan yang
mempengaruhi kehidupan pribadi pasien/ rumah dan aktivitas kerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 16.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 16.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo53; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dorong
diskusi tentang/ pecahkan masalah tentang efek kanker/ pengobatan pada peran
sebagai ibu rumah tangga, orang tua, dan sebagai nya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 16.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 16.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo53; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan
dukungan emosi untuk pasien/ orang terdekat selama tes diagnostik dan fase
pengobatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 16.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo53; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gunakan
sentuhan selama interaksi , bila dapat diterima pada pasien dan
mempertahankan kontak mata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 176.8pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo54; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membantu dalam memastikan masalah
untuk memulai proses pemecahan masalah.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo54; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat membantu menurunkan masalah
yang mempengaruhi penerimaan pengobatan atau merangsang kemnajuan penyakit.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo54; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun beberapa pasien mampu beradaptasi/menyesuaikan
dengan efek kanker atau efek samping terapi banyak memerlukan dukungan
tambahan selama periode ini.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo54; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemastian individualitas dan
penerimaan penting dalam menurunkan perasaan pasien tentang ketidakamanan dan
keraguan diri.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.4pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan
kesehatan kepada pasien ; pencegahan kanker kulit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pada penyakit kanker kulit insidensi
kanker kulit semakin bertambah, upaya pencegahan seperti yang diuraikan secara
garis besar dibawah ini dapat membantu untuk menghindari peningkatan resiko
terkena kanker kulit:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan mencoba berjemur untuk membuat
kulit berwarna coklat kekuningan jika kulit anda mudah terbakar, tidak pernah
atau sulit berubah warna menjadi cokelat
kekuningan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari paparan sinar matahari yang
tidak diperlukan, khususnya pada saat-saat
ketika radiasi ultraviolet (sinar matahari) terjadi paling intensif
(antara pukul 10.00 pagi hingga 15.00)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan sekali-kali membiarkan kulit
terbakar karena sinar matahari</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleskan preparat tabir-surya pelindung
kulit jika anda harus berjemur dibawah terik matahari ; preparat ini akan
menghalangi pancaran sinar matahari yang berbahaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gunakan preparat tabir-surya dengan SPF
15 atau lebih. Preparat tabir-surya dapat dklasifikasi kekuatannya dengan angka
,yaitu dari angka 4 (yang paling lemah)
hingga 15 (proteksi terhadap ultraviolet matahari).pengklasifikasian dengan
angka SPF (solar protection factor) dan dicetak pada botol kemasannya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">f)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleskan lagi preparat tabir surya yang
kedap air pada saat sesudah berenang atau sesudah terkena tarik matahari dalam
waktu yang lama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">g)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hindari minyak jika dioleskan sebelum
atau selama terkena sinar matahari , minyak tidak memberikan perlindungan
terhadap luka bakar atau kerusakan kulit akibat sinar matahari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">h)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gunakan
pelembab bibir atau atau lipgloss yang mengandung preparat tabir surya dengan angka SPF tertinggi
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">i)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kenakan
pakaian pelindung yang
tepat (misalnya, topi yang pinggirnya lebar, kemeja tangan panjang )namun
demikian, pakaian tidak memberikan perlindungan
yang penuh karena hingga 50% dari pancaran sinar matahari yang merusak kulit
dapat menembus pakaian. Pancaran sinar ultraviolet juga dapat menembus awan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">j)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan
mengunakan lampu pemanas untuk
membuat kulit berwarna cokelat kekuningan kulit yang dijual di pasaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">k)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ingatkan
anak-anak , khususnya yang memiliki kulit yang cerah, untuk menghindari paparan
sinar matahari dan mengunakan krim tabir
surya guna mencegah kanker kulit</span></div>
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</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="11" width="10"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<td><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB IV</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kanker kulit
adalah penyakit dimana kulit kehilangan kemampuannya untuk generasi dan tumbuh
secara normal.Sel-sel kulit yang sehat secara normal dapat membelah diri secara
teratur untuk menggantikan sel-sel kulit mati dan tumbuh kembali. Kanker
kulit adalah jenis kanker yang terletak dipermukaan kulit,sehingga
mudah dikenali. Namun karena gejala awal
yang ditimbul dirasakan tidak begitu menganggu,sehingga penderita terlambat
melakukan pengobatan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab pasti
dari kanker kulit belum ditemukan secara pasti, namun ada beberapa factor
resiko yang dapat menyebabkan timbulnya
kanker kulit yaitu: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Paparan
Sinar Ultraviolet (UV), Kulit Putih, Paparan Karsinogen, Genetik/Faktor
Keturunan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada beberapa kelainan kulit yang harus dicurigai sebagai
kanker kulit yaitu :Benjolan kecil yang membesar , Benjolan yang permukaannya
tidak rata dan mudah berdarah, Tahi lalat yang berubah warna, Koreng atau borok
dan luka yang tidak mau sembuh, Bercak kecoklatan pada orang tua, Bercak hitam
ysng menebal pada telapak kaki dan tangan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk meningkatkan
kualitas pelayanan keperawatan maka penulis memberikan saran-saran sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada pengkajian perawat perlu melakukan
pengkajian dengan teliti melihat kondisi klien serta senantiasa mengembangkan
teknik terapeutik dalam berkomunikasi dengan klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo65; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar dapat memberikan asuhan keperawatan
yang berkualitas meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan serta sikap
profesional dalam menetapkan diagnosa keperawatan.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Referensi</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b> </b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black;">Amin. (2009).
Anatomi fisiologi kulit. Diperoleh pada
tanggal 6 April 2011 dari: </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.docstoc.com/docs/58180799/ANATOMI-DAN-FISIOLOGI-SISTEM-INTEGUMEN-%28KULIT%29"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.docstoc.com/docs/58180799/ANATOMI-DAN-FISIOLOGI-SISTEM-INTEGUMEN-(KULIT)</span></a></span><span lang="SV"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black;"> Baughman, Diane, C & Joann, C, Hackley. </span><span style="color: black;">(2000)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. Keperawatan
medical bedah : buku saku d</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: black;">ari Brunner & Suddarth.</span></i><span lang="SV" style="color: black;"> Jakarta : EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Corwin,
E.J.(2009). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku saku patofisiologi</i>.
Jakarta : EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
Engram, Barbara. (2004) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rencana
asuhan keperawatan medikal bedah</i>. Jakarta:
EGC.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black;">Ganggaiswari,
A. (2010). Kanker kulit Indonesia. Diperoleh pada tanggal 7 April 2011 dari </span><span lang="SV"><a href="http://www.yki.cakulit.com/"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.yki.cakulit.com</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV">Globocan. (2008). Karsinoma
kulit. Diperoleh pada tanggal 7 April 2011 dari <a href="http://www.globocan.2008.com/"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.globocan.2008.com</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black;">Isselbacher, et al. (2000). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Harrison Prinsip-Prinsip Ilmu Penyakit Dalam</i>. Ed.13. Jakarta:EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: black;">Marwali, H.
(2000). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu penyakit kulit</i>. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black;">Jakarta : EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Sherwood, Lauralee. (2001).<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Fisiologi manusia dari sel ke sistem</i>.
Jakarta : EGC</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black;">Siregar, R.S.
(2005). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Atlas berwarna saripati penyakit
kulit</i>. Jakarta: EGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black;">Smeltzer, S. C.
& Bare. (2001). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku Ajar Keperawatan
Medikal Bedah Brunner & Suddarth</i>. Ed.8. Vol 3. Jakarta : EGC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black;">Suriadiredja,
A. (2008). Mengenal kanker kulit diagnosa, pengobatan dan pencegahannya.
Diperoleh pada tanggal 6 April 2011 dari
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.dharmais.co.id/new/content.php?page=article&lang=%20en&id=15"><span lang="SV" style="color: black;">http://www.dharmais.co.id/new/content.php?page=article&lang=
en&id=15</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black;">Wikipedia
Indonesia. (2008). Kanker kulit. Diperoleh pada 6 April 2011 dari </span><span lang="SV"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.com/"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.wikipedia.com</span></a></span></div>
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18228973511970840301noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8551244121244247931.post-36257062674760539162012-04-15T18:21:00.001+07:002012-04-15T21:14:37.818+07:00KONSEP DIRI<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1. LATAR BELAKANG</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Konsep diri adalah kesadaran akan pandangan , pendapat, penilaian, dan sikap seseorang terhadap dirinya sendiri yang meliputi fisik, diri pribadi, diri keluarga, diri sosial juga etika. Konsep diri mulai terbentuk dan berkembang begitu manusia lahir. Soeitoe menyatakan konsep diri seseorang terbentuk dari pengalaman sendiri dari uraian yang diberikan oleh orang lain tentang dirinya. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengalaman sendiri dan informasi dari lingkungan terintegrasi kedalam konsep diri. Konsep diri merupakan faktor bawaan tapi dibentuk dan berkembang melalui proses belajar yaitu dari pengalaman-pengalaman individu dalam interaksinya dengan orang lain. Individu dengan konsep diri yang tinggi lebih banyak memiliki pengalaman yang menyenangkan dari pada individu dengan konsep diri yang rendah.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pada hakikatnya konsep diri adalah semuaa persepsi kita terhadap aspek diri yang meliputi aspek fisik, aspek sosial dan aspek psikologis yang didasarkan pada pengalaaman dan interaksi kita dengan orang lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Konsep merupakan bagian inti dari pengalaman individu yang secara perlahan-lahan dibedakan dan disimbolisasikan sebagai bayangan tentang diri yang mengatakan. Jadi, konsep diri adalah kesadaran batin yang tetap, mengenai pengalaman yang berhubungan dengan aku dan membedakan aku dari aku yang bukan aku.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sedangkan Harga diri, adalah merupakan penilaian individu terhadap kehormatan dirinya, yang diekspresikan melalui sikap terhadap dirinya yang sifatnya implisit dan tidak diverbalisasikkan.</span></div>
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<span class="style4"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Harga diri itu sendiri mengandung arti suatu hasil penilaian individu terhadap dirinya yang diungkapkan dalam sikap-sikap yang dapat bersifat positif dan negatif.</span></span></div>
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<span class="style4"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Harga diri memiliki beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhinya yaitu pengalaman, pola asuh, lingkungan dan sosial ekonomi. Sedangkan harga diri seseorang dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor yaitu faktor internal dan eksternal.</span></span></div>
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<span class="style4"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Harga diri sendiri ada juga memiliki </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">apa yang dimaksud dengan harga diri rendah, yang dimaksud dengan harga diri rendah adalah keadaan dimana individu mengalami evaluasi diri yang negatif mengenai diri atau kemampuan diri. Dari pendapat-pendapat diatas dapat dibuat kesimpulan, harga diri rendah adalah suatu perasaan negatif terhadap diri sendiri, hilangnya kepercayaan diri,dan gagal mencapai tujuan yang diekspresikan secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, penurunan harga diri ini dapat bersifat situasional maupun kronis atau menahun.</span></span></div>
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<span class="fullpost"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sedangkan ideal diri adalah persepsi individu tentang bagaaimaanaa ia harus berprilaku dan mulai berkembang. </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ideal diri sendiri terbentuk melalui proses identifikasi pada orang disekitarnya. Ideal diri sendiri membutuhkan penyesuaian diri dimana penyesuaian diri merupakan faktor yang penting dalam kehidupan manusia dan merupakan suatu proses dinamik terus menerus yang bertujuan untuk merubah kelakuan guna mendapatkan hubungan yang lebih serasi antara diri dan lingkungan.</span></span></div>
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<span class="fullpost"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Yang duimaksud dengan gambaran diri adalah gambaran orang bentuk dan orang percayai tentang orang tersebut dan gambaran diri sendiri dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor .</span></span></div>
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<span class="fullpost"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika gambaran diri mengalami perubahan maka yang berubah itu adalah sikap individu tubuhnya baik secra sadar maupun tidak sadar. </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sikap ini mencakup persepsi dan perasaan tentang ukuran, bentuk, fungsi penampilan dan potensi tubuh saat ini dan masa lalu yang secara berkesinambungan dimodifikasi dengan pengalaman baru setiap individu.</span><span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi kita harus mengubah pandangan terhadap diri sendiri. Jika kita tidak memulai menghargai diri kita, orang lain juga tidak akan menghargai kita. Terima keberadaan diri kita, jangan terpaku pada pendapat orang lain untuk membentuk gambar diri kita. Jadilah diri sendiri dan percaya bahwa kita adalah manusia unik ciptaan Tuhan yang diberi kemampuan dan kelebihan untuk dapat menjalani hidup ini dengan sukses. Dengan mempunyai gambar diri yang baik, kita memberi nilai yang tinggi kepada diri sendiri. Saat kita sudah melakukan hal ini, lihatlah bagaimana orang lain (juga kita sendiri) melihat diri secara lebih baik.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ada juga yang dimaksud dengan Identitas diri dimana identitas diri merupakan kesadaran akan diri sendiri yang bersumber dari observasi dan penilaian yang merupakan sintesa dari semua aspek konsep diri sendiri sebagai satu kesatuan yang utuh.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dan yang terakhir adalah peran, dimana peran adalah pola perilaku,sikap,nilai dan aspirasi yang diharapkan individu Setiap individu disibukkan oleh berbagai macam peran yang terkait dengan posisinya pada setiap saat, selama ia masih hidup, misalnya peran sebagai anak, istri, suami, ayah, mahasisiwa, perawat, dokter,dosen,dll</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Atau Peran adalah suatu pola sikap, nilai dan tujuan yang diharapkan dari seseorang yang berdasarkan posisinya dimasyarakat. Sementara untuk posisi tersebut merupakan identifikasi dari status atau tempat seseorang dalam suatu sistim sosial dan merupakan perwujudan aktualisasi diri. Peran juga diartikan sebagai serangkaian perilaku yang diharapkan oleh lingkungan sosial berhubungan dengan fungsi individu dalam berbagai kelompok sosial.</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2. TUJUAN PENULISAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep diri bertujuan agar kita Mempunyai penerimaan diri yang baik, kita dapat Mengenal diri kita sendiri denagan dengan baik. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat memahami dan menerima fakta-fakta yang nyata tentang diri kita,. Mampu menghargai diri kita sendiri sendiri. Mengajarkan kita untuk menerima dan memberikan pujian secara wajar. Mau memperbaiki diri kearah yang lebih baik lagi Dan kita dapat menempatkan diri kita didalam lingkungan.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan harga diri bertujuan agar kita dapat memahaami dan mengerti apa yang maksud dengan harga diri. Dimana mengetahui penilaian tentang pencapaian diri dengan menganalisa seberapa jauh perilaku sesuai dengan ideal diri.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan juga dapat mengetahui bahwa Harga diri bukan merupakan faktor bawaan tetapi dapat dibangun / ditingkatkan melalui proses belajar melalui interaksi individu dengan lingkungan sekitarnya dalam bentuk umpan balik yang diterima dari orang-orang yang berarti bagi individu. Kemauan untuk mengevaluasi kembali kepercayaan seseorang tentang diri sendiri merupakan langkah awal terhadap pertumbuhan dalam menghargai dirinya.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan mengetahui hubungan prilaku harga diri baik secara subjektif maupun objektif. Ideal diri sendiri bertujuan Agar individu mampu berfungsi dan mendemonstrasikan kecocokan antara persepsi diri dan ideal diri. Ideal diri ini hendaknya ditetapkan tidak terlalu tinggi, tetapi masih lebih tinggi dari kemampuan agar tetap menjadi pendorong dan masih dapat dicapai.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambaran diri bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi bagian tubuh individu sejak lahir supaya mampu, menerima stimulus dari orang lain, kemudian mulai memanipulasi lingkungan dan mulai sadar dirinya terpisah dari lingkungan. Gambaran diri ( Body Image ) berhubungan dengan kepribadian. Cara individu memandang dirinya mempunyai dampak yang penting pada aspek psikologinya. Pandangan yang realistis terhadap dirinya manarima dan mengukur bagian tubuhnya akan lebih rasa aman, sehingga terhindar dari rasa cemas dan meningkatkan harga diri.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cintra diri dalam rencana masa depan dimana <span class="alignjustify">Gambaran diri dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, antara lain: kebutuhan, kepekaan tubuh dan bahasa tubuh, konflik yang dialami, kritik, motivasi, peran, perasaan, kepercayaan diri, prasangka, rasa takut, tingkah laku, dan umpan balik. Diaman faktor-faktor ini sangat berpengaruh dalam citra/gambaran diri.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Identitas diri secara individu dapat ditandai dengan Memandang dirinya secara unik, Merasakan dirinya berbeda dengan orang lain, Merasakan otonomi yang meliputi menghargai diri, percaya diri, mampu diri, menerima diri dan dapat mengontrol diri. Mempunyai persepsi tentang gambaran diri, peran dan konsep diri.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran bertujuan untuk berbagai macam peran, seperti guru, perawat, dosen dll. Dan juga untuk mengetahui suatu pola sikap, nilai dan tujuan yang diharapkan dari seseorang yang berdasarkan posisinya dimasyarakat.</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3. MANFAAT PENULISAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan kita mempelajari Konsep diri kita dapat mengetahui Hal-hal yang berhubungan dengaan kualitas dan ablilitas yang memainkan peranan penting dalam penyesuaian dalam kehidupan, seperti keberanian, kejujuran,kemandirian, kepercayaan diri, aspirasi dan kemampuan diri dari tipe-tipe yang berbeda.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita juga dapat mempelajari tentang karakteristik seseorang yang mempunyai konsep diri secara postif maupun negative.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita juga dapat memahami semua hal yang mempelajari konsep diri.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberi pengetahuan tentang Konsep psikologi</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan mempelajari Harga diri kita dapat bagaimana cara meningkatkan harga diri.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita akan dapat mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi harga diri, yang mempengaruhi harga diri dan mengetahui faktor-faktor harga diri yang ada pada diri seseorang.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberi pengetahuan tentang pengertian harga diri rendah, tanda dan gejala harga diri dan hal yang menyebabkan terjdinya harga diri rendah.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui bahwa individu mampu berfungsi dan mendemonstrasikan kecocokan antara persepsi diri dan ideal diri dan Ideal diri ini hendaknya ditetapkan tidak terlalu tinggi, tetapi masih lebih tinggi dari kemampuan agar tetap menjadi pendorong dan masih dapat dicapai.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahuai apa yang dimaksud dengan gambaran diri.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita bisa mengtahui Banyak Faktor dapat yang mempengaruhi gambaran diri seseorang, seperti, munculnya Stresor yang dapat menggangu integrasi gambaran diri. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stresor-stresor tersebut dapat berupa.</span></div>
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<span class="alignjustify"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui <span class="alignjustify">Hal-hal penting yang terkait dengan perubahan gambaran diri.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">12.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak mengetahui Faktor dapat yang mempengaruhi gambaran diri seseorang, seperti, munculnya Stresor yang dapat menggangu integrasi gambaran diri.13</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">13.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita juga dapat mengetahui bahwaManusia adalah ciptaan Tuhan yang terbaik, tersempurna, teristimewa, dan terunik. Namun, kadang-kadang kita tidak sadar akan nilai diri kita. Sering kali kita salah berpikir seperti “Saya adalah seperti yang orang lain katakan tentang saya” ,. Citra diri atau gambar diri yang tidak benar akan membuat kita tidak menjadi manusia yang utuh serta menghambat hubungan kita dengan sesama. Padahal sebagai makhluk sosial, kita harus berinteraksi dengan makhluk hidup yang lain. </span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">14.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui bahwa</span><span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai diri kita berkaitan erat dengan cara kita memandang diri sendiri dan bagaimana kita berpikir tentang penilaian orang lain terhadap diri kita. Kadang kita terlalu terpaku pada pendapat umum. Misalnya pendapat bahwa anak yang patut dibanggakan adalah anak yang mempunyai prestasi belajar di bidang akademis, padahal prestasi dapat diperoleh dari bidang-bidang lainnya; seperti seni atau olahraga.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">15.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="alignjustify"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita akan mengetahui bahwa Gambaran diri dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, antara lain: kebutuhan, kepekaan tubuh dan bahasa tubuh, konflik yang dialami, kritik, motivasi, peran, perasaan, kepercayaan diri, prasangka, rasa takut, tingkah laku, dan umpan balik.</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span class="alignjustify"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">16.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat mengetahui <span class="alignjustify">Kebutuhan Setiap manusia yang ingin hidup dalam keadaan nyaman dan tentram, seimbang antara jasmaniah dan rohaniah.</span></span></div>
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<span class="alignjustify"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">17.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="alignjustify"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan pengetahuan terhadap Kepekaan Tubuh dan Bahasa Tubuh.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">18.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat mengetahui bahwa Karakteristik identitas diri dapat dimunculkan dari prilaku dan perasaan seseorang dan <span style="color: #222222;">Penggolongan atau klasifikasi gangguan kepribadian.</span> Gambar diri adalah gambaran yang kita bentuk dan kita percayai tentang diri kita. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">19.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disini kita dapat mempelajari tentang pengertian peran, penampilan peran, faktor-faktor penyesuaian peran.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">20.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita dapat mengetahui apaa yang dimaksud dengan perubahan peran, tanda dan gejala, konflik peran dan terakhir transisi peran.</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4. METODE PENULISAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;">Tugas ini diselasaikan dengan metode pengumpulan data dari berbagai macam sumber yang relevan dengan materi ini.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN KONSEP DIRI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1. PENGERTIAN KONSEP DIRI</span></b></div>
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Menurut Para Ahli adalah sebagai berikut :</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Burns (dalam Pudjijogyanti, 1993)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep diri adalah hubungan antara sikap dan keyakinan tentang diri kita sendiri.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Rini (dalam Pudjijogyanti 2004)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep diri diartikan keyakinan, pandangan atau penilaian seseorang terhadap dirinya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Cawagas (dalam Pudjijogyanti, 1993)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep diri mencangkup seluruh pandangan individu akan dimensi fisik, karakteristik pribadi, motivasi, kelemahan, kepandaian, kegagalan dan lain sebagainya..</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut William D Brooks (dalam Rahmat, 2003)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Konsep diri sebagai “ those physical, social, and psychological perceptions of ourselves that we have derived from experiences and our interaction with others”. Jadi, konsep diri adalah pandangan perasaan tentang diri kita. Persepsi tentang diri ini boleh bersifat psikologi, sosial dan fisik.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Pietrosefa (2002)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pietrosefa memberikan gambaran mengenai konsep diri yang diadaptasikan oleh Mappiarre yaitu ;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimensi Pertama Citra Diri, yaitu diri dilihat oleh diri sendiri</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimensi Kedua Ctra Diri, y</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">aitu dilihat oleh orang lain, persepsi orang lain terhadap dirinya..</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimensi Ketiga Citra Diri, yaitu diri mengacu pada tipe-tipe orang yang saya kehendaki tentang diri saya (ideal self).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Hurlock (1999)</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Konsep diri menyangkut gambaran fisik dan psikologis. Aspek fisik berkaitan dengan tampang atau penampakan lahiriah (appearance) anak, yang menyangkut kemenarikan dan ketidak menarikan diri dan cocok atau tidaknya jenis kelamin dan pentingnya bagian-bagian tubuh berbeda serta prestise yang ada pada dirinya.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Sedangkan Konsep diri yang bersifat psikologis berdasarkan pikiran, perasaan dan emosional. Hal ini berhubungan dengaan kualitas dan abilitas yang memainkan peranan penting dalam penyesuaian dalam kehidupan, seperti keberanian, kejujuran, kemandirian, kepercayaan diri, aspirasi dan kemampuan diri dari tipe-tipe yang berbeda, yaitu:</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep diri merupakan gambaran yang dimiliki individu tentang dirinya, meliputi karakteristik fisik, sosial, psikologis, emosional, aspirsi daan prestasi ( Hurlock).</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep diri adalah pandangan dan perasaan individu tentang dirinya sendiri yang dapat bersifat psikiologis, sosial dan fisik (Brooks).</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep diri adalah pengetahuan dan evaluasi terhadap diri sendiri yang diperoleh melalui pengalaman dari interaksi dengan orang lain (burns).</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep diri mulai terbentuk dan berkembang begitu manusia lahir. Soeitoe menyatakan konsep diri seseorang terbentuk dari pengalaman sendiri dari uraian yang diberikan oleh orang lain tentang dirinya. Pengalaman sendiri dan informasi dari lingkungan terintegrasi kedalam konsep diri.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep diri merupakan faktor bawaan tapi dibentuk dan berkembang melalui proses belajar yaitu dari pengalaman-pengalaman individu dalam interaksinya dengan orang lain. Individu dengan konsep diri yang tinggi lebih banyak memiliki pengalaman yang menyenangkan dari pada individu dengan konsep diri yang rendah.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari beberapa pendapat di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa konsep diri adalah kesadaran akan pandangan , pendapat, penilaian, dan sikap seseorang terhadap dirinya sendiri yang meliputi fisik, diri pribadi, diri keluarga, diri sosial juga etika.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2. KOMPONEN KONSEP DIRI</span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen-komponen konsep diri menurut Hurlock (1976) antara lain :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The Perceptual Component</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambaran dan kesan seseorang tentang penampilan tubuhnya dan kesan yang dibuat pada orang lain atau sering disebut konsep diri fisik. Tercangkup didalamnya gambaran yang dipunyai seseorang tentang daya tarik tubuhnya (attractiveness) dan keserasian jenis kelamin (sex apporiateness). Komponen ini sering disebut physical self concept.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The Conseptual Component</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan tentang karakteristik yang berbeda dengan orang lain baik tentang dengan kemampuan dan kekurangnya serta disusun dari kualitas penyesuaian hidupnya tentang kepercayaan diri tergantung keberanian, kegagalan dan kelemahan. Komponen ini sering disebut psychological self concept.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The Attitudinal Component</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perasaan tentang kebangaan dan rasa malunya. Yang termasuk dalam komponen ini adalah keyakinan nilai, aspirasi dan komitmen yang membentuk dirinya.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan menurut Pudjijogyanti (1988), Komponen-komponen konsep diri ada dua yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen Kognitif</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen kognitif merupakan pengetahuan individu tentang keadaan dirinya. Misalnya “ saya anak bodoh “ atau “ siapa saya “. Jadi komponen kognitif merupakan penjelasan dari “siapa saya” yang akan member gambaran tentang diri saya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambaran diri ( self-picture ) tersebut akaan membentuk citra diri ( self-image ).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen Afektif </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen afektif merupakan penilaian individu terhadap diri. penilaian tersebut akan membentuk penerimaan terhadap diri ( self acceptance ), serta harga diri ( self-esteem) individu.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3. CIRI – CIRI KONSEP DIRI YANG POSITIF DAN NEGATIF</span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut William D.Brooks (dalam Rahkmat, 2005:105) bahwa dalam menilai dirinya seseorang ada yang menilai positif dan ada yang menilai negatif. Maksudnya individu tersebut ada yang mempunyai konsep diri yang positif dan ada yang mempunyai konsep diri yang negatif. </span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda-tanda individu yang memiliki konsep diri yang positif adalah : </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ia yakin akan kemampuan dalam mengatasi masalah. Orang ini mempunyai rasa percaya diri sehingga merasa mampu dan yakin untuk mengatasi masalah yang dihadapi, tidak lari dari masalah, dan percaya bahwa setiap masalah pasti ada jalan keluarnya. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ia merasa setara dengan orang lain. Ia selalu merendah diri, tidak sombong, mencela atau meremehkan siapapun, selalu menghargai orang lain. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ia menerima pujian tanpa rasa malu. Ia menerima pujian tanpa rasa malu tanpa menghilangkan rasa merendah diri, jadi meskipun ia menerima pujian ia tidak membanggakan dirinya apalagi meremehkan orang lain. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ia menyadari bahwa setiap orang mempunyai berbagai perasaan dan keinginan serta perilaku yang tidak seharusnya disetujui oleh masyarakat. Ia peka terhadap perasaan orang lain sehingga akan menghargai perasaan orang lain meskipun kadang tidak di setujui oleh masyarakat.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ia mampu memperbaiki karena ia sanggup mengungkapkan aspek-aspek kepribadian tidak disenangi dan berusaha mengubahnya. Ia mampu untuk mengintrospeksi dirinya sendiri sebelum menginstrospeksi orang lain, dan mampu untuk mengubahnya menjadi lebih baik agar diterima di lingkungannya. Dasar konsep diri positif adalah penerimaan diri. Kualitas ini lebih mengarah kekerendahan hati dan kekedermawanan dari pada keangkuhan dan keegoisan. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang yang mengenal dirinya dengan baik merupakan orang yang mempunyai konsep diri yang positif. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut hamachek (dalam Rahmat, 2000) menyebutkan 11 karakteristik orang yang mempunyai konsep diri positif :</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meyakini betul nilai-nilai dan prinsip-prinsip tertentu serta bersedia mempertahankannya, walaupun menghadapi pendapat kelompok yang kuat. Tapi ia juga merasa dirinya cukup tangguh untuk merubah prinsip-prinsip itu bila pengalaman dan bukti-bukti baru menunjukkan ia salah.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mampu bertindak berdasarkan penelitian yang baik tanpa merasa bersalah yang berlebih-lebihan atau menyesali tindakannya jika orang lain tidak menyetujui tindakannya.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak menghabiskan waktu yang tidak perlu untuk mencemaskan apa yang terjadi besok, apa yang telah terjadi waktu yang lalu dan apa yang sedang terjadi waktu sekarang.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki keyakinan pada kemampuannya untuk mengatasi persoalan, bahkan ketika ia akan menghadapi kegagalan atau kemunduran.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merasa sama dengan orang lain, sebagai manusia tidak tinggi atau rendah, walaupun terdapat perbedaan dalam kemampuan tertentu, latar belakang keluarga atau sikap orang lain terhadapnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sanggup menerima dirinya sebagai orang penting dan benilai bagi orang lain, paling tidak bagi orang-orang yang ia pilih sebagai sahabatnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat menerima pujian tanpa berpuar-pura rendah hati dan menerima penghargaan tanpa merasa bersalah.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cenderung menolak usaha orang lain untuk mendominasinya.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sanggup mengaku kepada orang lain bahwa ia mampu merasa berbagai dorongan dan keinginan, dari persaan marah sampai cinta, dari sedih sampai bahagia, dari kekecewaan yang mendalam sampai kepuaasan yang mendalam pula.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mampu menikmati dirinya secara utuh dalam berbagai kegiatan yang meliputi pekrjaan, permainan, ungkapan diri yang kreatif, persahabatan atau sekedar mengisi waktu.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peka pada kebutuhan orang lain, pada kebiasaan sosial yang telah diterima dan terutama sekali pada gagasan bahwa ia tidak bisa bersenang-senang dengan mengorbankan orang lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan tanda-tanda individu yang memiliki konsep diri negatif menurut William D.Brooks (dalam Rahkmat, 2005:105) adalah : </span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ia peka terhadap kritik. Orang ini sangat tidak tahan kritik yang diterimanya dan mudah marah atau naik pitam, hal ini berarti dilihat dari faktor yang mempengaruhi dar individu tersebut belum dapat mengendalikan emosinya, sehingga kritikan dianggap sebagi hal yang salah. Bagi orang seperti ini koreksi sering dipersepsi sebagai usaha untuk menjatuhkan harga dirinya. Dalam berkomunikasi orang yang memiliki konsep diri negatif cenderung menghindari dialog yang terbuka, dan bersikeras mempertahankan pendapatnya dengan berbagai logika yang keliru.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ia responsif sekali terhadap pujian. Walaupun ia mungkin berpura-pura menghindari pujian, ia tidak dapat menyembunyikan antusiasmenya pada waktu menerima pujian. Buat orang seperti ini, segala macam embel-embel yang menjunjung harga dirinya menjadi pusat perhatian. Bersamaan dengan kesenangannya terhadap pujian, merekapun hiperkritis terhadap orang lain. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ia cenderung bersikap hiperkritis. Ia selalu mengeluh, mencela atau meremehkan apapun dan siapapun. Mereka tidak pandai dan tidak sanggup mengungkapkan penghargaan atau pengakuan pada kelebihan orang lain. </span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ia cenderung merasa tidak disenangi oleh orang lain. Ia merasa tidak diperhatikan, karena itulah ia bereaksi pada orang lain sebagai musuh, sehingga tidak dapat melahirkan kehangatan dan keakraban persahabatan, berarti individu tersebut merasa rendah diri atau bahkan berperilaku yang tidak disenangi, misalkan membenci, mencela atau bahkan yang melibatkan fisik yaitu mengajak berkelahi (bermusuhan).</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ia bersikap psimis terhadap kompetisi. Hal ini terungkap dalam keengganannya untuk bersaing dengan orang lain dalam membuat prestasi. Ia akan menganggap tidak akan berdaya melawan persaingan yang merugikan dirinya.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4. PEMBENTUKAN KONSEP DIRI</span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Konsep diri tidak dibawa sejak lahir tetapi secara bertahap sedikit demi sedikit timbul sejalan dengan berkembangnya kemampuan persepsi individu. Konsep diri manusia terbentuk melalui proses belajar sejak masa pertumbuhan seseorang dari kecil hingga dewasa. Bayi yang baru lahir tidak memiliki konsep diri karena tidak dapat membedakan antara dirinya dengan lingkungannya.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Menurut Allport (dalam skripsi Darmayekti, 2006), bayi yang baru lahir tidak mengetahui tentang dirinya.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Rahmat (2000), menjelaskan bahwa konsep diri bukan hanya sekedar gambaran deskriptif, tapi juga penilaian diri anda tentang diri anda. Jadi konsep diri meliputi apa yang anda pikirkan dan apa yang anda rasakan tentang diri anda. Adanya proses perkembangan konsep diri menunjukkan bahwa konsep diri seseorang tidak lansung dan menetap, tetapi merupakan suatu keadaan yang mempunyai proses pembentukan dan masih dapat berubah.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Konsep diri terbentuk melalui proses belajar sejak masa pertumbuhan seorang manusia dari kecil hingga dewasa. Lingkungan, pengalaman dan pola asuh orang tua turut memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap konsep diri yang terbentuk.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Sikap atau respon orang tua dan lingkungan akan menjadi bahan informasi bagi anak untuk menilai siapa dirinya. Oleh karna itu, sering kali anak-anak yang tumbuh dan dibesarkan dalam pola asuh yang keliru dan negative atau pun lingkunganya yang kurang mendukung, cenderung mempunyai konsep diri yang negative. </span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Hal ini disebabkan sikap orang tua yang misalnya : suka memukul, mengabaikan, kurang memperhatikan, melecehkan, menghina, bersikap tidak adil, tidak pernah memuji, suka marah-marah dsb. Hal ini dianggap sebagai hukuman akibat kekurangan , kesalahan atau pun kebodohan dirinya.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Jadi anak menilai dirinya berdasarkan apa yang dia alami dan dapatkan dari lingkungan. Jika lingkungan memberikan sikap yang baik dan positif, maka anak akan merasa dirinya cukup berharga sehingga tumbuhlah konsep diri yang positif.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Konsep ini mempunyai sifat yang dinamis, artinya tidak luput dari perubahan. Ada aspek-aspek yang bisa bertahan dalam jangka waktu tertentu, namun ada pula yang mudah sekali berubah sesuai dengan situasi sesaat. Misalnya, seorang merasa dirinya pandai dan selalu berhasil mendapatkan nilai baik, namun suatu ketika dia mendapat angka merah. Biasanya saja jadi merasa “bodoh”, namun karena dasar keyakinan yang positif, ia berusaha memperbaiki nilai.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5. SIKAP ORANG TUA YANG NEGATIF</span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun sikap orang tua yang negative adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kenakalan orang tua dalam ikatan keluarga</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya seperti : Suka berkata kasar, suka menhujat, memaki, mengajari anak untuk melakukan perlawanan ketika anak diganggu orang lain, suka menyakiti anak secara fisik dan psikis, merokok seenaknya didepan anak-anak, masalah akhlak dll.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kenakalan orang tua di masyarakat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh seperti : Menciptakan suasana yang tidak produktif (bapak-bapaknya), misalnya waktu pagi, siang dan malam suka nongkrong sambil main gaple atau main catur, walau tidak pakai uang, ini sama saja artinya tidak menjaga kehormatan diri, apalagi kehormatan keluarganya (istri dan anak-anaknya). Sedangkan yang ibu-ibunya sukaa ngumpul sambil menghiba atau memfitnah, menhambur-hamburkan uang dengan gaya hidup yang konsmtif yaitu di mall atau supermarket dan bergaya hidup mewah. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyediakan sarana kemaksiatan, ini misalnya, jadi Bandar narkoba, jadi Bandar judi, menyediakan tempat hiburaan (diskotik).</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan yang lalai, ini ini bisa kita lihat di sekolah atau di kampus, padahal lembaga pendidikan adalah tempat yang aman untuk menimba ilmu pen getahuan atau belajar, tapi kenyataannya banyak pendidikan yang memberikan contoh yang tidak baik pada anak didiknya, misalnya melakukan perbuatan asusila, menganiaya anak didiknya secara fisik, menjual ilmu demi keuntungan materi atau sering melakukan dosa pendidikan.</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjadi pemilik media massa (baik cetak maupun elektronik : Koran, majalah, tabloid, radio, televisi, dan juga internet).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kenakalan orang tua di pemerintah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh seperti : Suka korupsi, mengambil kebijakan menaikkan biaya pendidikan, menaikkan harga BBM, mahalnya biaya kesehatan, suka membuat janji-janji tapi lalu melupakannya, suka melakukan pungli atau suap-menyuap.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suka melanggengkan kemaksiatan, member izin untuk usaha prostitusi/lokalisasi, perjudian, tempat diskotik, pabrik minuman keras denagn dalih besar pemasukannya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menutup mata terhadap problem yang diakibatkan usaha prostitusi, perjudian, narkoba, peredaran minuman keras, diskotik dll. Menerapkan aturan kehidupan yang tidak benar dan tidak baik, yakni Kapitalisme-Sekularisme (termasuk juga Sosialisme-Komunisme).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">2.6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span lang="SV">FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KONSEP DIRI</span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Stuart dan Sudeen ada beberapa faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan konsep diri. Faktor-foktor tersebut terdiri dari teori perkembangan, Significant Other (orang yang terpenting atau yang terdekat) dan Self Perception (persepsi diri sendiri).</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori perkembangan.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep diri belum ada waktu lahir, kemudian berkembang secara bertahap sejak lahir seperti mulai mengenal dan membedakan dirinya dan orang lain. Dalam melakukan kegiatannya memiliki batasan diri yang terpisah dari lingkungan dan berkembang melalui kegiatan eksplorasi lingkungan melalui bahasa, pengalaman atau pengenalan tubuh, nama panggilan, pangalaman budaya dan hubungan interpersonal, kemampuan pada area tertentu yang dinilai oleh diri sendiri atau masyarakat serta aktualisasi diri dengan merealisasi potensi yang nyata.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Significant Other ( orang yang terpenting atau yang terdekat )</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimana konsep diri dipelajari melalui kontak dan pengalaman dengan orang lain, belajar diri sendiri melalui cermin orang lain yaitu dengan cara pandangan diri merupakan interprestasi diri pandangan orang lain terhadap diri, anak sangat dipengaruhi orang yang dekat, remaja dipengaruhi oleh orang lain yang dekat dengan dirinya, pengaruh orang dekat atau orang penting sepanjang siklus hidup, pengaruh budaya dan sosialisasi.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Self Perception ( persepsi diri sendiri )</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu persepsi individu terhadap diri sendiri dan penilaiannya, serta persepsi individu terhadap pengalamannya akan situasi tertentu. Konsep diri dapat dibentuk melalui pandangan diri dan pengalaman yang positif. Sehingga konsep merupakan aspek yang kritikal dan dasar dari prilaku individu. Individu dengan konsep diri yang positif dapat berfungsi lebih efektif yang dapat berfungsi lebih efektif yang dapat dilihat dari kemampuan interpersonal, kemampuan intelektual dan penguasaan lingkungan. Sedangkan konsep diri yang negatif dapat dilihat dari hubungan individu dan sosial yang terganggu.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi pembentukan dan perkembangan konsep diri, antara lain:</span></div>
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a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-weight: normal;">Usia</span></b><b><span lang="SV"><br />
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV"> </span></b><span lang="SV"> Konsep diri terbentuk seiring dengan bertambahnya usia, dimana perbedaan ini lebih banyak berhubungan dengan tugas-tugas perkembangan. </span>Pada masa kanak-kanak, konsep diri seseorang menyangkut hal-hal disekitar diri dan keluarganya. Pada masa remaja, konsep diri sangat dipengaruhi oleh teman sebaya dan orang yang dipujanya. Sedangkan remaja yang kematangannya terlambat, yang diperlakukan seperti anak-anak, merasa tidak dipahami sehingga cenderung berperilaku kurang dapat menyesuaikan diri. Sedangkan masa dewasa konsep dirinya sangat dipengaruhi oleh status sosial dan pekerjaan, dan pada usia tua konsep dirinya lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh keadaan fisik, perubahan mental maupun sosial (Syaiful, 2008).</div>
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b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Inteligensi</span></b><br />
Inteligensi mempengaruhi penyesuaian diri seseorang terhadap lingkungannya, orang lain dan dirinya sendiri. Semakin tinggi taraf intreligensinya semakain baik penyesuaian dirinya dan lebih mampu bereaksi terhadap rangsangan lingkungan atau orang lain dengan cara yang dapat diterima. <span lang="SV">Hal ini jelas akan meningkatkan konsep dirinya, demikian pula sebaliknya (Syaiful, 2008).</span></div>
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c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-weight: normal;">Pendidikan</span></b><b><span lang="SV"><br />
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV"> </span></b><span lang="SV">Seseorang yang mempunyai tingkat pendidikan yang tinggi akan meningkatkan prestisenya. Jika prestisenya meningkat maka konsep dirinya akan berubah (Syaiful, 2008).</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-weight: normal;">Status Sosial </span></b>Ekonomi</li>
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Status<span lang="SV"> sosial seseorang mempengaruhi bagaimana penerimaan orang lain terhadap dirinya. Penerimaan lingkungan dapat mempengaruhi konsep diri seseorang. Penerimaan lingkungan terhadap seseorang cenderung didasarkan pada status sosial ekonominya. Maka dapat dikatakan individu yang status sosialnya tinggi akan mempunyai konsep diri yang lebih positif dibandingkan individu yang status sosialnya rendah.Hal ini didukung oleh penelitian Rosenberg terhadap anak-anak dari ekonomi sosial tinggi menunjukkan bahwa mereka memiliki konsep diri yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan anak-anak yang berasal dari status ekonomi rendah. Hasilnya adalah 51 % anak dari ekonomi tinggi mempunyai konsep diri yang tinggi. Dan hanya 38 % anak dari tingkat ekonomi rendah memiliki tingkat konsep diri yang tinggi (dalam Skripsi Darmayekti, 2006:21).</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Seseorang yang mempunyai hubungan yang erat dengan seorang anggota keluarga akan mengidentifikasikan diri dengan orang lain dan ingin mengembangkan pola kepribadian yang sama. </span>Bila tokoh ini sesama jenis, maka akan tergolong untuk mengembangkan konsep diri yang layak untuk jenis seksnya.<b><span lang="SV"></span></b></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Orang </span></b>Lain</li>
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Kita mengenal diri kita dengan mengenal orang lain terlebih dahulu. Bagaimana anda mengenal diri saya, akan membentuk konsep diri saya. Sullivan (dalam Rakhmat, 2005:101) menjelaskan bahwa individu diterima orang lain, dihormati dan disenangi karena keadaan dirinya, individu akan cenderung bersikap menghormati dan menerima dirinya. Sebaliknya, bila orang lain selalu meremehkan dirinya, menyalahkan dan menolaknya, ia akan cenderung tidak akan menyenangi dirinya.</div>
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Miyamoto dan Dornbusch (dalam Rakhmat, 2005:101) mencoba mengkorelasikan penilaian orang lain terhadap dirinya sendiri dengan skala lima angka dari yang palin jelek sampai yang paling baik. Yang dinilai adalah kecerdasan, kepercayaan diri, daya tarik fisik, dan kesukaan orang lain terhadap dirinya. Dengan skala yang sama mereka juga menilai orang lain. Ternyata, orang-orang yang dinilai baik oleh orang lain, cenderung memberikan skor yang tinggi juga dalam menilai dirinya. <span lang="SV">Artinya, harga diri sesuai dengan penilaian orang lain terhadap dirinya.</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Kelompok Rujukan (Reference Group)</span></b></li>
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Yaitu kelompok yang secara emosional mengikat individu, dan berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan konsep dirinya. </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">2.7. CARA MENGUBAH KONSEP DIRI</span></b><b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 16pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black;">2.7.1. Cara membina /merubah konsep diri:</span></u></b><u><span lang="PT-BR"></span></u></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT-BR">Menemukan hal2 positif & negatif pada dirinya</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Terbuka menerima pandangan orang lain mengenai dirinya</span></li>
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<b><u><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black;">2.7.2. Salah satu cara membuka diri( T. Jendela Johari)</span></u></b><u><span lang="PT-BR"></span></u></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Bagian yang terbuka dari diri kita (positif/negatif) berdasarkan pendangan sendiri maupun orang lain</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">bagian yang tersembunyi dari diri kita (Positif/Negatif) yang disembunyikan, sehingga orang lain tidak dapat melihatnya ( misalnya sikap curiga, penakut )</span></li>
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Untuk membentuk Konsep Diri menjadi lebih baik lagi, maka lebih dulu Anda harus mengetahui hal apa yang mempengaruhi Konsep Diri. <span lang="SV">Anda harus tahu bahwa konsep diri dipengaruhi oleh 3 hal, yaitu:</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Cita-cita Diri</span></li>
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<span lang="SV">Cita-cita Diri adalah keinginan untuk mencapai sesuatu tujuan / keinginan pribadi, dan itu sangat dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan sekitar Anda, orang tua, teman ataupun tetangga. Hal ini biasanya akan sangat kuat pengaruhnya terhadap Anda di masa depan. </span><span lang="PT-BR">Seringkali terjadi bahwa cita-cita diri Anda bukanlah merupakan cita-cita pribadi Anda. Tetapi karena itu sudah terjadi dan Anda jalani saat ini, tidaklah mungkin mengubah secara fisik apa yang saat ini sudah terjadi. Misalnya, Anda tidak ada cita-cita untuk menjadi seorang dokter, tetapi karena orang tua Anda sangat menginginkan punya anak seorang dokter, maka akhirnya di dalam perjalanan pendidikan Anda sudah terarah untuk menjadi dokter, dan menjadi kenyataannya sekarang. Nah, ini tidak mungkin Anda ubah secara fisik. Anda pasti ya tetap menjadi seorang dokter, insinyur atau guru dan lainnya lagi. </span><span lang="SV"></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT-BR">Citra Diri</span><span lang="SV"></span></li>
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<span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="PT-BR"> Bahwa kehidupan pribadi seseorang sangat dipengaruhi oleh sesuatu yang lebih prinsip, sesuatu dari dalam diri seseorang yang diyakini, yaitu Citra Diri. Citra Diri sebenarnya adalah “Konsepsi diri sendiri mengenai seperti apakah diri kita sebenarnya”.</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .5in left 45.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT-BR">Harga Diri</span></li>
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<span lang="PT-BR">Pengertian Harga Diri menurut beberapa ahli:</span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="PT-BR">Coopersmith (1967) dan Walgito (1991) merupakan suatu proses penilaian yang dilakukan oleh seseorang terhadap dirinya sendiri. Karena berkaitan dengan dirinya sendiri, penilaian tersebut biasanya mencerminkan penerimaan atau penolakan terhadap dirinya, menunjukkan seberapa jauh individu percaya bahwa dirinya mampu, penting, berhasil serta berharga.</span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="PT-BR">Menurut Branden (1987) harga diri merupakan aspek kepribadian yang paling penting dalam proses berpikir, tingkat emosi, keputusan yang diambil, nilai-nilai yang dianut serta penentuan tujuan hidup. Harga diri mencakup dua komponen yaitu perasaan akan kompetensi pribadi dan perasaan akan penghargaan diri pribadi. Seseorang akan menyadari dan menghargai dirinya jika ia mampu menerima diri pribadinya.</span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="PT-BR">Brehm dan Kassin (1990) menyatakan bahwa individu yang menilai dirinya baik umumnya bahagia, sehat, sukses, adaptif dalam situasi yang membuat stres. </span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN GAMBARAN DIRI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1. GAMBARAN DIRI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB">3.1.1. Pengertian Gambaran Diri</span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Menurut Robert Schuller memberikan definisi tentang gambar diri dengan berkata begini:<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“You are not what you think you are. You are not what other people think you are. You are what you think other people think you are.”</i></span></div>
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<span lang="FI">Terjemahan : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Kamu bukanlah apa yang kamu pikir tentang diri kamu. </i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV">Kamu juga bukanlah apa yang orang lain pikir tentang diri kamu. Kamu adalah apa yang kamu pikir orang lain pikir tentang diri kamu.”</span></i></div>
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<span lang="SV">Gambar diri adalah gambaran yang kita bentuk dan kita percayai tentang diri kita.</span><span lang="SV"> Sekalipun itu adalah hasil dari penilaian diri kita, tetapi penilaian tersebut sangat amat dipengaruhi oleh apa yang kita pikir adalah penilaian orang lain tentang diri kita. <u>Karena itu gambar diri adalah sesuatu yang subyektif (tergantung siapa yang melihat).</u> Mungkin saya melihat diri saya sebagai orang yang payah. Orang lain melihat saya belum tentu demikian. Tapi saya merasa bahwa orang lain melihat saya payah. Penilaian saya tentang diri saya menjadi benar (paling tidak buat saya) karena saya mempercayainya.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Gambaran diri adalah sikap seseorang terhadap tubuhnya secara sadar dan tidak sadar. Sikap ini mencakup persepsi dan perasaan tentang ukuran, bentuk, fungsi penampilan dan potensi tubuh saat ini dan masa lalu yang secara berkesinambungan dimodifikasi dengan pengalaman baru setiap individu (Stuart and Sundeen , 1991).</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Sejak lahir individu mengeksplorasi bagian tubuhnya, menerima stimulus dari orang lain, kemudian mulai memanipulasi lingkungan dan mulai sadar dirinya terpisah dari lingkungan ( Keliat ,1992 ). Gambaran diri ( Body Image ) berhubungan dengan kepribadian.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Cara individu memandang dirinya mempunyai dampak yang penting pada aspek psikologinya. Pandangan yang realistis terhadap dirinya manarima dan mengukur bagian tubuhnya akan lebih rasa aman, sehingga terhindar dari rasa cemas dan meningkatkan harga diri (Keliat, 1992).</span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> </span><span class="alignjustify"><span lang="FI">Jika kita bercermin, kita akan melihat diri kita sendiri. Namun. sebenamya tanpa cerminpun kita mempunyai gambaran atau pandangan tentang diri kita. Gambaran ini tidak begitu berpengaruh pada penampilan kita, tetapi lebih pada keseluruhan kepribadian kita.Penilaian dan gambaran diri, kita dapatkan dari hasil pengamatan pada tingkah laku dan kejadian yang kita alami, disamping berdasarkan umpan balik dari reaksi lingkungan di sekitar kita.Gambaran diri yang telah terbentuk, biasanya akan kita pertahan¬kan dan tidak mudah berubah, baik yang positif maupun yang negatif. Oleh karena itu, pengalaman diri atau kesadaran sangat berguna. Dengan kata lain, kita harus lebih berusaha menyadari perasaan-perasaan kita, juga bagaimana tindak¬an kita dalam situasi tertentu, ataupun terhadap orang lain (Yeni suryani : 2009).</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV">3.1.2. Faktor- faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Gambaran Diri</span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Banyak Faktor dapat yang mempengaruhi gambaran diri seseorang, seperti, munculnya Stresor yang dapat menggangu integrasi gambaran diri. Stresor-stresor tersebut dapat berupa :</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Operasi.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Seperti : mastektomi, amputasi ,luka operasi yang semuanya mengubah gambaran diri. Demikian pula tindakan koreksi seperti operasi plastik, protesa dan lain –lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kegagalan fungsi tubuh.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Seperti hemiplegi, buta, tuli dapat mengakibatkan depersonlisasi yaitu tadak mengkui atau asing dengan bagian tubuh, sering berkaitan dengan fungsi saraf.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Waham yang berkaitan dengan bentuk dan fungsi tubuh</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Seperti sering terjadi pada klie gangguan jiwa , klien mempersiapkan penampilan dan pergerakan tubuh sangat berbeda dengan kenyataan.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Tergantung pada mesin.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Seperti : klien intensif care yang memandang imobilisasi sebagai tantangan, akibatnya sukar mendapatkan informasi umpan balik engan penggunaan lntensif care dipandang sebagai gangguan.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Perubahan tubuh berkaitan</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Hal ini berkaitan dengan tumbuh kembang dimana seseorang akan merasakan perubahan pada dirinya seiring dengan bertambahnya usia. Tidak jarang seseorang menanggapinya dengan respon negatif dan positif. Ketidakpuasan juga dirasakan seseorang jika didapati perubahan tubuh yang tidak ideal.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Umpan balik interpersonal yang negative</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Umpan balik ini adanya tanggapan yang tidak baik berupa celaan, makian sehingga dapat membuat seseorang menarik diri.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Standard sosial budaya.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Hal ini berkaitan dengan kultur sosial budaya yang berbeda-setiap pada setiap orang dan keterbatasannya serta keterbelakangan dari budaya tersebut menyebabkan pengaruh pada gambaran diri individu, seperti adanya perasaan minder.</span></div>
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<span class="alignjustify">Gambaran diri dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, antara lain: kebutuhan, kepekaan tubuh dan bahasa tubuh, konflik yang dialami, kritik, motivasi, peran, perasaan, kepercayaan diri, prasangka, rasa takut, tingkah laku, dan umpan balik (Yeni suryani,2009).</span></span></div>
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<span class="alignjustify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2. PERUBAHAN GAMBARAN DIRI</span></b></span></div>
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<span class="alignjustify"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>3.2.1. Pengertian Perubahan Gambaran Diri</u></b></span></div>
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<span class="alignjustify"> Perubahan gambaran diri adalah sikap individu terhadap tubuhnya baik secara sadar maupun tidak sadar,meliputi:performance,potensi tubuh,fungsi tubuh,serta persepsi dan perasaan tentang ukuran dan bentuk tubuh.Hal-hal penting yang terkait dengan perubahan gambaran diri sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span class="alignjustify"><span lang="PT-BR">Fokus individu terhadap fisik lebih menonjol pada usia remaja.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span class="alignjustify"><span lang="PT-BR">Bentuk tubuh,TB dan BB serta tanda-tanda pertumbuhan kelamin sekunder(mamae,menstruasi,perubahan suara,pertumbuhan bulu,menjadi perubahan gambaran diri.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span class="alignjustify">Cara individu memandang diri berdampak penting terhadap aspek psikologis.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span class="alignjustify">Gambaran yang realistic terhadap menerima dan menyukai bagian tubuh,akan memberi rasa aman dalam menghindari kecemasan dan meningkatkan harga diri.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span class="alignjustify"><span lang="SV">Individu yang stabil,realistik dan konsisten terhadap perubahan gambaran dirinya,dapat mendorong sukses dalam kehidupan.</span></span></li>
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<span class="alignjustify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV">3.2.2. Tanda Dan Gejala Perubahan Gambaran Diri</span></u></b></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Beberapa gangguan pada gambaran diri tersebut dapat menunjukan tanda dan gejala, seperti :</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Syok Psikologis.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> Syok Psikologis merupakan reaksi emosional terhadap dampak perubahan dan dapat terjadi pada saat pertama tindakan.syok psikologis digunakan sebagai reaksi terhadap ansietas. Informasi yang terlalu banyak dan kenyataan perubahan tubuh membuat klien menggunakan mekanisme pertahanan diri seperti mengingkari, menolak dan proyeksi untuk mempertahankan keseimbangan diri.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Menarik diri.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Klien menjadi sadar akan kenyataan, ingin lari dari kenyataan , tetapi karena tidak mungkin maka klien lari atau menghindar secara emosional. Klien menjadi pasif, tergantung , tidak ada motivasi dan keinginan untuk berperan dalam perawatannya.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI">Penerimaan atau pengakuan secara bertahap.</span><span lang="SV"></span></div>
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<span lang="FI">Setelah klien sadar akan kenyataan maka respon kehilangan atau berduka muncul. Setelah fase ini klien mulai melakukan reintegrasi dengan gambaran diri yang baru.</span></div>
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<span lang="FI"> Tanda dan gejala dari gangguan gambaran diri di atas adalah proses yang adaptif, jika tampak gejala dan tanda-tanda berikut secara menetap maka respon klien dianggap maladaptif sehingga terjadi gangguan gambaran diri yaitu :</span></div>
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<span lang="FI">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI">Menolak untuk melihat dan menyentuh bagian yang berubah.</span></div>
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<span lang="FI">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Tidak dapat menerima perubahan struktur dan fungsi tubuh.</span><span lang="FI"></span></div>
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<span lang="FI">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Mengurangi kontak sosial sehingga terjadi menarik diri.</span><span lang="FI"></span></div>
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<span lang="FI">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Perasaan atau pandangan negatif terhadap tubuh.</span><span lang="FI"></span></div>
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<span lang="FI">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Preokupasi dengan bagian tubuh atau fungsi tubuh yang hilang.</span><span lang="FI"></span></div>
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<span lang="FI">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Mengungkapkan keputusasaan.</span><span lang="FI"></span></div>
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<span lang="FI">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Mengungkapkan ketakutan ditolak.</span><span lang="FI"></span></div>
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<span lang="FI">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Depersonalisasi</span><span lang="FI"></span></div>
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<span lang="FI">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Menolak penjelasan tentang perubahan tubuh.</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB IV</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN IDEAL DIRI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1. IDEAL DIRI</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>4.1.1. Pengertian Ideal Diri</u></b></div>
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Ideal diri adalah persepsi individu tentang bagaimana ia harus berperilaku berdasarkan standart, aspirasi, tujuan atau penilaian personal tertentu (Stuart and Sundeen ,1991). Standart dapat berhubungan dengan tipe orang yang akan diinginkan atau sejumlah aspirasi, cita-cita, nilai- nilai yang ingin di capai . Ideal diri akan mewujudkan cita-cita, nilai-nilai yang ingin dicapai. Ideal diri akan mewujudkan cita– cita dan harapan pribadi berdasarkan norma sosial (keluarga budaya) dan kepada siapa ingin dilakukan .</div>
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Ideal diri mulai berkembang pada masa kanak–kanak yang di pengaruhi orang yang penting pada dirinya yang memberikan keuntungan dan harapan pada masa remaja ideal diri akan di bentuk melalui proses identifikasi pada orang tua, guru dan teman.</div>
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Agar individu mampu berfungsi dan mendemonstrasikan kecocokan antara persepsi diri dan ideal diri. Ideal diri ini hendaknya ditetapkan tidak terlalu tinggi, tetapi masih lebih tinggi dari kemampuan agar tetap menjadi pendorong dan masih dapat dicapai (Keliat, 1992).</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>4.1.2. Faktor - faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Ideal Diri</u></b></div>
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Menurut Ana Keliat ( 1998 ) ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi ideal diri yaitu:</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in;">Kecenderungan individu menetapkan ideal pada batas kemampuannya.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in;">Faktor budaya akan mempengaruhi individu menetapkan ideal diri.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in;">Ambisi dan keinginan untuk melebihi dan berhasil, kebutuhan yang realistis, keinginan untuk mengklaim diri dari kegagalan, perasan cemas dan rendah diri.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in;">Kebutuhan yang realistis.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in;">Keinginan untuk menghindari kegagalan .</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in;">Perasaan cemas dan rendah diri.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </li>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2. GANGGUAN IDEAL DIRI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>4.2.1. Pengertian Gangguan Ideal Diri</u></b></div>
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Gangguan ideal diri adalah ideal diri yang terlalu tinggi, sukar dicapai dan tidak realistis ideal diri yang samar dan tidak jelas dan cenderung menuntut. Pada klien yang dirawat di rumah sakit karena sakit maka ideal dirinya dapat terganggu. Atau ideal diri klien terhadap hasil pengobatan yang terlalu tinggi dan sukar dicapai.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>4.2.2. Tanda Dan Gejala Gangguan Ideal Diri</u></b></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Mengungkapkan keputusan akibat penyakitnya, misalnya : saya tidak bisa ikut ujian karena sakit, saya tidak bisaa lagi jadi peragawati karena bekas operasi di muka saya, kaki saya yang dioperasi membuat saya tidak main bola.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Mengungkapkan keinginan yang terlalu tinggi, misalnya saya pasti bisa sembuh pada hal prognosa penyakitnya buruk; setelahsehat saya akan sekolah lagi padahal penyakitnya mengakibatkan tidak mungkin lagi sekolah.</li>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB V</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN HARGA DIRI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">5.1. HARGA DIRI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"> <u>5.1.1. Pengertian Harga Diri</u></span></b></div>
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Pengertian harga diri menurut beberapa para ahli:</div>
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harga diri adalah:“…<i>.self esteem is a personal judgement of worthiness that is a personal that is expressed in attitude the individual holds toward himself</i>. Pendapat ini menerangkan bahwa harga diri merupakan penilaian individu terhadap kehormatan dirinya, yang diekspresikan melalui sikap terhadap dirinya.</div>
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memberikan pengertian harga diri sebagai penilaian individu terhadap dirinya sendiri, yang sifatnya implisit dan tidak diverbalisasikan.</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Menurut Raymond Tambunan, Psi<span class="style4">.</span><span class="style4"></span></li>
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<span class="style4">Harga diri itu sendiri mengandung arti suatu hasil penilaian individu terhadap dirinya yang diungkapkan dalam sikap-ikap yang dapat bersifat positif dan negatif.</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Keliat B.a (1992)</li>
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Harga diri adalah penilaian tentang pencapaian diri dengan menganalisa seberapa jauh perilaku sesuai dengan ideal diri.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>5.1.2. Cara Meningkatkan Harga Diri</u></b></div>
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Terdapat beberapa cara untuk meningkatkan harga diri pada remaja, seperti yang dikemukakan oleh Dariuszky (2004), yaitu :</div>
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1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Berikan perhatian secara pribadi disaat mereka membutuhkan. Mendengarkan perkataannya dengan seksama, tetap menatapnya dan memperlihatkan bahwa kita memahami apa yang dirasakannya. Dengarkan tanpa memberikan penilaian dan tidak perlu mengkomentarinya.</div>
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2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Perlihatkan kasih sayang dalam bentuk ucapan maupun tindakan; dengan tersenyum hangat dan berikan sentuhan.</div>
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3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Berikan pujian secara spesifik dengan memberitahukan bahwa kita menyukai apa yang dilakukannya.</div>
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4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Jelaskan apa yang baik dan tidak baik dari ucapannya maupun tindakannya.</div>
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5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Lakukan sesuatu yang khusus supaya dapat memuaskan kebutuhan atau memintanya dalam hal tertentu.</div>
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6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Jelaskan dan tegaskan bakat istimewa yang dimilikinya.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif";">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Hargai prestasi baiknya mulai dari yang sederhana dengan senyum dan pujian.<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif";"></span></div>
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<b> <u>5.1.3. Faktor – faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Harga Diri</u></b></div>
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Faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi harga diri yaitu :</div>
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Pengalaman merupakan suatu bentuk emosi,tindakan,perasaan,dan kejadian yang pernah dialami individu yang dirasakan bermakna dan meninggalkan kesan dalam hidup individu.</div>
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2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Pola asuh</div>
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Pola Asuh merupakan sikap orang tua dalam berinteraksi dengan anak-anakya meliputi cara orang tua memberikan aturan-aturan,hadiah maupun hukman,dan cara orang tua memberikan perhatiannya serta tanggapan terhadap anaknya.</div>
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3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Lingkungan</div>
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Lingkungan memberikan dampak besar melalui hubungan dengan lingkungan sekitar sehingga menimbulkan rasa aman dan nyaman dalam penerimaan social dan harga diri seseorang</div>
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Merupakan suatu yang mendasari perbuatan seseorang untuk memenuhi dorongan social yang memerlukan dukungan financial yang berpengaruh pada kehidupan hidup sehari-hari. (Coopersmith, dalam Burn, 1998). </div>
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<span class="fullpost"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span><span class="fullpost"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">5.2. HARGA DIRI RENDAH</span></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <u>5.2.1. Pengertian Harga Diri Rendah</u></b></div>
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<span class="fullpost"> Harga diri rendah merupakan evaluasi diri dari perasaan tentang diri atau kemampuan diri yang negatif baik langsung maupun tidak langsung. Pendapat senada dikemukakan oleh Carpenito, L.J (1998:352) bahwa harga diri rendah merupakan keadaan dimana individu mengalami evaluasi diri yang negatif mengenai diri atau kemampuan diri. Dari pendapat-pendapat diatas dapat dibuat kesimpulan, harga diri rendah adalah suatu perasaan negatif terhadap diri sendiri, hilangnya kepercayaan diri,dan gagal mencapai tujuan yang diekspresikan secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, penurunan harga diri ini dapat bersifat situasional maupun kronis atau menahun.</span> Terjadinya Harga Diri Rendah dipengaruhi oleh faktor Menarik diri pada seseorang.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <u>5.2.2. Terjadinya Harga Diri Rendah :</u></b></div>
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Faktor Penyebab Timbulnya Menarik Diri pada Seseorang, yaitu :</div>
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Faktor Predisposi.</div>
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Berbagai teori telah diajukan untuk menjelaskan gangguan alam perasaan yang parah, teori ini menunjukkan rentang faktor-faktor penyebab yang mungkin bekerja sendiri atau dalam kombinasi:</div>
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a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Faktor genetik<br />
Dianggap mempengaruhi transmisi gangguan afektif melalui riwayat keluarga atau keturunan.</div>
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b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Teori agregasi menyerang kedalam menunjukkan bahwa depresi terjadi karena perasaan marah yang ditujukan kepada diri sendiri.</div>
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c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Teori kehilangan objek, merujuk kepada perpisahan traumatik inividu dengan benda atau yang sangat berarti.</div>
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d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Teori organisasi kepribadian, menguraikan bagaimana konsep diri yang negatif dan harga diri rendah mempengaruhi sistem keyakinan dan penilaian seseorang.</div>
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e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Model Kognitif menyatakan bahwa depresi merupakan masalah kognitif yang didominasi oleh evaluasi negatif seseorang terhadap diri seseorang, dunia seseorang dan masa depan seseorang.</div>
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f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Metode ketidakberdayaan yang dipelajari, menunjukkan bahwa bukan semata-mata trauma menyebabkan depresi, tetapi keyakinan bahwa seseorang tidak mempunyai kehendak terhadap hasil yang penting dalam kehidupannya, oleh karena itu dia mengulang respon yang adaptif.</div>
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g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Model Biologik, menguraikan perubahan kimia dalam tubuh yang terjadi selama masa depresi, termasuk defisiensi ketokolamin, disfungsi endokrin, hipersekresi kortisol, dan variasi periodik dan irama biologis. </div>
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<b> <u>5.2.3. Tanda dan Gejala Harga Diri Rendah</u></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Perasaan malu terhadap diri sendiri akibat penyakit dan tindakan terhadap penyakit(rambut botak karena terapi)</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Rasa bersalah terhadap diri sendiri(mengkritik/menyalahkan diri sendiri)</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Gangguan hubungan sosial(menarik diri)</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Percaya diri kurang(sukar mengambil keputusan)</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Mencederai diri(akibat dari harga diri yang rendah disertai harapan yang suram, mengkit klien akan mengakhiri kehidupannya)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB VI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN IDENTITAS DIRI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">6.1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">IDENTITAS DIRI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>6.1.1. Pengertian Identitas Diri</u></b></div>
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Pengertian identitas diri menurut para ahli:</div>
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1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Stuert dan Sudeen (1991) : Identitas diri adalah kesadaran akan diri sendiri yang bersumber dari observasi danm penilaian yang merupakan sintesa dari semua aspek konsep diri sendiri sebagai satu kesatuan yang utuh.</div>
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2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Menurut Keliat (1992) : seseorang yang mempunyai perasaan identitas diri yang kuat akan yang memandang dirinya berbeda dengan orang lain. Kemandirian timbul dari perasaan berharga (aspek diri sendiri), kemampuan dan penyesuaian diri. Seseorang yang mandiri dapat mengatur dan menerima dirinya. <span lang="SV">Identitas diri terus berkembang sejak masa kanak-kanak bersamaan dengan berkembangan konsep diri. Hal yang terpenting dalam identitas adalah jenis kelamin.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Dimana identitas jenis kelamin berkembang sejak lahir secara bertahap dimulai dengan konsep laki-laki dan wanita dipengaruhi oleh pandangan dan perlakuan masyarakatterhadap masing-masing jenis kelamin tersebut.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV">6.1.2. Ciri – ciri Identitas Diri Positif</span></u></b></div>
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1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Membantu seseorang untuk mampu mengenal dirinya</div>
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2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Mampu meningkatkan rasa percaya diri seseorang</div>
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3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Memiliki peran diberbagai aspek</div>
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4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Mampu menerangkan dan meneguhkan siapa diri seseorang yang sebenarnya</div>
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5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Merupakan sintesa dari semua aspek konsep diri</div>
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6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Memiliki perasaan yang kuat</div>
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7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Berkembang sejak masa kanak-kanak</div>
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8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Memiliki Otonomi</div>
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9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Memiliki persepsi</div>
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<span lang="SV">Karakteristik identitas diri dapat dimunculkan dari perilaku dan perasaan seseorang, seperti:</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Individu mengenal dirinya sebagai mahluk yang terpisah dan berbeda dengan orang lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Individu mengakui atau menyadari jenis seksualnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Individu mengakui dan menghargai berbagai aspek tentang dirinya, peran, nilai dan perilaku secara harmonis.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Individu mengakui dan menghargai diri sendiri sesuai dengan penghargaan lingkungan sosialnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Individu mempunyai tujuan yang dicapai dan direalisasikan.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Individu yang mempunyai ideal diri yang realitas akan mempunyai tujuan yang dapat dicapai.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">6.2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">GANGGUAN IDENTITAS DIRI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV">6.2.1. Pengertian Identitas Diri</span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Gangguan identitas diri adalah suatu proses perkembangan yang timbul pada masa kanak-kanak, masa remaja dan berlanjut pada masa dewasa. Keadaan ini merupakan pola perilaku yang tertanam dalam dan berlansung lama, muncul sebagai respon yang kaku terhadap rentangan situasi pribadi dan sosial yang luas.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Sedangkan gangguan identitas kekaburan atau ketidakpastian memandang diri sendiri. Penuh dengan keraguan-raguan, sukar menetapkan keinginan dan tidak mampu mengambil keputusan pada klien yang dirawat di rumah sakit karena penyakit fisik maka identitas terganggu karena tubuh klien di kontrol oleh orang lain. Misalnya, pelaksanaan tindakan tanpa penjelasan dan persetujuan klien. Ketergantungan pada orang lain akan menyebabkn otonomi atau kemandirian terganggu.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV">6.2.2. Tanda dan Gejala Gangguan Identitas Diri</span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Anak belajar tentang nilai, perilaku dan peran yang diterima sesuai kultur. Anak mengidentifikasi pertama kali dengan orang tua, dengan guru, teman seusia dan pahlawan pujaan. Untuk membentuk identitas, anak harus mampu membawa perilaku yang dipelajari ke dalam keutuhan yang koheren, konsisten,dan unik (Erikson, 1963). Rasa identitas ini secara kontinu timbul dan di pengaruhi oleh situasi sepanjang hidup.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Selama masa remaja, tugas emosional utama seseorang adalah perkembangan rasa diri atau identitas. Banyak terjadi perubahan fisik, emosional, kognitif, dan social. Jika remaja tidak dapat memenuhi harapan dorongan diri pribadi dan social yang membantu mereka mengidentifikasikan tentang diri, maka remaja ini dapat mengalami kebingungan identitas. Seseorang dengan rasa identitas yang kuat, akan merasa terintegrasi bukan terbelah (Erikson, 1963).</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB VII</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN PERAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">7.1. PERAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>7.1.1. Pengertian Peran</u></b></div>
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Peran diri adalah pola perilaku,sikap,nilai dan aspirasi yang diharapkan individu Setiap individu disibukkan oleh berbagai macam peran yang terkait dengan posisinya pada setiap saat, selama ia masih hidup, misalnya peran sebagai anak, istri, suami, ayah, mahasisiwa, perawat, dokter,dosen,dll (Sunaryo, 2004).</div>
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<span lang="SV">Berdasarkan posisinya di masyarakat. Kinerja peran didefinisikan sebagai keadaan dimana seorang individu mengalami atau beresiko mengalami suatu gangguan dalam caranya menerapkan kinerja perannya. (Carpenito, Lynda Juall, Diagnosa keperawatan edisi 8 ).</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Atau Peran adalah suatu pola sikap, nilai dan tujuan yang diharapkan dari seseorang yang berdasarkan posisinya dimasyarakat. Sementara untuk posisi tersebut merupakan identifikasi dari status atau tempat seseorang dalam suatu sistim sosial dan merupakan perwujudan aktualisasi diri. Peran juga diartikan sebagai serangkaian perilaku yang diharapkan oleh lingkungan sosial berhubungan dengan fungsi individu dalam berbagai kelompok sosial.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>7.1.2. Penampilan Peran</u></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Penampilan peran adalah serangkaian perilaku yang diharapkan oleh lingkungan sosial berhubungan dengan fungsi individu diberbagai kelompok sosial atau masyarakat. Peran yang ditetapkan adalah peran dimana seseorang tidak mempunyai pillihan. Peran yang diterima adalah peran yang terpilih atau dipilih oleh individu .</span></div>
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<span lang="SV"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>7.1.3. Faktor – faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penyesuaian Peran</u></b></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi dalam menyesuaikan diri dengan peran yang harus dilakukan, yaitu : </span></div>
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<span lang="SV">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kejelasan perilaku dan pengetahuan yang sesuai dengan peran </span></div>
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<span lang="SV">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Konsistensi respon . orang yang berarti terhadap peran yang dilakukan</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kesesuaian dan keseimbangan antar peran yang diemban</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Keselarasan budaya dan harapan individu terhadap perilaku peran </span></div>
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<span lang="SV">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemisahan perilaku.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">7.2. PERUBAHAN PERAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV">7.2.1. Pengertian Perubahan Peran</span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Perub<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a</b>han<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>peran<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>merupakan suatu proses perpindahan suatu peran dilakukan secara mendadak , dimana perubahan peran ini dapat terjadi dan menimbulkan suatu peran yang sangat berbeda dengan peran yang lain atau bisa sangat bertolak belakang dengan peran semula atau yang sering kita sebut dengan peran protagonist antagonis. Perubahan peran ini sangat berperan dalam kehidupan sehari – hari agar terjadi suatu proses komunikasi antar individu dengan komunitas yang lain. (Lynda juall carpenito, Diagnosa keperawatan.Edisi 8).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="SV">7.2.2. Tanda dan gejala</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV"> </span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Perubahan peran mempunyai beberapa tanda dan gejala anatara lain:</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">adanya perubahan sikap yang lazim dinampakkan dengan interaksi lingkungannya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Perannya dapat diamati dengan pengamatan verbal maupun nonverbal ketika melihat langsung seseorang melakukan suatu perubahan peran.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Adanya ketidaknyamanan yang ditunjukkan oleh individu yang melakukan perubahan peran karena tidak sesuai dengan peran yang selalu ia mainkan seperti semula atau sedia kala.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Interaksinya terlihat kaku karena perannya sangat baru dan adanya suatu kebingungan dalam diri individu tersebut.</span></li>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>7.2.3. Konflik peran</u></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Konflik peran terjadi apabila peran yang diinginkan individu, sedang diduduki individu lain, misalnya; ada individu ingin menjadi ketua BEM ( Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa ), namun belum ada pergantian ketua BEM yang lama. Konflik peran berhubungan dengan persepsi atau kinerja peran. Diagnosa keperawatan ini telah menjadi suatu sub kategori dibawah gangguan konsep diri. Contoh; Jika seorang wanita tidak dapat melanjutkan tangguang jawabnya sebagai ibu rumah tangga karena penyakit dan tanggung jawab ini ditangani oleh anggota keluarga lain, situasi yang mungkin timbul akan lebih baik bila digambarkan sebagai resiko terhadap gangguan konsep diri yang berhubungan dengan kehilangan peran tangung jawab sekunder akibat penyakit, dari resiko terhadap kerusakan penatalaksanaan pemeliharaan rumah yang berhubungan dengan kurang pengetahuan dari anggota keluarga. Bila gangguan peran berkaitan dengan menjadi orang tua, konflik peran orang tua harus dipertimbangkan.(Sunaryo, 2004).</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Hal-hal penting terkait dengan peran:</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Peran dibutuhkan individu sebagai aktualisasi diri.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Peran yang memenuhi kebutuhan dan sesuai ideal diri, menghasilkan harga diri yang tinggi atau sebaliknya.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/YOULIUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Stress peran terdiri dari; konflik peran, peran yang tidak jelas, peran yang tidak sesuai dan peran yang terlalu banyak.</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV">Peran yang tidak jelas</span></i><span lang="SV">, terjadi apabila individu diberikan peran yang kabur, sesuai perilaku yang diharapkan. Misalnya individu ditetapkan sebagai ketua panitia, tetapi tidak disertai uraian tugas apa yang ia harus lakukan atau kerjakan.(Sunaryo, 2004)</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV">Peran yang tidak sesuai,</span></i><span lang="SV"> terjadi apabila individu dalam proses peralihan mengubah nilai dan sikap. Misalnya seseorang yang masuk anggota organisasi profesi keperawatan, terdapat konflik antara sikap dan nilai individu dengan profesi.(Sunaryo, 2004)</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV">Peran berlebih,</span></i><span lang="SV"> terjadi jika seseorang individu memiliki banyak peran dalam kehidupannya. Misalnya sebagai istri, perawat, sebagai mahasisiwa, sebagai ketua PKK, dan sebagai ibu dari anak-anaknya.(Sunaryo, 2004)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>7.2.4. Transisi peran</u></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Peran<i> </i></span><span lang="SV">sebagai perubahan dari satu<i> peran</i> ke peran lainnya mungkin dilakukan oleh individu dalam masyarakat. Hal tersebut dikarenakan <i>ego </i>seorang individu yang muncul ketika keberadaannya dalam suatu <i>masyarakat </i>dipertanyakan ("<i>Ah, main bola khan permainannya rakyat, mending gue yang mantan model banci ini ikut-ikutan main bola ah, biar orang-orang tidak menjuluki gue banci lagi, sekalian bisa ngeliat bodi seksi teman-teman di tim bolanya gue!"</i>) namun karena adanya <i>konsep diri</i> yang pasti ("<i>Ah, bodi gue khan atletis dan juga terawat karena gue rajin fitnes, pelatih pasti nganggap gue anak emasnya!</i>") membuat pentransisian peran tersebut cenderung dilakukan oleh individu dalam masyarakat yang dihuni oleh kelompok manusia yang beragam ke<i>budaya</i>annya (Golongan perempuan; "<i>Wow, gantengnya pemain bola itu…aih…hati-hati, jangan sampai jatuh dan kotor di lapangan ya, eh…jahatnya, lawannya kok mencuri bolanya si ganteng seeh!’</i>) tanpa memikirkan lagi tujuan dari individu tersebut dalam bertransisi peran..(Elizabeth B. Hurlock, 1990)</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Masyarakat sebagai pengawas tindakan individu yang dianggap menyimpang dari norma-norma yang ada ( Hukum, agama, kesusilaan ) dalam pentransisian perannya memegang peranan yang penting karena individu-individu dalam masyarakat tersebut memiliki kebudayaan dan kegiatan (Bersifat Independen) sehingga efektif untuk ’meluruskan’ pentransisian peran individu yang dianggap ’membengkok’("<i>Ah, koruptor tu sok-sokan main bolanya, pakai kostum dab bergaya a la pemain bola favorit gue lagi, sialan loe!!!</i>").Dalam hal ini pun hendaknya masyarakat bisa memberikan <i>sanksi</i> yang pasti terhadap pentransisian peran yang telah dianggap salah tadi. (Elizabeth B. Hurlock, 1990)</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB VIII</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">7.1. KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep diri mulai terbentuk dan berkembang begitu manusia lahir.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep diri merupakan faktor bawaant tapi dibentuk dan berkembang melalui proses belajar yaitu dari pengalaman-pengalaman individu dalam interaksinya dengan orang lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep diri adalah kesadaran akan pandangan, pendapat, penilaian dan sikap seseorang terhadap dirinya sendiri yang meliputi fisik, diri pribadi, diri keluarga, diri sosial dan juga etika.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen-komponen konsep diri menurut Hurlock (1976) terbaga atas 3.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi konsep diri ada 7.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cita-cita diri adalah keinginan untuk mencapai sesuatu tujuan atau keinginan pribadi dan itu sangat dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan sekitar.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">harga diri merupakan penilaian individu terhadap kehormatan dirinya, yang diekspresikan melalui sikap terhadap dirinya.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="style4"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Harga diri itu sendiri mengandung arti suatu hasil penilaian individu terhadap dirinya yang diungkapkan dalam sikap-sikap yang dapat bersifat positif dan negatif.</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada 4 kata yg sangat tepat untuk menggambarkan apa yang bisa kita lakukan untuk meningkatkan harga diri dan membangkitkan lebih dlm kepercayaan / penghormatan diri yaitu hidup dengan penuh kesadaran<b><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ideal diri adalah persepsi individu tentang bagaimana ia harus berprilaku berdasarkan standar, aspirasi, tujuan atau penilaian personal tertentu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ideal diri mulai berkembang pada masa kanak-kanak yang dipengaruhi orang yang penting pada dirinya yang memberikan keuntungan dan harapan pada masa remaja.</span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">12.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ideal diri terbentuk melalui proses identifikasi pada orang tua, guru & teman.</span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">13.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambaran diri adalah gambaran yang kita bentuk dan kita percayai tentang kita, sekalipun itu adalah hasil dari penilaian diri kita, tetapi penilaian tersebut sangat dipengaruhi oleh apa yang kita pikirkan adalah penilaian orang lain tentang kita.</span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">14.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambaran diri adalah sikap seseorang terhadap tubuhnya secara sadar dan tidak sadar.sikap ini mencangkup persepsi dan perasaan tentang lingkungan , bentuk, fungsi penampilan dan potensi tubuh kita saat ini.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">15.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor yang mempengaruhi gambaran diri seseorang sangat banyak.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">16.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambaran diri yang telah terbentuk biasanya akan dipertahankan dan tidak mudah berubah baik positif maupun negative.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">17.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambaran dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor antara lain : kebutuhan, kepekaan tubuh, bahasa tubuh, konflik yang dialami, kritik, motivasi, peran, perasaan, kepercayaan diri, prasangka, raasa takut, tingkah laku dan umpan balik.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">18.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Identitas adalah kesadaran akan diri sendiri yang bersumber dari observasi dan penilaian yang merupakan sintesa dari semua aspek konsep diri sendiri sebagai satu kesatuan yang utuh.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">19.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Identitas jenis kelamin berkembang sejak lahir secara bertahap dimulai dengan konsep laki-laki dan wanita banyak dipengaruhi oleh pandangan dan perlakuan masyarakat terhadap masing-masing jenis kelamin tersebut. perasaan dan prilaku yang kuat akan indentitas diri individu</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">20.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan identitas diri adalah suatu proses perkembangan yang timbul pada masa kanak-kanak, masa remaja, dan berlanjut pada masa dewasa.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">21.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran diri adalah pola perilaku,sikap,nilai dan aspirasi yang diharapkan individu Setiap individu disibukkan oleh berbagai macam peran yang terkait dengan posisinya pada setiap saat, selama ia masih hidup, misalnya peran sebagai anak, istri, suami, ayah, mahasisiwa, perawat, dokter,dosen,dll</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">22.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penampilan peran adalah serangkaian perilaku yang diharapkan oleh lingkungan sosial berhubungan dengan fungsi individu diberbagai kelompok sosial atau masyarakat. Peran yang ditetapkan adalah peran dimana seseorang tidak mempunyai pillihan. Peran yang diterima adalah peran yang terpilih atau dipilih oleh individu .</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">23.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peru<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a</b>han<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>peran<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>merupakan suatu proses perpindahan suatu peran dilakukan secara mendadak , dimana perubahan peran ini dapat terjadi dan menimbulkan suatu peran yang sangat berbea dengan peran yang lain atau bsa sangat bertola belakang dengan peran semula atau yang sering kita sebut dengan peran protagonist antagonis.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">24.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konflik peran terjadi apabila peran yang diinginkan individu, sedang diduduki individu lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">25.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konflik peran berhubungan dengan persepsi atau kinerja peran. Diagnosa keperawatan ini telah menjadi suatu sub kategori di bawah konsep gangguan diri.</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">26.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran<i> </i></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sebagai perubahan dari satu<i> peran</i> ke peran lainnya mungkin dilakukan oleh individu dalam masyarakat. Hal tersebut dikarenakan <i>ego </i>seorang individu yang muncul ketika keberadaannya dalam suatu <i>masyarakat </i>dipertanyakan.</span></div>
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<span lang="FI">27.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="FI">Menarik diri adalah suatu keadaan pasien yang mengalami ketidakmampuan untuk mengadakan hubungan dengan orang lain atau dengan lingkungan disekitarnya secara wajar dan hidup dalam khayalan sendiri yang realistis.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">7.2. SARAN</span></b></div>
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Demikianlah makalah yang kami susun ini, kesempurnaan hanya milik Allah SWT, sedangkan kekurangan selalu melingkupi makhluk-Nya, oleh karena itu kami sebagai penyusun makalah ini berharap atas saran yang dapat membuat makalah serta kami selaku tim penyusunnya menjadi lebih baik lagi.</div>
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Atas kritik dan saran yang saudara berikan, kami haturkan rasa terimakasih.<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Ali, M & Asrori, M. 2004. </span><i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica-Oblique","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Psikologi Remaja : Perkenbangan</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica-Oblique","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Peserta Didik</span></i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">. Jakarta : Bumi Aksara.</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV">Buku Ajar Kebutuhan Dasar Manusia</span></i><span lang="SV"> (Wahit Iqbal Mubarak, SKM dan N.s Nurul Chayatin, S.Kep)</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku saku Diagnosa Keperawatan edisi 8</i> ( Lynda Juall Carpenito)</div>
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Hurlock,E.B. 1976. Personaality Development. New York: McGrawHill</div>
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<span lang="SV">Mappieare, A. 2002. Pengantar Konseling dan psikoterapi. </span>Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada</div>
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<span lang="SV" style="color: #222222;">Psikiatri Konsep Dasar dan Gangguan- Gangguan. Bandung: PT Refika Aditama.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Pudjijogyanti, CR. 1993. Konsep Diri dalam pendidikan. </span><span lang="FI">Jakarta: Arcan</span></div>
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<span lang="FI">Rahmat, J. 2003. Psikologi Komunikasi. </span><span lang="SV">Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya</span></div>
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<span lang="FI">Sumaryo.2004.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Psikologi untuk keperawatan</i>.Buku kedokteran EGC.Jakarta</span></div>
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Sumber : Sumber : www.google.com</div>
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<cite><span lang="FI">jafeto.wordpress.com/2009/02/19/<b>gambar</b>-<b>diri</b>-2</span></cite></div>
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<cite>library.usu.ac.id/download/fk/keperawatan-salbiah2.pdf</cite><cite><b><span style="font-style: normal;"></span></b></cite></div>
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<cite><span lang="PT-BR">my.opera.com/yenisuryani/blog/citra-<b>diri</b></span></cite></div>
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<cite><span lang="FI">qyonglee.multiply.com/journal/item/26 </span></cite><i><span lang="FI"></span></i></div>
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<cite><span lang="PT-BR">www.sinarharapan.co.id/ekonomi/man<b>diri</b>/2002/101/man01.html</span></cite><span class="gl"><span lang="PT-BR"></span></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18228973511970840301noreply@blogger.com0